Spatial relational learning and memory abilities do not differ between men and women in a real-world, open-field environment

This study assesses gender differences in spatial and non-spatial relational learning and memory in adult humans behaving freely in a real-world, open-field environment. In Experiment 1, we tested the use of proximal landmarks as conditional cues allowing subjects to predict the location of rewards hidden in one of two sets of three distinct locations. Subjects were tested in two different conditions: (1) when local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations, and (2) when no local visual cues marked the potentially-rewarded locations. We found that only 17 of 20 adults (8 males, 9 females) used the proximal landmarks to predict the locations of the rewards. Although females exhibited higher exploratory behavior at the beginning of testing, males and females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations similarly when local visual cues were present. Interestingly, when the spatial and local information conflicted in predicting the reward locations, males considered both spatial and local information, whereas females ignored the spatial information. However, in the absence of local visual cues females discriminated the potentially-rewarded locations as well as males. In Experiment 2, subjects (9 males, 9 females) were tested with three asymmetrically-arranged rewarded locations, which were marked by local cues on alternate trials. Again, females discriminated the rewarded locations as well as males in the presence or absence of local cues. In sum, although particular aspects of task performance might differ between genders, we found no evidence that women have poorer allocentric spatial relational learning and memory abilities than men in a real-world, open-field environment.

Direct Thy-1/alphaVbeta3 integrin interaction mediates neuron to astrocyte communication.

Thy-1 is an abundant neuronal glycoprotein of poorly defined function. We recently provided evidence indicating that Thy-1 clusters a beta3-containing integrin in astrocytes to induce tyrosine phosphorylation, RhoA activation and the formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers. To date, the alpha subunit partner of beta3 integrin in DI TNC1 astrocytes is unknown. Similarly, the ability of neuronal, membrane-bound Thy-1 to trigger astrocyte signaling via integrin engagement remains speculation. Here, evidence that alphav forms an alphavbeta3 heterodimer in DI TNC1 astrocytes was obtained. In neuron-astrocyte association assays, the presence of either anti-alphav or anti-beta3 integrin antibodies reduced cell-cell interaction demonstrating the requirement of both integrin subunits for this association. Moreover, anti-Thy-1 antibodies blocked stimulation of astrocytes by neurons but not the binding of these two cell types. Thus, neuron-astrocyte association involved binding between molecular components in addition to the Thy-1-integrin; however, the signaling events leading to focal adhesion formation in astrocytes depended exclusively on the latter interaction. Additionally, wild-type (RLD) but not mutated (RLE) Thy-1 was shown to directly interact with alphavbeta3 integrin by Surface Plasmon Resonance analysis. This interaction was promoted by divalent cations and was species-independent. Together, these results demonstrate that the alphavbeta3 integrin heterodimer interacts directly with Thy-1 present on neuronal cells to stimulate astrocytes.

Validation of an Adapted French Form of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in four Francophone Countries

This study presents the validation of a French version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in four Francophone countries. The aim was to re-analyze the item selection and then compare this newly developed French-language form with the international form 2.0. Exploratory factor analysis was used as a tool for item selection, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) verified the structure of the CAAS French-language form. Measurement equivalence across the four countries was tested using multi-group CFA. Adults and adolescents (N=1,707) participated from Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Items chosen for the final version of the CAAS French-language form are different to those in the CAAS international form 2.0 and provide an improvement in terms of reliability. The factor structure is replicable across country, age, and gender. Strong evidence for metric invariance and partial evidence for scalar invariance of the CAAS French-language form across countries is given. The CAAS French-language and CAAS international form 2.0 can be used in a combined form of 31 items. The CAAS French-language form will certainly be interesting for practitioners using interventions based on the life design paradigm or aiming at increasing career adapt-ability.

Priming psychic and conjuring abilities of a magic demonstration influences event interpretation and random number generation biases

Magical ideation and belief in the paranormal is considered to represent a trait-like character; people either believe in it or not. Yet, anecdotes indicate that exposure to an anomalous event can turn skeptics into believers. This transformation is likely to be accompanied by altered cognitive functioning such as impaired judgments of event likelihood. Here, we investigated whether the exposure to an anomalous event changes individuals' explicit traditional (religious) and non-traditional (e.g., paranormal) beliefs as well as cognitive biases that have previously been associated with non-traditional beliefs, e.g., repetition avoidance when producing random numbers in a mental dice task. In a classroom, 91 students saw a magic demonstration after their psychology lecture. Before the demonstration, half of the students were told that the performance was done respectively by a conjuror (magician group) or a psychic (psychic group). The instruction influenced participants' explanations of the anomalous event. Participants in the magician, as compared to the psychic group, were more likely to explain the event through conjuring abilities while the reverse was true for psychic abilities. Moreover, these explanations correlated positively with their prior traditional and non-traditional beliefs. Finally, we observed that the psychic group showed more repetition avoidance than the magician group, and this effect remained the same regardless of whether assessed before or after the magic demonstration. We conclude that pre-existing beliefs and contextual suggestions both influence people's interpretations of anomalous events and associated cognitive biases. Beliefs and associated cognitive biases are likely flexible well into adulthood and change with actual life events.

La communication médicale avec les patients migrants allophones : difficultés de compréhension dans les consultations spécialisées centrées sur les douleurs musculo-squelettiques chroniques

Les suivis spécialisés de douleurs chroniques comportent des enjeux communicationnels sensibles liés notamment à la subjectivité des ressentis douloureux et aux fréquentes divergences de vue entre médecins et patients quant à l'origine du problème de santé et à son traitement. Centré sur ces suivis, ce travail de thèse a cherché à appréhender comment les situations sociolinguistiques des patients migrants allophones se répercutent sur la communication médicale et, plus particulièrement, sur la compréhension mutuelle dans les consultations. Il a emprunté une approche discursive s'appuyant sur l'analyse interactionnelle de consultations filmées et sur un riche corpus de données contextuelles recueillies dans des interviews de patients et de cliniciens. Les analyses réalisées ont, entre autres, mis en évidence que les difficultés de compréhension non résolues se concentrent dans les consultations des patients les moins à l'aise en français et que ces difficultés renferment pour la plupart une charge problématique certaine en termes de qualité des soins. Il apparaît également que lorsque des malentendus ou incompréhensions cliniquement pertinents ne peuvent être résolus, le caractère limité des compétences de français de base des patients migrants n'est jamais seul en cause. Des facteurs de complexité médicaux (ex. surestimations des connaissances médicales de base des patients), relationnels (ex. non-signalement de malentendus par les patients pour éviter de faire perdre la face au médecin) et discursifs (ex. nécessité de traiter de discours ou « voix » venant de l'extérieur de la consultation dans le cadre d'une polyphonie particulièrement marquée) jouent également des rôles de premier plan dans les difficultés non résolues les plus problématiques au plan clinique et sont généralement étroitement intriqués avec le langagier au sens strict. En termes pratiques, les résultats soulignent le rôle décisif de l'autoréflexivité chez les médecins, ainsi que de leur capacité à ajuster de manière flexible leurs styles communicationnels afin, par exemple, d'éviter le cumul de facteurs de complexités favorisant des malentendus ou incompréhensions problématiques. Les observations effectuées rappellent également l'importance du recours à des ressources d'interprétariat.

Gestion et communication de l'information en surveillance biologique. Une approche éthique et interdisciplinaire [Biomonitoring information management and communication: an ethical and interdisciplinary perspective]

This study explores biomonitoring communication with workers exposed to risks. Using a qualitative approach, semi-directive interviews were performed. Results show that occupational physicians and workers share some perceptions, but also point out communication gaps. Consequently, informed consent is not guaranteed. This article proposes some recommendations for occupational physicians' practices.

Viestintäteknologian kehityksen vaikutus organisaation toimintatapoihin ja esimiestyöhön

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, millä tavoin viestintäteknologian kehitys, globalisaatio sekä organisaatiomuodot ovat suhteessa keskenään sekä miten ne vaikuttavat esimiestyöhön hajautuneessa organisaatiossa. Tutkimuskohteena olivat kymmenen eri asiantuntijaorganisaatiossa esimiesasemassa työskentelevää henkilöä. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisin tutkimusmenetelmin. Tutkimusaineisto hankittiin puolistrukturoitujen teemahaastattelujen sekä avoimien haastatteluiden avulla. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys rakennettiin hajautuneen organisaation määrittelyn ohella johtamisteorioista sekä organisaation viestinnän teorioista. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella hajautuneet organisaatiomuodot yleistyvät uusille toimialoille ja työaika ja –paikka käsitteet muuttuvat. Esimiestyö on sosiaalinen prosessi. Vuorovaikutteinen ja päätösvaltaa jakava esimiestyö on tehokkaan ja joustavan organisaation edellytys. Verkostoituminen on yleistynyt ja on organisaatioiden kannalta järkevämpi tapa saada tarvittava osaaminen käyttöön kuin rekrytoiminen. Tutkimuksen mukaan organisaatiot pyrkivät edesauttamaan verkostoitumista mahdollistamalla työajasta ja –paikasta riippumattoman työn tekemisen. Useimmat organisatioissa käyettävät sovellukset ja järjestelmät toimivat tietoliikenneverkon kautta tai pilvipalveluissa. Työntekijöitä kannustetaan voimakkaasti muodostamaan sekä löytämään omaa ja organisaation osaamista tukevia osaamiskeskuksia. Lisäksi tutkimus vahvistaa aiempien tutkimustulosten mukaisesti, että nykymuotoinen esimiestyö ei toimi työaikaja työpaikkarajoituksista vapautuneessa, hajautuneissa organisaatioissa. Tämän vaikutuksesta myös alaisten rooli muuttuu hajautuneissa organisaatioissa.