Pitkäikäisyyden viimeaikainen kehitys

Perustuu III Gerontologian päivillä 30.1.1998 pidettyyn esitelmään

Aika, gerontologia ja vanheminen

Kirjoitus perustuu III Gerontologian päivillä 30.1.1998 pidettyyn esitelmään

Iowa Rail Route Alternatives Analysis, June 1998

The development of new rail systems in the first part of the 21st century is the result of a wide range of trends that are making it increasingly difficult to maintain regional mobility using the two dominant intercity travel modes, auto and air. These trends include the changing character of the economic structure of industry. The character of the North American industrial structure is moving rapidly from a manufacturing base to a service based economy. This is increasing the need for business travel while the increase in disposable income due to higher salaries has promoted increased social and tourist travel. Another trend is the change in the regulatory environment. The trend towards deregulation has dramatically reduced the willingness of the airlines to operate from smaller airports and the level of service has fallen due to the creation of hub and spoke systems. While new air technology such as regional jets may mitigate this trend to some degree in medium-size airports, smaller airports will continue to lose out. Finally, increasing environmental concerns have reduced the ability of the automobile to meet intercity travel needs because of increased suburban congestion and limited highway capacity in big cities. Against this background the rail mode offers new options due to first, the existing rail rights-of-way offering direct access into major cities that, in most cases, have significant capacity available and, second, a revolution in vehicle technology that makes new rail rolling stock faster and less expensive to purchase and operate. This study is designed to evaluate the potential for rail service making an important contribution to maintaining regional mobility over the next 30 to 50 years in Iowa. The study evaluates the potential for rail service on three key routes across Iowa and assesses the impact of new train technology in reducing costs and improving rail service. The study also considers the potential for developing the system on an incremental basis. The service analysis and recommendations do not involve current Amtrak intercity service. That service is presumed to continue on its current route and schedule. The study builds from data and analyses that have been generated for the Midwest Rail Initiative (MWRI) Study. For example, the zone system and operating and capital unit cost assumptions are derived from the MWRI study. The MWRI represents a cooperative effort between nine Midwest states, Amtrak and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) contracting with Transportation Economics & Management Systems, Inc. to evaluate the potential for a regional rail system. The 1 The map represents the system including the decision on the Iowa route derived from the current study. Iowa Rail Route Alternatives Analysis TEMS 1-2 system is to offer modern, frequent, higher speed train service to the region, with Chicago as the connecting hub. Exhibit 1-1 illustrates the size of the system, and how the Iowa route fits in to the whole.

Ensimmäiset päivät sairaalassa : viiden iäkkään potilaan havainnointi vuodeosastolla

English summary: First 72 hours in hospital : observation of five older patients on a ward

Field Evaluation of Quality Management Concrete, MLR-97-3, 1998

Quality management concrete allows the contractor to develop the mix design for the portland cement concrete. This research was initiated to gain knowledge about contractor mix designs. An experiment was done to determine the variation in cylinders, beams, and cores that could be used to test the strength of the contractor's mix. In addition, the contractor's cylinder strengths and gradations were analyzed for statistical stability and process capability. This research supports the following conclusions: (1) The mold type used to cast the concrete cylinders had an effect on the compressive strength of the concrete. The 4.5-in. by 9-in. (11.43-cm by 22.86-cm) cylinders had lower strength at a 95% confidence interval than the 4-in. by 8-in. (10.16-cm by 20.32-cm) and 6-in. by 12-in. (15.24-cm by 30.48-cm) cylinders. (2) The low vibration consolidation effort had the lowest strength of the three consolidation efforts. In particular, an interaction occurred between the low vibration effort and the 4.5-in. by 9-in. (11.43-cm by 22.86-cm) mold. This interaction produced very low compressive strengths when compared with the other consolidation efforts. (3) A correlation of 0.64 R-squared was found between the 28 day cylinder and 28 day compressive strengths. (4) The compressive strength results of the process control testing were not in statistical control. The aggregate gradations were mostly in statistical control. The gradation process was capable of meeting specification requirements. However, many of the sieves were off target. (5) The fineness modulus of the aggregate gradations did not correlate well with the strength of the concrete. However, this is not surprising considering that the gradation tests and the strength tests did not represent the same material. In addition, the concrete still has many other variables that will affect its strength that were not controlled.

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares e híbridos de milho no Nordeste brasileiro no ano agrícola de 1998

Durante o ano agrícola de 1998, na Região Nordeste do Brasil, foram realizados experimentos em rede, em blocos casualizados com três repetições, envolvendo a avaliação de 25 cultivares (cultivares e populações) e de 30 híbridos de milho em dezenove e dezesseis ambientes, respectivamente, objetivando conhecer adaptabilidade e estabilidade dessas cultivares para fins de recomendação. Os híbridos apresentaram maiores rendimentos, em média, 21,4% mais que as cultivares. Nos ensaios envolvendo cultivares e populações, o híbrido Cargill 909, utilizado como testemunha, teve um rendimento superior, tanto nos ambientes desfavoráveis quanto nos favoráveis. As cultivares AL 30, BR 5028, BR 106, BR 5011, BR 5033, Sintético Dentado, Sintético Duro e a população CMS 50 expressaram boa adaptação e estabilidade de produção no Nordeste brasileiro. Nos ensaios envolvendo híbridos, Dina 1000, Cargill 333 B, Dina 270, Braskalb XL 360, Master, AG 1051, AG 4051 e Pioneer 3041 apresentaram maior adaptação com estabilidade de produção nos ambientes considerados. Para recomendação específica a ambientes favoráveis destacaram-se os híbridos AG 4051 e Pioneer X 1296 B. Apesar de não se encontrarem híbridos com adaptação específica a ambientes desfavoráveis, a recomendação de materiais com maiores rendimentos nesses ambientes é de interesse para o agricultor, a exemplo do Dina 1000, Cargill 333 B e Braskalb XL 360.