The importance of organic detritus in lotic ecosystems: Aspects of trophic interactions

Very little research has been carried out on detrital energetics and pathways in lotic ecosystems. Most investigations have concentrated on the degradation of allochthonous plant litter by fungi, with a glance at heterotrophic bacteria associated with decaying litter. In this short review, the author describes what is known of the detrition of plant litter in lotic waters, which results from the degradative activities of colonising saprophytic fungi and bacteria, and goes on to relate this process to those invertebrates that consume coarse and/or fine particulate detritus, or dissolved organic matter that aggregates into colloidal exopolymer particles. It is clear that many of the key processes involved in the relationships between the physical, chemical, biotic and biochemical elements present in running waters are very complex and poorly understood. Those few aspects for which there are reliable models with predictive power have resulted from data collections made over periods of 20 years or more. Comprehensive research of single catchments would provide a fine opportunity to collect data over a long period.

Waterfowl and their role in lake ecosystems. [Translation from: Wiadomosci Ekologiczne 19, 355-371, 1973.]

We know very little about the role of birds in different ecosystems, despite numerous interesting works of researchers and amateur ornithologist scattered throughout the world. Less attention is paid to freshwater ecosystems because of the difficulties encountered in the experimental methods as well as a lack of interest on behalf of hydrobiologists, for the activities of birds in these ecosystems. This article summarises types and morphoecological forms of waterfowl and their place in the lake ecosystem.

Nitrification in marine ecosystems [Translation from: Rapp.Naturvardsverket SNVPM No.1213, 157-166, 1980]

The nitrification in the ocean is influenced by several environmental factors and the importance of these is more or less known. There are very likely many more to be discovered in the study of the interaction of nitrification bacteria and other micro-organisms in the ocean. Some of the factors to be considered will briefly be dealt with in this paper. Then the authors give the results of an incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea and from a detailed study in Gullmarn.

The connection between single species and ecosystems

Ecosystem level models are motivated by some combination of scientific and practical concerns. Those models motivated by practical concerns are likely to bear little historical relation to previous models. Mechanisms of interaction between particular species and their ecosystems vary enormously. Some species literally construct their own ecosystems. Others have more or less complex and important interactions with other species so that their presence or absence may alter the ecosystem. Prior information about the natural history of particular species can make ecosystem investigations quicker, cheaper, and more effective. The optimal resource for preparing to deal with the unlimited diversity of questions asked of ecologists would be a large' computerized databank of natural history observations for as many species as possible.

Picophytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems: the importance of small-sized phototrophs

About 40 years have passed since the discovery of picophytoplankton; the present knowledge of the taxonomy, physiology and ecology of these tiny photoautotrophic cells offers new perspectives on the importance of the microbial contribution to global biogeochemical cycles and food webs. This review focuses on the relationships among the components of picophytoplankton (picocyanobacteria and the picoplanktic eukaryotes) and biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The dynamics of picophytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems are strictly dependent upon basin size and trophy, temperature, and nutrient and light limitation, but they are also regulated by grazing and viral-induced lysis. The review considers: the pros and cons of the molecular approach to the study of the taxonomy of freshwater Synechococcus spp.; the importance of ecological aspects in understanding the puzzle of picophytoplankton phylogeny (genotype vs ecotype); and the role of biotic vs abiotic interactions in controlling picophytoplankton dynamics. Biotic, top-down control mechanisms are reviewed as well as knowledge of other biological interactions.

Picophytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems: the importance of small-sized phototrophs

About 40 years have passed since the discovery of picophytoplankton; the present knowledge of the taxonomy, physiology and ecology of these tiny photoautotrophic cells offers new perspectives on the importance of the microbial contribution to global biogeochemical cycles and food webs. This review focuses on the relationships among the components of picophytoplankton (picocyanobacteria and the picoplanktic eukaryotes) and biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The dynamics of picophytoplankton in aquatic ecosystems are strictly dependent upon basin size and trophy, temperature, and nutrient and light limitation, but they are also regulated by grazing and viral-induced lysis. The review considers: the pros and cons of the molecular approach to the study of the taxonomy of freshwater Synechococcus spp.; the importance of ecological aspects in understanding the puzzle of picophytoplankton phylogeny (genotype vs ecotype); and the role of biotic vs abiotic interactions in controlling picophytoplankton dynamics. Biotic, top-down control mechanisms are reviewed as well as knowledge of other biological interactions.

Relação entre pluviosidade efetiva e estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície na ciclagem de nutrientes em floresta ombrófila urbana: Parque Nacional da Tijuca - RJ

O estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície refere-se a todo material orgânico decomposto ou em decomposição sobreposto ao solo mineral, bem como ao material orgânico misturado às partículas minerais do horizonte A. Este serve como indicador da funcionalidade e integridade de ecossistemas florestais quando o analisamos sob a perspectiva das "Formas de Húmus". Nesta perspectiva o material orgânico se presenta como disposto em camadas internas que variam no peso e espessura de acordo com a atuação dos agentes decompositores locais, e expressa a ciclagem de nutrientes que se dá a partir dos dois principais processos que sintetizam e/ou modulam o funcionamento dos ecossistemas, a produção e a decomposição da matéria orgânica. O modelo de formas de húmus segue uma classificação desenvolvida na Europa que não se aplica perfeitamente às áreas tropicais pela alta variabilidade de ambientes. Estima-se que fatores locais e particulares como características edáficas, estrutura e composição da vegetação, relevo e o microclima podem distorcer esta classificação e diferir significativamente do modelo global. Esta pesquisa buscou o refinamento deste modelo, buscando entender de que modo a pluviosidade efetiva (chuva que atravessa a copa das árvores e chega ao solo), como fenômeno de natureza microclimática, se relaciona com o estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície (sob a perspectiva das formas de húmus) em ambiente de floresta ombrófila montanhosa urbana.Para tal foram executadas análises físicas sobre o estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície, monitoramento da pluviosidade efetiva com pluviômetro experimentais adaptados para esta demanda e análises químicas sobre a água da chuva após lixiviação da matéria orgânica. Foi montada uma estrutura composta de quinze pluviômetros experimentais em uma encosta florestada no Parque Nacional da Tijuca (Rio de Janeiro - RJ) e instalação de pluviômetros eletrônicos em ambientes de céu aberto em áreas adjacentes a esta encosta pertencentes à área do parque. Os resultados indicam que da chuva que cai na floresta, cerca de 15% é interceptada pelas copas e o restante, parte é interceptada pela matéria orgânica do solo. A camada MFB (ou H) é a que retém mais água, indicando que, florestas que a decomposição é rápida no processo de fragmentação e lenta na mineralização, terão mais água retida no estoque de matéria orgânica. As diferentes camadas vão nutrir o solo de maneira diferenciada quando este processo deriva da lixiviação, como o cálcio que é liberado em a maior quantidade pelas camadas mais fragmentadas como a F e a MFB, o potássio e magnésio têm maior disponibilização quando deriva da camada L, indicando que durante este processo estes nutrientes são mais consumidos do que liberados. Foi perceptível que o sódio é bastante abundante na chuva antes mesmo de atingir a matéria orgânica, confirmando estudos anteriores. A utilização deste sistema proposto de pluviômetros experimentais possibilitou entender como esta estratificação interna do estoque de matéria orgânica de superfície acumula água, pois os métodos tradicionais não se baseiam no modelo de formas de húmus, e possibilitou ainda, o a análise do processo de lixiviação e liberação de nutrientes para o solo.