980 resultados para algal crust


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The noble gas nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios of the upmost layer of Fe-Mn crusts from the western and central Pacific Ocean have been determined. The results indicate that the He and Ar nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios can be classified into two types: low He-3/He-4 type and high He-3/He-4 type. The low He-3/He-4 type is characterized by high He-4 abundances of 191x10(-9) cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1) on average, with variable He-4, Ne-20 and Ar-40 abundances in the range (42.8-421)x10(-9) cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1), (5.40-141)x10(-9)cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1), and (773-10976)x10(-9) cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1), respectively. The high He-3/He-4 samples are characterized by low He-4 abundances of 11.7x10(-9) cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1) on average, with He-4, Ne-20 and Ar-40 abundances in the range of (7.57-17.4)x10(-9) cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1), (110.4-25.5)x10(-9) cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1) and (5354-9050)x10(-9) cm(3.)STP(.)g(-1), respectively. The low He-3/He-4 samples have He-3/He-4 ratios (with RIRA ratios of 2.04-2.92) which are lower than those of MORB (R/R-A=8 +/- 1) and Ar-40/Ar-36 ratios (447-543) which are higher than those of air (295.5). The high He-3/He-4 samples have He-3/He-4 ratios (with R/R-A ratios of 10.4-12.0) slightly higher than those of MORB (R/R-A=8 +/- 1) and Ar-40/Ar-36 ratios (293-299) very similar to those of air (295.5). The Ne isotopic ratios (Ne-20/Ne-22 and Ne-21/Ne-22 ratios of 10.3-10.9 and 0.02774-0.03039, respectively) and the Ar-38/Ar-36 ratios (0.1886-0.1963) have narrow ranges which are very similar to those of air (the Ne-20/Ne-22, Ne-21/Ne-22, Ar-38/Ar-36 ratios of 9.80, 0.029 and 0.187, respectively), and cannot be differentiated into different groups. The noble gas nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios, together with their regional variability, suggest that the noble gases in the Fe-Mn crusts originate primarily from the lower mantle. The low He-3/He-4 type and high He-3/He-4 type samples have noble gas characteristics similar to those of HIMU (High U/Pb Mantle)- and EM (Enriched Mantle)-type mantle material, respectively. The low He-3/He-4 type samples with HIMU-type noble gas isotopic ratios occur in the Magellan Seamounts, Marcus-Wake Seamounts, Marshall Island Chain and the Mid-Pacific Seamounts whereas the high He-3/He-4 type samples with EM-type noble gas isotopic ratios occur in the Line Island Chain. This difference in noble gas characteristics of these crust types implies that the Magellan Seamounts, Marcus-Wake Seamounts, Marshall Island Chain, and the Mid-Pacific Seamounts originated from HIMU-type lower mantle material whereas the Line Island Chain originated from EM-type lower mantle material. This finding is consistent with variations in the Pb-isotope and trace element signatures in the seamount lavas. Differences in the mantle surce may therefore be responsible for variations in the noble gas abundances and isotopic ratios in the Fe-Mn crusts. Mantle degassing appears to be the principal factor controlling noble gas isotopic abundances in Fe-Mn crusts. Decay of radioactive isotopes has a negligible influence on the nuclide abundances and isotopic ratios of noble gases in these crusts on the timescale of their formation.

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The West Philippine basin (WPB) is a currently inactive marginal basin belonging to Philippine Sea plate, which has a complex formation history and various crust structures. Based on gravity, magnetic and seismic data, the tectonics in West Philippine basin is characterized by amagma spreading stage and strike slip fractures. NNE trending Okinawa-Luzon fracture zone is a large fracture zone with apparent geomorphology and shows a right-handed movement. The results of joint gravity-magnetic-seismic inversion suggest that the Okinawa-Luzon fracture zone has intensive deformation and is a transform fault. Western existence of the NW trending fractures under Ryukyu Islands Arc is the main cause of the differences between south and north Okinawa Trough. The Urdaneta plateau is not a remained arc, but remnant of mantle plume although its lava chemistry is similar to oceanic island basalt (OIB).

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Based upon analyses of grain-size, rare earth element (REE) compositions, elemental occurrence phases of REE, and U-series isotopic dating, the sediment characteristics and material sources of the study area were examined for the recently formed deep-sea clays in the eastern Philippine Sea. The analytical results are summarized as follows. (1) Low accumulation rate, poor sorting and roundness, and high contents of grains coarser than fine silt indicate relatively low sediment input, with localized material source without long distance transport. (2) The REE Contents are relatively high. Shale-normalized patterns of REE indicate weak enrichment in heavy REE (HREE), Ce-passive anomaly, and Eu-positive anomaly. (3) Elemental occurrence phases of REE between the sediments with and without crust are similar. REE mainly concentrate in residual phase and then in ferromanganese oxide phase. The light REE (LREE) enrichment, Ce-positive anomaly, and Eu-positive anomaly occur in residual phase. Ferromanganese oxide phase shows the characteristics of relatively high HREE content and Ce-passive anomaly. (4) There are differences in each above mentioned aspect between the sediments with and without ferromanganese crust. (5) Synthesizing the above characteristics and source discriminant analysis, the study sediments are deduced to mainly result from the alteration of local and nearby volcanic materials. Continental materials transported by wind and/or river (ocean) flows also have minor contributions.

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Volcanic rocks both from the northern East China Sea (NECS) shelf margin and the northern Okinawa Trough are subalkaline less aluminous, and lower in High Field Strength Elements (HFSE). These rocks are higher in Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE), thorium and uranium contents, positive lead anomalies, negative Nb-Ta anomalies, and enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE). Basalts from the NECS shelf margin are akin to Indian Ocean Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB), and rhyolites from the northern Okinawa Trough have the highest Pb-207/Pb-208 and Pb-208/Pb-204 ratios. The NECS shelf margin basalts have lower Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios, epsilon(Nd) and sigma O-18 than the northern Okinawa Trough silicic rocks. According to K-40-Ar-40 isotopic ages of basalts from the NECS shelf margin, rifting of the Okinawa Trough may have been active since at least 3.65-3.86 Ma. The origin of the NECS shelf margin basalt can be explained by the interaction of melt derived from Indian Ocean MORB-like mantle with enriched subcontinental lithosphere. The basalts from both sides of the Okinawa Trough may have a similar origin during the initial rifting of the Okinawa Trough, and the formation of basaltic magmas closely relates to the thinning of continental crust. The source of the formation of the northern Okinawa Trough silicic rocks was different from that of the middle Okinawa Trough, which could have been generated by the interaction of basaltic melt with an enriched crustal component. From the Ryukyu island arc to East China, the Cenozoic basalts have apparently increasing trends of MgO contents and ratios of LREE to Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE), suggesting that the trace element variabilities of basalts may have been influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea plate, and that the effects of subduction of the Philippine Sea plate on the chemical composition of basaltic melts have had a decreasing effect from the Ryukyu island arc to East China.

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On the basis of the multi-channel seismic data and the other data, using 2DMove software, the tectonic evolution in three seismic profiles was restored since Pliocene. The tectonic restoration results show that: (1) the initial active center lay in the west slope and then was transferred to east and south via trough center during the evolution process; (2) several main normal faults controlled the evolution of the southern Okinawa Trough; (3) since Late Pliocene, the southern Okinawa Trough has experienced two spreading stages. The early is depression in Early-Middle Pleistocene and the late is back-are spreading in Late Pleistocene and Holocene, which is in primary oceanic crust spreading stage.

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本研究分为三个部分:1.以坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanesis Chang et Zheng)的叶状体和丝状体为研究对象,比较坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体的光合色素、色素蛋白的组成,并提取纯化藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白、藻胆体及类囊体膜和光系统。研究结果表明坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体色素及色素蛋白的含量不同,藻红蛋白是主要的色素蛋白,坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体的藻红蛋白的含量分别为2.9mg藻红蛋白/g鲜重、4.2mg藻红蛋白/g鲜重,这表明坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体藻红蛋白含量丰富,是提取藻红蛋白很好的材料。藻胆体的性质差异不大,但类囊体膜差异显著,从坛紫菜叶状体中分离到了两种不同的类囊体膜带,光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)和PSⅡ分别结合在两条类囊体膜带上,但从坛紫菜丝状体中也分离到两条类囊体膜带,它们的光谱性质和蛋白组成相似,仅放氧速率和DCIP活性有差异,从坛紫菜丝状体中我们仅分离到PSⅡ。坛紫菜叶状体PSⅡ有5种外在蛋白(33、20、Cytc 550、15、12kDa蛋白),而坛紫菜丝状体外在蛋白仅有4条,缺少12kDa蛋白。2. 以在中国江苏部分地区进行了大规模的商业化栽培的突变体条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis Ueda)和野生型条斑紫菜为研究对象,比较其色素及色素蛋白组成、对不能光质的利用率及藻胆体的组成。条斑紫菜和突变型条斑紫菜对不同的光质利用效果有差异,在白光的照射下,野生型紫菜的放氧速率最大,而突变型紫菜在黄光照射下的放氧速率最大。条斑紫菜野生型与突变型色素含量上有明显的差异,突变型紫菜的藻红蛋白含量明显减少而藻蓝蛋白的含量增加。通过杂交的方法证实诱变所获得条斑紫菜突变体为细胞质突变,但是突变型紫菜却发生了由细胞核编码的γ亚基的缺失,这表明突变型紫菜藻红蛋白含量和性质发生了明显的变化。3. 为了找出淡水红藻-深紫美芒藻(Compsopogon coeruleus (Balbis) Montagne)分布狭窄及生物产量低的原因,本文对深紫美芒藻在不同的盐离子浓度下的放氧速率及藻胆体色素组成和结构上进行研究。结果显示:微量的NaCl(0.1mM)促进深紫美芒藻放氧,而深紫美芒藻在较高的NaCl(1、10mM), NaH2PO4 (0.1、1、10mM)和 NH4NO3(0.1、1、10mM)溶液中却没有检测到氧气的产生。这与深紫美芒藻生长的环境一致即深紫美芒藻生活在低盐浓度、低营养的泉水中。深紫美芒藻的藻胆体是由藻红蛋白、藻蓝蛋白及别藻蓝蛋白组成,上面结合α、β和γ亚基,含有藻红胆素、藻篮胆素,但缺乏缺少藻尿胆素。

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海洋生物具有产生丰富多样的次生代谢产物的能力,其中红藻门松节藻科海藻卤代次生代谢产物以其结构新颖、生物活性独特引起了天然产物化学家的重视。 本论文对海洋红藻多管藻和松节藻进行了化学成分研究,综合利用各种色谱学方法 (硅胶柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析、凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、半制备高效液相色谱以及重结晶等) 和现代波谱学技术 (IR、UV、EI-MS、FAB-MS、HR-ESI-MS、CD、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、1H-1H COSY、HSQC、HMBC等),共分离鉴定了100个化合物,发现25个新化合物。 从多管藻中分离鉴定38个化合物 (24个溴酚化合物),其中7个新化合物 (均为溴酚化合物),包括1个菲并呋喃结构溴酚 (P1), 2个二氢菲结构溴酚 (P2, P3),1个含 5,7-dihydrodibenzo[c,e]oxepine 结构溴酚 (P4)和3个简单溴酚 (P5, P6, P7)。P1 (urceolatin) 属首例报道的具有菲并呋喃结构的天然产物,从该种中分离的化合物P12 和 P13 可能是其生源合成的前体。P2和P3为第二例报道的具有二氢菲结构的溴酚化合物。 从松节藻中分离并鉴定了62 个化合物,其中18 个为溴酚类新化合物,44 个为已知化合物。化合物具有多变的取代基团,包括2 个脲基吡咯烷酮溴酚化合物 (R1, R2), 4 个γ-脲基丁酸溴酚化合物 (R3-R6),5 个酰胺溴酚化合物 (R7, R8, R9, R13, R14),1 个溴酚砜化合物 (R12), 1 个Xanthene 溴酚化合物 (R10)和5 个简单溴酚化合物 (R11, R15, R16, R17, R18)。R1、R2 是首例报道的含有脲基吡咯烷酮片段的天然产物,R10 为首次报道的溴代Xanthene 类天然产物。 对分离到的化合物进行了清除DPPH 和ABTS两种自由基活性的筛选。结果发现溴酚类天然产物具有显著的DPPH自由基清除活性,其中R3 的IC50 仅为3.3 μM, 其活性强度约为阳性对照BHT (IC50 为82.1 μM) 的24倍。另外,溴酚类天然产物对ABTS自由基有较强的清除活性,R2 的TEAC(Trolox efficency activity capacity)值为5.2 mM,约为阳性对照 (ascorbic acid, 1.02 mM) 的 5 倍。初步的构效关系研究发现,稠环分子、多羟基和邻位甲氧基等结构特点能有效增强DPPH 自由基清除活性;特殊取代基如脲基、吡咯烷酮等含有氮原子的基团,能有效增强ABTS 自由基清除活性,多羟基、溴代等结构特点也使其活性有所增强。 本研究结果丰富了海藻卤代化合物的结构类型,为多管藻和松节藻的合理利用提供了一定的科学依据。

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本文从赤潮发生前的现场模拟实验、赤潮发生时的现场培养实验和赤潮发生过程中的现场调查等方面,较为系统地研究了东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。 2005年长江口及邻近海区赤潮发生前,赤潮973MC2005-03航次在本海区进行了综合调查,期间分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5三个站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度106 cells L-1的东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻对小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量影响较大,而对中大型砂壳纤毛虫的影响较小,从而使得微型浮游动物群落有向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势。在zzf1站位,小型无壳纤毛虫占绝对优势,添加东海原甲藻72 h后,优势种由管游虫(Cyrtostrombidium sp.)演替为另一种小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫4(Strombidium sp.4);在以中型砂壳纤毛虫百乐拟铃虫(Tintinnospsis beroidea)为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,但其在群落中的优势度更加明显;ra5站位也是以小型无壳纤毛虫为主,添加东海原甲藻72 h后,其群落结构由急游虫2(Strombidium sp.2)向中大型砂壳纤毛虫纤毛虫百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫(Favella azorica)演替。不同站位微型浮游动物群落结构变化的差异与其本身的群落结构组成有一定关系,也与浮游植物的群落组成有关。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中微型浮游动物的总丰度和总生物量都低于对照组,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位实验组中的优势种管游虫(zzf1站位)和急游虫2(ra5站位)的丰度和生物量迅速下降,而zc18a站位实验组的优势种百乐拟铃虫的丰度和生物量比较稳定造成的。 2005年长江口及邻近海区赤潮发生时,赤潮973 MC2005-04航次在本海区进行了综合调查,期间分别于5月26日、5月28日、5月28日和5月29日,在xzm1、srb、sra1和hb8a四个站位利用现场培养的方法,研究了东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,东海大规模赤潮对微型浮游动物群落结构的影响与赤潮藻的密度密切相关:xzm1、srb和sra1站位是赤潮区,两种赤潮藻的总密度分别为,1.3×106 cells L-1、1.8×106 cells L-1和5.6×106 cells L-1,而hb8a站位位于非赤潮区,两种赤潮藻的总密度仅为5×105 cells L-1;实验进行72 h后,在以大型砂壳纤毛虫网纹虫和筒壳虫(Tintinnidium sp.)为主的xzm1、srb和sra1站位,仍然是以这些大型砂壳纤毛虫为主,且其在群落中的百分比显著增大,尤其在赤潮藻密度最高的的sra1站位,这种演替趋势表现的最明显;而在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2为主的hb8a站位,微型浮游动物群落向中型砂壳纤毛虫真丁丁虫(Eutintinnus sp.)演替。培养过程中微型浮游动物总丰度的变化以及总生物量的变化都与赤潮藻的密度密切相关:赤潮藻密度较低的xzm1站位和srb站位变化不大;赤潮藻密度较高的sra1站位则快速下降;而非赤潮区的hb8a站位呈快速上升的趋势。以上结果进一步表明东海大规模赤潮能使微型浮游动物群落向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替。 在2006年4月18日-5月30日,赤潮973项目MC2006航次在长江口及其邻近海区围绕东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻赤潮进行了综合调查。为了研究该过程中微型浮游动物群落结构的变化,我们在南北5个断面共计21个站位进行了取样,样品涉及赤潮发生前期、发生期和消退期。本次调查共发现纤毛虫66种,其中砂壳纤毛虫有8属37种,寡毛类无壳纤毛虫25种,另外还有前口类3属4种。在赤潮发生前之前,小型无壳纤毛虫的丰度普遍较高,平均值为1574 ind L-1,而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度普遍偏低,平均值仅为14 ind L-1;赤潮发生以后,在大多数站位小型无壳纤毛虫的丰度出现不同程度的下降,平均值降为171 ind L-1,而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度出现一定程度的上升,平均值增至216 ind L-1。赤潮消退时,小型无壳纤毛虫丰度的平均值降为109 ind L-1,而中大型砂壳纤毛虫的丰度继续增长,变为401 ind L-1。不同微型浮游动物百分比的统计结果也表明:微型浮游动物群落由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势:小型无壳纤毛虫在群落中百分比的平均值由赤潮发生前的62 %变为赤潮发生时的32 %,至赤潮消退时又降为15 %;而中大型砂壳纤毛虫百分比的平均值从赤潮发生前的10 %变为赤潮发生时的24 %,至赤潮消退时增至50 %。典型站位za3、za5、zb7和zb9的结果再次表明了赤潮发生过程中微型浮游动物群落由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势。 由以上赤潮发生前的现场模拟实验、赤潮发生时的现场培养实验和赤潮发生过程中的现场调查的结果均可见,东海大规模赤潮可以改变微型浮游动物的群落结构,呈现由小型无壳纤毛虫向中大型砂壳纤毛虫演替的趋势,进而有可能影响中大型浮游动物等摄食者的种群数量和群落结构,最终可能会影响整个海洋生态系统的结构和功能。

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紫菜是一类海洋藻类研究的模式系统,具有重要的经济价值和理论研究意义。本研究基于紫菜的世代交替生活史,对其壳孢子萌发过程进行了研究,并对丝状孢子体与叶状配子体的世代差异进行了分析,主要包括以下三部分: 1) 对紫菜丝状孢子体与叶状配子体的连接枢纽——壳孢子的发育过程及其光影响进行了研究与讨论,发现壳孢子只有在附着后才能形成细胞壁并发育,说明壳孢子的附着是触发了壳孢子细胞壁的形成以及后期发育的开关,亦即附着是触发紫菜世代交替过程中配子体转录组表达的开关;纤维素酶和果胶酶均能抑制壳孢子附着,但影响机制各不相同,推测果胶质主要介导壳孢子的初始附着,而纤维素则与永久附着相关;波长≥580 nm的高强度(200 μmol•m-2•s-1)可见光有利于壳孢子早期发育。 2) 结合现有藻类数据,对坛紫菜丝状孢子体阶段11000 EST数据进行了大规模的生物信息学分析,结果首次发现坛紫菜丝状孢子体中可能存在PCK型C4光合固碳途径,并筛选出44条在紫菜孢子体中表达上调的代表基因。 3) 结合坛紫菜、条斑紫菜、海带和红毛菜,对红藻和褐藻等大型海藻孢子体与配子体阶段代表基因Rubisco的表达与羧化酶活性差异进行了研究分析,结果表明Rubisco的表达量和初始羧化酶活在其配子体中均显著高于其孢子体世代,即与藻体不同世代的相对复杂度无关,而与染色体倍性相关,说明Rubisco的世代差异极有可能与染色体倍性相连锁,因而可能是海藻世代交替过程中的重要功能基因。

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红毛菜(Bangia Lyngb.)属于红藻门,与紫菜属同属红毛菜科,其味道和营养都优于紫菜。目前红毛菜栽培产业已在我国福建莆田展开,但栽培技术还有待提高。海藻栽培技术的发展和成熟依赖于对其生长发育过程的认识。本研究针对红毛菜发育过程及相关光合生理展开,并初步探讨了一采自山西娘子关泉淡水红毛菜群体(FWB)的系统地位。 色素突变标记的壳孢子萌发特征表明最初两次分裂产生的4细胞决定了完整植株的形态建成。成熟植株,为雌雄异体。雌性生殖器果胞的标志性分化结构为原始受精丝,环境因子是促发原始受精丝发展的外部因素,其膨大程度随受精的延迟而增大。原孢子是主要的无性生殖孢子类型,在不良环境中,藻体也会形成内生孢子或休眠包囊,或者藻体断裂后重新形成完整的植株。 红毛菜的生长发育很大程度上受环境因子的控制。高温不利于配子体的发育,15-20 ºC比较适宜。红毛菜无性繁殖的最适温度-光照组合为20 ºC-8 h,有性繁殖为15 ºC-12h。 不同发育阶段,PSII实际光合效率(Y(II))与细胞的健康状况以及光合器官完整性及其在细胞内的分布有关,而与细胞的类型关系不大。健康的假根细胞、已分化未成熟的精子以及果孢子细胞均具有很高的Y(II)。色素体由中间位变为围周位,中央大液泡(营养藻丝)和大小纤维囊泡(成熟孢子与精子)的产生,使得细胞Y(II)降低。刚放散的壳孢子Y(II)很低,说明在壳孢子由贝壳基质释放到自由水体过程,光合作用受到一定程度抑制;而2h后,Y(II)开始恢复,rbcL的转录水平非常高,为孢子的萌发储备物质和能量需求。 在失水和低盐胁迫下,藻体均维持较高的Y(II)。干出处理至藻体重量不再变化,复水后Y(II)可回复初始水平。海生红毛菜在100%淡水培养基中(约20ºC)培养7天后,部分雄性藻体依然活着。从而体现了红毛菜位居高潮带的生理优势。 FWB终生行无性繁殖,藻体形态与发生以及染色体数目(4条)与海生群体没有区别。而rbcL-rbcS Spacer序列显示,红毛菜海生群体(无性和有性)具有完全相同的序列,而FWB与它们有5bp差异,但是与欧洲、北美地区的淡水群体仅1bp不同,初步说明所有淡水红毛菜群体具有共同的原始起源。

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南海北部陆缘深水区(水深>300m)蕴藏着丰富的资源,我国对深水区的地质研究刚刚起步,但相关领域已成为科研热点。深水油气盆地的构造演化是油气勘探中最重要的基础性研究之一,因此针对我国南海北部陆缘深水区开展构造演化及其资源效应的研究具有重要的理论意义和实际意义。 本文利用钻井和地震资料并结合区域地质资料,重点研究了珠江口盆地深水区的结构和构造演化,取得如下创新性成果:1)首次利用半地堑分析方法系统解剖了研究区的结构、各构造单元发育特征,在此基础上指出五个有利油气运聚带;2)采用回剥法并利用最新资料进行校正,得到了研究区更为可靠的构造沉降曲线,重新划分了裂陷期和裂后期的分界,认为32Ma南海海底扩张之后裂陷作用仍在持续,直到23Ma左右才开始大规模裂后热沉降,并进一步解释了裂陷期延迟的形成机制;3)应用非连续拉张模型计算拉张系数的方程计算了研究区的壳幔拉张系数,指出了深水区地幔相对于地壳的优势伸展作用;首次运用平衡剖面技术重建了研究区的构造发育史,计算了各构造期的拉张率和沉积速率,指出研究区新生代整体呈现持续拉张,拉张系数在1.1-1.24之间;4)精细刻画了水合物钻采区的地质构造特征,建立了该区天然气水合物成藏的概念模式;建立了一套根据地震叠加速度计算流体势的方法,为水合物成藏规律的研究提供了新的思路。

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随着全球生态环境的恶化,各国日益重视对水体中各种污染物的治理。利用藻类的吸收、富集和降解作用,可以去除污水中的营养物质、重金属离子和有机污染物,与其他物理、化学及工程的方法相比,该技术具有以下优点:成本低、能耗小、治理效果较好,对环境污染小,有利于资源化,有利于整体生态环境的改善,是治理水质污染的新途径。 本文利用几种大型海藻对富营养化海水进行处理,结果发现孔石莼、刚毛藻均有很强的吸收N、P的能力,吸收能力依次为褶曲刚毛藻>束生刚毛藻>孔石莼。水体中褶曲刚毛藻3 g/L含量,在3~5小时之内,可把中等以上富营养化海水中的N、P降低至一类海水水平。利用刚毛藻处理富营养化地下海水和养殖废水,进行海参和大菱鲆养殖试验,探索藻类净化水质和废水循环利用的新模式,使水体保持较低的营养盐状态,减轻养殖废水对环境的影响,实现了海水养殖业与环境的可持续发展。 刚毛藻在我国近海滩涂分布广泛,利用它来处理富营养化水体,并和水产养殖业相结合,既净化水体,使养殖废水能循环利用,满足水产养殖的需求,又改善水产业生态环境。同时,将回收藻体生产优质饲料、食品和药物等,实现藻类资源的高值利用。刚毛藻营养丰富,用其替代鼠尾藻作海参饲料,资源丰富,成本低,效果好,是一种值得加以开发利用的宝贵资源,具有广泛的应用前景。 生物吸附法是一种经济有效的移除废水中有害重金属离子的方法。由于藻类细胞壁中的多聚糖可提供吸附重金属的位点,廉价而蕴藏丰富的海藻对多种重金属表现出很强的吸附能力。所以本文通过分批实验,研究了非活体刚毛藻对水体中重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附影响因子、吸附热力学、吸附动力学及吸附机理,得到了平衡等温线及动力学数据。吸附过程的最佳pH值为5.0,吸附量随温度的升高而增加,水体中常见的Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+阳离子及Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、C2O42-等阴离子的存在对吸附的影响并不显著。EDTA存在时,吸附百分率大大降低。吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附容量很高,25℃时,对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为1.61 mmol/g、0.96 mmol/g和0.98 mmol/g,且吸附过程为吸热反应。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附过程为化学吸附,在吸附过程中藻体表面的官能团可能与金属离子发生了螯合作用。吸附动力学过程符合pseudo-二级动力学模型,在初始的30min内,吸附速率很快,随后速率逐渐降低。解吸试验表明,用EDTA可以对重金属进行回收,刚毛藻可以循环利用。实验结果表明刚毛藻是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+等。 通过非活体刚毛藻对重金属Cr6+的吸附影响因子、吸附动力学、吸附机理的研究发现,刚毛藻对Cr6+具有很强的还原能力,对电镀废水中的Cr6+的还原去除提供了非常好的方法。吸附过程的最佳pH值为2~3,实际电镀废水通常在此pH范围,因此处理实际废水时,首先在原酸性条件下,对Cr6+进行还原去除,然后调废水pH至5.0,继续进行吸附,去除其他二价离子及被还原的三价Cr离子,实现了利用同一材料还原Cr6+为Cr3+,并将Cr3+和其他重金属离子同时去除。通过对机理的讨论,认为刚毛藻对Cr6+的生物吸附过程不是一个简单的“离子交换过程”,而是一个“吸附还原过程”。在海藻量足够的前提下,只要时间足够长,Cr6+可被彻底还原去除。 利用工业废弃物褐藻渣,对水体中重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+及Cr6+的生物吸附特性分别进行了讨论,结果表明褐藻渣对重金属离子的吸附特性与刚毛藻一致,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,在25℃时,pH为5.0时,由Langmuir方程求出褐藻渣对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为4.20 mmol/g、3.13 mmol/g和2.97 mmol/g。褐藻渣对低、高浓度的重金属Cr6+都具有很强的吸附能力,且移除效果比较彻底。实际应用结果表明,褐藻渣是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属离子,具有广泛的应用前景。

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有害赤潮(Harmful algal blooms, HAB)已成为全球性的海洋灾害,对我国近海养殖业危害尤为巨大,研究赤潮发生、发展的主要环境影响因子,对于控制赤潮的发生以及加强赤潮的防治具有十分重要的意义。本文根据国家自然科学基金“九五”重大项目“中国沿海典型增养殖区有害赤潮发生动力学防治对策研究”项目组近年来对胶州湾东北部养殖海域的监测资料,分析了该海区营养状况,结合该区自然环境特点,探讨了发生于1998年7月和1999年6月两次硅藻赤潮的主要影响因子;并应用胶州现场海水进行了室内模拟培养实验,对影响有害赤潮生消过程的关键环境因子进行了分析探讨。对1998和1999年赤潮多发季节胶州湾东北部增养殖水域海水的营养状况进行了分析,并参照潜在性富营养化的概念,应用NQI指数对该海域的富营养化水平进行了评价。结果表明:(1)胶州湾东北部增养殖海域赤潮多发季节TIN、DIP和活性硅酸盐的含量均较高,远高于同期胶州湾大面观测站各营养盐的平均含量;该海域有机污染物含量相对营养盐含量不高。(2)该海域春季氮、磷营养盐含量充足,水域属富营养化平;夏季该海域具有较高的生物具,磷酸盐水平相对较低,海域多数时间属于磷限制潜在性富营养化水平;但这种限制极易为外界补充所改变,如陆源输入、养殖废水的排放等。(3)该海域为典型增养殖区,养殖废水对海域营养盐的补充有重要意义,因此应当加强对该海域养殖业的综合管理。对分别于1998年7月和1999年6月在胶州湾东北部增养殖海域发生的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)赤潮和浮动弯角藻(Eucampia zoodiacus)赤潮生消过程中环境因子的变化进行了探讨。发生赤潮生物量的升高常伴随海水pH值、溶解氧(DO)含量的升高以及各营养盐(氮、磷、硅)含量的降低;认为在该海域较高营养盐含量和较高生物量的情况下,赤潮发生前大规模的降雨过程及随后的气候条件为赤潮生物的快速生长繁殖创造了有利条件;无机磷和活性硅酸盐含量相对于无机氮显得较低,对该海域硅藻赤潮的生消过程起着控制作用。采集胶州湾现场海水进行了实验室模拟培养实验,对影响赤潮生消过程的主要环境因素进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,现场海水进行模拟培养时,排除了潮流、风以及水团间交流混合等因素对水体中浮游生物的影响,培养水体中的浮游植物生物量都存在增高的现象;在氮、磷、硅等营养盐含量充足的条件下,浮游植物可快速进入指数增长期,并较快发展形成赤潮,高浓度的营养盐常导致培养水体中浮游植物的较高的生长速率,浮游植物对氮磷营养盐的吸收受到环境中营养盐含量的影响;初始环境下营养盐的限制可抑制浮游植物的进一步增殖,发生赤潮水体中某种营养盐的含量降低最终导致了赤潮的消亡。

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During late spring and early summer of 2005, large-scale (> 15 000 km(2)), mixed dinoflagellate blooms developed along the the coast of the East China Sea. Karenia mikimotoi was the dominant harmful algal bloom species in the first stage of the bloom (late May) and was succeeded by Prorocentrum donghaiense approximately 2 wk later. Samples were collected from different stations along both north-south and west-east transects, from the Changjiang River estuary to the south Zhejiang coast, during 3 cruises of the Chinese Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Program, before and during the bloom progression. Nitrogen isotope tracer techniques were used to measure rates of NO3-, NH4+, urea, and glycine uptake during the blooms. High inorganic nitrogen (N), but low phosphorus (P) loading from the Changjiang River led to high dissolved inorganic N:dissolved inorganic P ratios in the sampling area and indicate the development of P limitation. The rates of N-15-uptake experiments enriched with PO43- were enhanced compared to unamended samples, suggesting P limitation of the N-uptake rates. The bloom progression was related to the change in availability of both organic and inorganic N and P. Reduced N forms, especially NH4+, were preferentially taken up during the blooms, but different bloom species had different rates of uptake of organic N substrates. K mikimotoi had higher rates of urea uptake, while P. donghaiense had higher rates of glycine uptake. Changes in the availability of reduced N and the ratios of N:P in inorganic and organic forms were suggested to be important in the bloom succession. Nutrient ratios and specific uptake rates of urea were similar when compared to analogous blooms on the West Florida Shelf.

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Under laboratory conditions, the potential influence of diatom diets on reproduction of zoo-plankton Calanus sinicus was studied. Four diatom diet ingredients: Skeletonema costatum (SC), Chaetoceros muelleri (CM), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), diatom mixture (MIX) and a control diet: the flagellate Platymonas subordiformis (PS), were used at the same carbon concentrations of 2.0 mu g mL(-1) C. In a period of 17-day laboratory experiment, the effects of these algae diets on egg production and hatching success of the copepod Calanus sinicus were examined. The diets were analyzed for fatty acid content as an indicator of food quality. The results showed that the female survival of all treatments reached more than 80% except PT. Comparing to the initial value, egg production of Calanus sinicus was reduced in diatom diets (PT, CM), but remained in normal level in SC and MIX, indicating that some single diatom diets had a negative effect on the egg production of Calanus sinicus. Feeding with mixed food however can eliminate this negative effect. Among all the treatments, hatching success in filtered seawater was significantly higher than in algal exudates, indicating that not only diatoms but also other phytoplankton in certain concentration can release extracelluar substance that may inhibit eggs from hatching. Fatty acid analysis showed that both egg production rate and hatching success were negatively correlated to the ratio of 20:5 omega 3 and 14:0 in fatty acid composition.