神农架巴山冷杉种子雨及种实特性研究

巴山冷杉主要分布于秦巴山地，是湖北神农架地区暗针叶林的建群种，构成了当地的优势群落，对神农架地区的植被景观具有决定意义。研究巴山冷杉的结实特性，种子雨时空格局，种子萌发能力和活力劣变过程，有利于进一步认识和分析这一物种的生活史特征，群落组成结构和更新动态。对这一重要物种的合理保护和有效利用具有促进作用。 在湖北神农架自然保护区选择巴山冷杉－箭竹、巴山冷杉－茵芋和巴山冷杉－陕甘花楸群落设置样地，通过布设种子收集器结合室内实验分析，对巴山冷杉种子雨的时空格局进行研究。待巴山冷杉球果成熟时，人工采集球果和种子，测量和比较巴山冷杉的结实特征，利用发芽实验研究巴山冷杉的萌发特性，并通过人工加速老化实验探讨巴山冷杉种子的劣变过程。 巴山冷杉种子雨始于10月初，持续超过2个月，不同类型的巴山冷杉种群表现出不同的种子雨时空格局。巴山冷杉－箭竹群落中巴山冷杉种子雨平均强度167.93±111.14粒/m2，有活力种子比例占22.31%，落种高峰期集中于10月27日到11月2日间，种子雨在种群中呈现聚集分布。巴山冷杉－茵芋群落种子雨强度在三个样地中最小，只有16.41±14.41粒/m2，有活力种子仅占3.05%。巴山冷杉－陕甘花楸群落，种子雨落种高峰为10月15日至10月21日，林冠内种子雨数量占到了收集总数的87.95%。扩散的种子数量与离开中心母树的距离间的关系近似正态分布。 对巴山冷杉的结实特性的分析结果表明，巴山冷杉球果近圆柱形，球果平均长5.37±0.75cm;平均宽3.01±0.32cm;重量介于5.9g～41.3g。巴山冷杉种子长1.08～8.68mm，种子宽1.16～6.42mm，种子厚0.66～3.48mm，种子千粒重7.30g。球果单果出种量在不同种群的频数分布格局不同，巴山冷杉球果和种子的各项指标在种群间和种群内存在显著差异。球果大小、出种量及单粒种子的质量间存在着极显著的正相关关系。此外，种子生活力水平在母树间差异较大，不同母树的种子发芽率和发芽势不等且随时间的萌发进程也不相同，相同种源的巴山冷杉种子在不同的培养条件下萌发能力不同，室温条件下具有最高的发芽率但在25℃，8h光照，恒温培养时的萌发最为整齐。 高温高湿条件能够加速巴山冷杉种子的老化进程，使巴山冷杉种子的含水量发生变化，种子的活力水平随着老化时间的延长而降低，40℃，100% 相对湿度处理6天后种子基本丧失活力。

Results of preliminary fishing trials with 15.8m six-seam otter trawl

The paper deals with the results of trawling operations conducted along the Saurashtra Coast of Gujarat State with 15.8 m six-seam otter trawl. Fishing operations carried out from Fishtech No. 8 with this new net were the first of their kind in the country and the results proved to be encouraging. The design in question is passed on to private agencies for commercial operations.

Results of the Austrian-Ceylonese hydrobiological mission 1970 of the 1st Zoological Institute of the University of Vienna (Austria) and the Department of Zoology of the University of Ceylon, Vidyalankara Campus, Kelaniya (Sri Lanka). [Pt. 15.] Collection of fishes (Osteichthyes)

A total of 378 specimens from 25 collecting localities belonging to 31 different species of fish collected mainly from the rivers of the hilly and mountain regions of the south-western and southern Ceylon have been identified and recorded. Ecological data and water analyses of these collecting localities are given.

On the performance of otter trawls operated from a 15.4 m trawler off Veraval

Results obtained with three trawl nets namely, 13.7m four seam, 15.8m six seam and 18.3m four seam operated from a 15.4m wooden trawler, are presented. Among the three nets operated, 15.8m six seam trawl and 18.3 four seam trawl were found to be equally effective for the capture of shrimp and during the lean season 15.8m six seam trawl can be successfully operated to exploit demersal as well as semi-pelagic fish resources. The catch data were analysed using analysis of variance and Gulland's method.

Anti-HIV Actions of 7- and 10-Substituted Camptothecins (vol 15, pg 138, 2010)

The authors thank the anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the early version of the manuscript. This work was financially supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System, the Science Fund for Young Scholars in Sichuan Province (Grant No: ZQ 026-017), and the National 863 Project of China (No. 2008AA101001).

Comparison the nutritional value of cultured Penaeus vanname with marine shrimps Penaeus merguiensis and Penaeus semisulcatus

The purpose for which this study was intended wasto compare nutritive value among the farmed Vannamei, sea Green Tiger and Banana shrimps native to the PersianGulf. To provide the samples of farmed shrimps at the end of the farming season (Oct. 23rd through Nov. 22nd of 2011), we chosen one farm of the Holleh Shrimp Farming, from which 100 shrimps were randomly selected. From among these 100 shrimps, 3 to 5 ones were taken to conduct an analysis upon. Further, to obtain the Banana and Green Tiger shrimps sampling was done at the fishing season (July 23rd through Aug. 22rd of 2011) at Halileh Fishing Wharf located in Bushehr Fishing Harbor and also Bandar Abbas Wharf. The samples obtained were immediately kept in the ice powder. After some biometric tasks done upon them, they were at the shortest possible time transferred to a laboratory where they went through various experiments to determine their content of raw protein, fat, ash, moisture, various fatty acids and their types, cholesterol, vitamins A and E, and such mineral elements as iron and calcium. All the experimentswere carried out three times to establish confidence in the results to be obtained. Findings of the comparison showed the content of raw protein, fat, moisture, and ash of, respectively, 23.233%, 600%, 73.077% and 2.500% for the Vannamei samples, of 22.717%, 427%, 74.133% and 1.826% for our Banana shrimps and of 17.377%, 430%, 79.866% and 1.313% for the Green Tiger samples. A total of 24 fatty acids for the Vannamei shrimps and 27 for the Banana and Green Tiger were detected. SFA of the Banana shrimps was 368.45 mg/100g (51.76%), while those of the Vannamei and Green Tiger samples were observed, respectively, 363.54 mg/100g (37.26%) and 296.06 mg/100g (49.12%).A similar measurement for MUFA content of the three types of our samples revealed 243.85mg/100g (24.9%) for the Vannamei, 203.177 mg/100g (33.76%) for the Green Tiger and 179.033 mg/100g (25.14%) for the Banana shrimps. The content of PUFA unsaturated fatty acids in the Vannamei, 131 Green Tiger and Banana samples were, respectively, 370.660 mg/100g (37.84%), 101.573 mg/100g (16.9%) and 163.733 mg/100g (23.1%). Further, the comparison found a omega-3-fatty-acids total of 151.747 mg/100g(15.51%) for the Vannamei, 57.123 mg/100g (9.54%) for the Green Tiger and 130.460 mg/100g (18.46%) for the Banana species under study.

New evidence for the origin and behaviour of deep ocean 'crusts'

In situ tests in deep waterWest African clays show crust-like shear strengths within the top few metres of sediment. Typical strength profiles show su rising from mud-line to 10 kPa to 15 kPa before dropping back to normally consolidated strengths of 3 kPa to 4 kPa by 1.5m to 2m depth. A Cam-shear device is used to better understand the mechanical behaviour of undisturbed crust samples under pipelines. Extremely variable peak and residual shear strengths are observed for a range of pipeline consolidation stresses and test shear rates, with residual strengths approximating zero. ESEM of undisturbed samples and wet-sieved samples from various core depths show the presence of numerous randomly-located groups of invertebrate faecal pellets. It is therefore proposed that the cause of strength variability during shear testing and, indeed, of the crust's origin, is the presence of random groups of faecal pellets within the sediment. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Relationships among the contents of total phenolics, soluble carbohydrate, and free amino acids of 15 aquatic macrophytes

In order to examine how carbon and nitrogen status of a macrophyte may affect its total phenolics (TP) production, the contents of free amino acids (FAA), soluble carbohydrate (SC) and TP were examined in leaves of seven submersed, four floating-leaved, and four emergent macrophytes. The floating-leaved and emergent macrophytes had much higher contents of SC and TP than the submersed macrophytes. The contents of FAA were not significantly different among the submersed, floating-leaved, and emergent macrophytes. Correlations among the contents of FAA, SC, and TP indicated that the production of TP was more dependent on the SC content than on the FAA content.