Nutri����o mineral de leguminosas tropicais: III. concentra����o e ac��mulo de macronutrientes e determina����o do coeficiente de digestibilidade in vivo da Leucaena leucocephala (LAM.) de Wit cv. Peru em fun����o da idade

As leguminosas tropicais constituem atualmente uma fonte de prote��na de alta qualidade al��m de outras qualidades como produ����o de madeira no caso das arbustivas e como prote����o contra eros��o nas demais. Sendo a leucena (Leucaena leucooephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. Peru) uma esp��cie bastante promissora para a pecu��ria brasileira, foi conduzido um ensaio de campo com a finalidade de se conhecer o h��bito alimentar dessa leguminosa. O ensaio foi instalado visando obter dados para an��lise de crescimento, concentra����o e extra����o dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, Mn e Zn) e mat��ria seca digest��vel das folhs "in vivo", em bovino, em fun����o da idade da planta. A partir dos dados obtidos, constatou-se que: a) a produ����o de mat��ria seca total �� maxima aos 360 dias de idade e o maior incremento na produ����o de folhas, expresso em mat��ria seca, se d�� dos 240 aos 360 dias; b) as concentra����es de nitrog��nio e pot��ssio diminuem nas folhas e caules com a idade da planta, ao passo que a de c��lcio no caule n��o �� afetada pela idade; c) aos 360 dias, ��poca de produ����o m��xima de mat��ria secam as folhas cont��m em 535,46 g/planta: 16,36 g nitrog��nio, 0,61 g de f��sforo, 10,65 g de pot��ssio, 8,08 g de c��lcio, 1,58 g de magn��sio, 0,51 g de enxofre; d) aos 360 dias, os caules cont��m em 1783 g/planta: 15,82 g de nitrog��nio, 0,65 g de f��sforo, 20,37 g de pot��ssio, 7,01 g de c��lcio, 0,44g de magn��sio, 1,06 g de enxofre; e) o ac��mulo de macronutrientes na planta aos 360 dias obedece a seguinte ordem: N > K > a > g > S > P; f) aos 360 dias, a mat��ria seca digest��vel das folhas �� 51,05%.

Austral Hepaticae III : Stolonophora, a new genus of Geocalycaceae / John J. Engel and R. M. Schuster.

v.36:no.11(1975)

Nutri����o mineral do cafeeiro III. Recrutamento de B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn pelo cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuai) com dois, tr��s, quatro e cinco anos de idade; nas fases fenol��gicas de repouso, grana����o e matura����o vegetando em um latossolo vermelho amarelo, fase cerrado

Em uma planta����o de cafeeiros (Coffea arabica cv. Catuai) com dois, tr��s, quatro e cinco anos de idade no campo, situada em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, fase cerrado no munic��pio de Salto, SP, determinou-se o recrutamento de micronutrientes no caule, ramos, folhas e frutos, durante as fases fenol��gicas de repouso, grana��ao e matura����o. Concluiu-se que: A maior acumula����o de cobre, mangan��s e zinco ocorre nos meses de julho, janeiro e junho em cafeeiros com cinco anos de idade. A acumula����o de boro e ferro varia em fun����o das ��pocas. Em janeiro e junho o ac��mulo de ferro nao mostrou diferen��as entre as idades. O cafeeiro aos cinco anos de campo exporta atrav��s da colheita, em fun����o do conte��do total da planta 30% de B, 46% de Cu, 26% de Fe, 14% de Mn e 25% de Zn.

Efeito de bicarbonato de s��dio, feno e baga��o "in natura" sobre a digestibilidade e o desempenho de zebu��nos em crescimento alimentados com baga��o de cana auto-hidrolisado

O baga��o de cana-de-a����car "in natura" (BIN) associado ou n��o ao bicarbonato de s��dio foi testado como substituto do feno de gram��nea como fonte de fibra longa para ra����es de ruminantes balanceadas com altas propor����es de baga��o auto-hidrolisado (BAH). A ra����o b��sica (I) continha 54% BAH; 10% milho gr��o; 25% farelo de algod��o; 8% feno de gram��nea; 0,9% calc��reo; 0,5% ur��ia; e 1,5% premix mineral, base seca. As ra����es II e III continham BIN e BIN mais bicarbonato de s��dio (1,1%, base seca) respectivamente em substitui����o ao feno de gram��nea da ra����o I. Foram usados bovinos Nelore machos n��o castrados e f��meas (18 de cada sexo) em crescimento com m��dias iniciais de peso vivo e idade de 199 kg e 11 meses. O delineamento estat��stico usado foi um fatorial com 3 ra����es e dois sexos, com dois animais por parcela. O per��odo de adapta����o foi de 15 dias e o experimental de 87 dias. Os dados para GPV (kg/dia); ingest��o de MS (% PV); convers��o alimentar (kg MS/Kg GPV); e pH fecal foram de: 0,909; 2,79; 7,41; e 6,46 para a ra����o I; 0,867; 2,65; 7,24; e 6,57 para a ra����o II; e 1,019; 2,88; 7,03 e 6,73 para a ra����o III. A ra����o III foi superior ra����es I e II para ganho de peso (P < 0,05), e apresentou um pH fecal maior do que o da ra����o I (P < 0,05). Os machos foram superiores ��s f��meas em ganho de peso (1,044 vs 0,820; P < 0,01) e convers��o alimentar (6,7vs7,7kg MS/Kg GPV; P < 0,01). Foi observada uma correla����o negativa signi ficativa (P < 0,05) entre convers��o alimentar e pH fecal (r =-0,50). Os elevados n��veis de consumo (2,8% PV), o baixo pH do BAH (2,9 a 3,4), e a aparente baixa atividade de rumina����o observados sugerem que o pH, a n��vel de rume e de trato digestivo inferior, �� um fator limitante em dietas com altas propor����es de BAH.

Ensaios terap��uticos com penicilina V-Bouba (Framboesia, pian, yaws): I - Dose curatina m��nima: II - Redu����o do n��mero de inje����es diarias: III - Redu����o de tempo de tratamento pelo empr��go de doses mais elevadas

This report belongs to the series of works carried out Oswaldo Cruz Ins��titute, on the treatment of treponematosis with penicillin. The present report deals with investigations performed in order to ascer��tain the following points: 1) the mininal curative dosis for the initial lesions of yaws; 2) the effect of reduction of the number of injections each day, to verifie the possibility of application of penicillin in the prophylaxis of yaws in rural zones; 3) reduction of the time of treatment by application of high dosis. 1) With dosis of 150 and 100 Oxford units each four hours, clinical reco��very was obtained after 17 days of treatment. With 50 O.u. during 40 days clinical recovery was not obtained. 2) a) With 3 injections of 400 O.u. each day (6,12 and 18 ho��rs clocks) clinical recovery was obtained after 14 to 16 days; b) with 2 injections of 400 O.u. each day (6 and 18 hoors clocks), clinical recovery was obtained after 16 to 23 days; c) with 1 injection of 1.600 and 3.200 each day, clinical recovery was obtained after 30 and 20 days. 3) With dosis of 33.3 and 46.7 O.u. by each kilo of weight each four hours, during 15 days, clinical recovery was obtained more or less in 25 days. The same result was obtained with the dosis of 61.5 and 166.7 O.u. by each kilo of weight, each four hours, during 4 days. But with 100.000 O.u. in fine dosis of 20.000 in a day ou by, clinical recovery was not obtained.

M��moires de math��matique et de physique, present��s �� l'Acad��mie royale des sciences, par divers s��avans & l��s dans ses assembl��es.

11

Anf��bios Anuros da cole����o Adolpho Lutz: III - Hyla claresignata Lutz &amp; B. Lutz, 1939

Hyla claresignata Lutz &amp; Lutz, 1939, is a large species apparently not closely allied to the other known Brazilian hylas. It is characterized by the very small tympanum; the head is short and the snout rounded; the legs are long, the hands and feet unusually large, the latter extensively webbbed. The specific name is derived from the insular, irregular, or roughly triangular, dark spots, with a light halo, found mostly in the dorso-lateral region and on the legs. It belongs to the rain-forest fauna of the Mar��time Range. The adult is a bromeliad-dweller and the tadpole rhyacophilous. DESCRIPTION. Vomerine teeth in two separate, oblique, groups, behind the large choanae, parallel to the posterior half of their inner border. Tongue entire, short, very broad and hardly free behind. Snout short, rounded, with distinct canthus rostralis and gradually sloping loreal region. Eye very large and prominent, its horizontal diameter almost equal to the distance between its anterior corner and the tip of the snout. Tympanum very small, less than one third of the diameter of the eye, but distinct, partly covered by a short, heavy ridge. Lateral fingers less than one third webbed; fourth finger slightly longer than the second, just reaching the base of the disk of the third; subarticular tubercles well developed; an angular pollex rudiment, more noticeable in the males. Toes almost completely webbed, the edge of the web inserted at the base of the disk on the third and the fifth; an inner metatarsal tubercle. Skin smooth above, granular beneath, on the throat minutely so. No dermal appendage on the hell. Habit robust, head broader than long, body rather heavy, slightly narrowed in the postaxillary region. Legs long, the tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of the snout when adpressed. Type (female): 61 mm. (Fig. 1.) DIAGNOSIS of TADPOLE (by G. Orton). "A large specialized, mountain-stream tadpole, with wide head an elongated, flattened snout, greatly enlarged lips and high tooth formula. Eyes dorsal. Spiracle sinistral, projecting, situated far back on side. Anus dextral. Tooth formula 8/12 to 9/14 in fully grown larvae. Tail with a prominent, vertical dark band across musculature and fins; a second concentration of dark pigment near tip of tail, may or may not form a similar but narrower band. Maximum known total length: 60mm.; head and body length 25mm. (Figs. 6 e 7). For further details see Lutz &amp; Lutz, 1939 and Lutz B. &amp; Orton G. 1946.

The Sanctified ���Adultress��� and Her Circumstantial Clause: Bathsheba���s Bath and Self-Consecration in 2 Samuel 11

Bathsheba's actions in 2 Sam. 11.2-4 identify crucial aspects of her character. Past commentators interpret these words in connection with menstrual purification, stressing the certain paternity of David's adulterine child. This article demonstrates that the participles r��heset and mitqaddes��et and the noun mittum'��t��h do not denote menstrual cleansing. Bathsheba's washing is an innocent bath. She is the only individual human to self-sanctify, placing her in the company of the Israelite deity. The syntax of the verse necessitates that her action of self-sanctifying occurs simultaneously as David lies with her. The three focal terms highlight the important legitimacy of Bathsheba before the Israelite deity, her identity as a non-Israelite, her role as queen mother of the Solomonic line, and her full participation in the narrative.

Mitigaci��n de los efectos de sequ��a extrema durante la fase III de desarrollo del melocot��n y mejora del crecimiento del fruto mediante t��cnicas de cultivo: poda de verano y aclareo

El proyecto trata de aportar informaci��n fiable en la aplicaci��n de pr��cticas culturales sobre una parcela de frutales (caso espec��fico de melocotonero tard��o) con el objetivo de mitigar los efectos de una sequ��a extrema. Se plantea un escenario en le que se deja sin riego durante los meses de Julio y Agosto. Las condiciones de estr��s h��drico se han controlado de tal forma que no se comprometa la superviencia del ��rbol por lo que en la realidad se realizaron aportaciones muy reducidas de riego (25 mm) durante el periodo de sequ��a a partir de marchitez visual de las hojas. Las t��cnicas de intervenci��n propuestas eran: poda de verano intensiva y aclareo de fruta en el momento en que se producen los cortes de riego. La poda de verano se dise���� de tal forma que se eliminara parte de la vegetaci��n (sobre un 20% de la masa vegetativa) con el objetivo de reducir consumos de agua del arbol y conservar m��s agua en el suelo, pero a la vez, sin producir mermas en el tama��o del ��rbol al a��o siguiente. Este ��ltimo objetivo se ha conseguido de forma aceptable despues de que la poda de invierno uniformizara el n��mero de ramos por ��rbol. El criterio de poda esta m��s detallado en Lopez et al., (2006). Respecto al aclareo, se pretende aumentar las reservas disponibles para el crecimiento del fruto mediante la reducci��n de la competencia entre ellos y compensar as�� el efecto reductor del estr��s h��drico. Durante las primeras semanas de corte de riego y mientras el estr��s h��drico se desarrolla se produjo un cierto crecimiento de fruto que es el que permiti�� analizar la respuesta a los tratamientos aplicados. A partir de condiciones de marchitez de hojas se constata que el fruto dejaba de crecer (Lopez et al., 2006).

High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging quantitatively detects individual pancreatic islets.

OBJECTIVE-We studied whether manganese-enhanced high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MEHFMRI) could quantitatively detect individual islets in situ and in vivo and evaluate changes in a model of experimental diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Whole pancreata from untreated (n = 3), MnCl(2) and glucose-injected mice (n = 6), and mice injected with either streptozotocin (STZ; n = 4) or citrate buffer (n = 4) were imaged ex vivo for unambiguous evaluation of islets. Exteriorized pancreata of MnCl(2) and glucose-injected mice (n = 6) were imaged in vivo to directly visualize the gland and minimize movements. In all cases, MR images were acquired in a 14.1 Testa scanner and correlated with the corresponding (immuno)histological sections.RESULTS-In ex vivo experiments, MEHFMRI distinguished different pancreatic tissues and evaluated the relative abundance of islets in the pancreata of normoglycemic mice. MEHFMRI also detected a significant decrease in the numerical and volume density of islets in STZ-injected mice. However, in the latter measurements the loss of beta-cells was undervalued under the conditions tested. The experiments on the externalized pancreata confirmed that MEHFMRI could visualize native individual islets in living, anesthetized mice.CONCLUSIONS-Data show that MEHFMRI quantitatively visualizes individual islets in the intact mouse pancreas, both ex vivo and in vivo. Diabetes 60:2853-2860, 2011

Coffee and tea intake and risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Only a few studies have explored the relation between coffee and tea intake and head and neck cancers, with inconsistent results. METHODS: We pooled individual-level data from nine case-control studies of head and neck cancers, including 5,139 cases and 9,028 controls. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Caffeinated coffee intake was inversely related with the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx: the ORs were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.98) for an increment of 1 cup per day and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.47-0.80) in drinkers of &gt;4 cups per day versus nondrinkers. This latter estimate was consistent for different anatomic sites (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.71 for oral cavity; OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.41-0.82 for oropharynx/hypopharynx; and OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37-1.01 for oral cavity/pharynx not otherwise specified) and across strata of selected covariates. No association of caffeinated coffee drinking was found with laryngeal cancer (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.64-1.45 in drinkers of &gt;4 cups per day versus nondrinkers). Data on decaffeinated coffee were too sparse for detailed analysis, but indicated no increased risk. Tea intake was not associated with head and neck cancer risk (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89-1.11 for drinkers versus nondrinkers). CONCLUSIONS: This pooled analysis of case-control studies supports the hypothesis of an inverse association between caffeinated coffee drinking and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. IMPACT: Given widespread use of coffee and the relatively high incidence and low survival of head and neck cancers, the observed inverse association may have appreciable public health relevance.

Validation of the IMPACT-III quality of life questionnaire in Swiss children with inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently manifests during childhood and adolescence. For providing and understanding a comprehensive picture of a patients' health status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments are an essential complement to clinical symptoms and functional limitations. Currently, the IMPACT-III questionnaire is one of the most frequently used disease-specific HRQoL instrument among patients with IBD. However, there is a lack of studies examining the validation and reliability of this instrument. METHODS: 146 paediatric IBD patients from the multicenter Swiss IBD paediatric cohort study database were included in the study. Medical and laboratory data were extracted from the hospital records. HRQoL data were assessed by means of standardized questionnaires filled out by the patients in a face-to-face interview. RESULTS: The original six IMPACT-III domain scales could not be replicated in the current sample. A principal component analysis with the extraction of four factor scores revealed the most robust solution. The four factors indicated good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha=.64-.86), good concurrent validity measured by correlations with the generic KIDSCREEN-27 scales and excellent discriminant validity for the dimension of physical functioning measured by HRQoL differences for active and inactive severity groups (p&lt;.001, d=1.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study with Swiss children with IBD indicates good validity and reliability for the IMPACT-III questionnaire. However, our findings suggest a slightly different factor structure than originally proposed. The IMPACT-III questionnaire can be recommended for its use in clinical practice. The factor structure should be further examined in other samples.

Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118&#8200;964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies.

BACKGROUND: Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women. METHODS: Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118&#8200;964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306&#8200;091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression. FINDINGS: Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1��050 (95% CI 1��044-1��057; p<0��0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1��029, 1��025-1��032; p<0��0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1��43, 1��33-1��52, p<0��001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p<0��006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p<0��01 for both comparisons). INTERPRETATION: The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours. FUNDING: Cancer Research UK.

A bayesian spatial individual effects probit model of the 2010 UK general election

The Conservative Party emerged from the 2010 United Kingdom General Election as the largest single party, but their support was not geographically uniform. In this paper, we estimate a hierarchical Bayesian spatial probit model that tests for the presence of regional voting effects. This model allows for the estimation of individual region-specic effects on the probability of Conservative Party success, incorporating information on the spatial relationships between the regions of the mainland United Kingdom. After controlling for a range of important covariates, we find that these spatial relationships are significant and that our individual region-specic effects estimates provide additional evidence of North-South variations in Conservative Party support.