Hypertension is an independent predictor of mean platelet volume in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.

Introduction: Mean platelet volume (MPV) was shown to be significantly increased in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, especially in non-lacunar strokes. Moreover, some studies concluded that increased MPV is related to poor functional outcome after ischaemic stroke, although this association is still controversial. However, the determinants of MPV in patients with acute ischaemic stroke have never been investigated. Subjects and methods: We recorded the main demographic, clinical and laboratory data of consecutive patients with acute (admitted within 24 h after stroke onset) ischaemic stroke admitted in our Neurology Service between January 2003 and December 2008. MPV was generated at admission by the Sysmex XE-2100 automated cell counter (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples stored at room temperature until measurement. The association of these parameters with MPV was investigated in univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 636 patients was included in our study. The median MPV was 10.4 ± 0.82 fL. In univariate analysis, glucose (β= 0.03, P= 0.05), serum creatinine (β= 0.002, P= 0.02), haemoglobin (β= 0.009, P < 0.001), platelet count (β=-0.002, P < 0.001) and history of arterial hypertension (β= 0.21, P= 0.005) were found to be significantly associated with MPV. In multivariate robust regression analysis, only hypertension and platelet count remained as independent determinants of MPV. Conclusions: In patients with acute ischaemic stroke, platelet count and history of hypertension are the only determinants of MPV.

Disposition of oral valganciclovir during continuous renal replacement therapy in two lung transplant recipients

Background: Oral valganciclovir (VGC) is hydrolysed into active ganciclovir (GCV) which is eliminated in the kidney by filtration and secretion. VGC dosage has to be adapted in renal failure with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), a condition sometimes encountered early after solid organ transplantation. This investigation aimed to determine whether VGC 450 mg every 48 hours provides appropriate GCV exposure for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis during CRRT. Methods: GCV pharmacokinetics were extensively studied during CRRT in two lung transplant recipients with acute renal failure receiving VGC 450 mg every 48 hours trough a nasogastric tube. In vitro experiments using blank whole blood spiked with GCV further investigated exchanges between plasma and erythrocytes. Results: GCV disposition was characterised by an area under the curve (AUC) of 98.0 and 55.4 mg h/L, resulting in trough concentrations of 0.7 and 0.2 mg/L, an apparent total body clearance of 3.3 and 5.8 L/h, a terminal half-life of 16.9 and 14.1 h, and an apparent volume of distribution of 60.3 and 104.9 L. The observed sieving coefficient (filtrate/plasma) was 1.05 and 0.96, and the hemofiltration clearance 3.3 and 3.1 L/h, respectively. High sieving values could be explained by an efflux of GCV from erythrocytes. In vitro experiments confirmed that erythrocytes are loaded with significant GCV amount and release it quickly into plasma, thus contributing to the apparent efficacy of hemofiltration. Conclusion: These results indicate that a VGC dosage of 450 mg every 48 hours was adequate for CMV prophylaxis during CRRT, providing GCV levels similar to those reported using 900 mg qd in transplant recipients with normal renal function.

Large calcite and bulk-rock volume loss in metacarbonate xenoliths from the Qu,rigut massif (French Pyrenees)

Chemical mass transfer was quantified in a metacarbonate xenolith enclosed within the granodiorite of the Qu,rigut massif (Pyrenees, France). Mass balance calculations suggest a strong decrease of CaO, SrO and CO(2) contents (up to -90%), correlated with a decrease of modal calcite content as the contact is approached. Most other chemical elements behave immobile during metasomatism. They are therefore passively enriched. Only a small increase of SiO(2), Al(2)O(3) and Fe(2)O(3) contents occurs in the immediate vicinity of the contact. Hence, in this study, skarn formation is characterized by the lack of large chemical element influx from the granitoid protolith. A large decrease of the initial carbonate volume (up to -86%) resulted from a combination of decarbonation reactions and loss of CaO and CO(2). The resulting volume change has potentially important consequences for the interpretation of stable isotope profiles: the isotope alteration could have occured over greater distances than those observed today.

Comparaison des réponses hémodynamiques d'un repas modérément salé et d'un repas riche en sel : une hypothèse pour expliquer l'hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche des régimes hypersodés

De nombreuses études cliniques ont révélé une corrélation étroite entre un régime alimentaire riche en sel et le développement d'une hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche. Cette association a été classiquement attribuée aux effets hypertensifs à long terme d'une alimentation riche en sel. Toutefois, les études épidémiologiques ont également démontré que l'hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche peut survenir indépendamment de changements de pression artérielle.¦L'ingestion de sel n'étant pas distribuée de manière homogène durant la journée mais ayant lieu principalement durant les repas, nous émettons l'hypothèse que chaque repas riche en sel induit une augmentation aiguë de la pression artérielle, des pressions de remplissage cardiaque, du volume d'éjection systolique et du débit cardiaque. L'augmentation résultante du travail cardiaque pourrait ainsi à la longue entraîner une hypertrophie cardiaque.¦Pour tester si un repas riche en sel conduit à des modifications hémodynamiques favorisant l'hypertrophie cardiaque, nous avons comparé chez la même personne jeune et en bonne santé la réponse hémodynamique à un repas modérément salé (45 mmol) à celle d'un repas riche en sel (165 mmol de sodium). Les repas ont été pris de manière randomisée à 7 jours d'intervalle. Divers paramètres hémodynamiques ont été mesurés en continu avant et jusqu'à 140 minutes après chaque repas. Nos résultats montrent que les augmentations post-prandiales du volume d'éjection systolique et du travail cardiaque ont été plus prononcées après un repas à haute teneur en sel par rapport à un repas modérément salé.¦Nous spéculons que des apports chroniques en sel induisent des charges hémodynamiques répétées. Etant donné que la concentration plasmatique de sodium, qui est augmentée après un repas salé, est également capable de stimuler la croissance des myocytes cardiaques, il est possible que la combinaison sur des mois ou des années de pics hypernatrémiques post-prandiaux et de charges cardiaques soit responsable de l'hypertrophie cardiaque souvent observée avec une alimentation riche en sel.¦-¦Many clinical studies have shown a close correlation between a chronic high salt diet and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. This association has been classically attributed to the long-term hypertensive effects of a high salt diet. However, epidemiological studies have also shown that left ventricular hypertrophy may occur independently of changes in arterial pressure.¦Since salt ingestion during a high salt diet is not distributed evenly over a 24-hr period, but occurs essentially during meal periods, we speculate that each acute salt load could lead to greater acute increases in blood pressure, heart filling pressure, stroke volume and cardiac output, putting an additional work load on the heart, promoting in the long run cardiac hypertrophy.¦To test whether a high salt meal leads to hemodynamic changes that may favor cardiac hypertrophy, we compared in the same healthy young individual the response to a moderately salted meal (45 mmol) and to a high-salt meal (165 mmol sodium), given in a random order on separate days, on various cardiovascular parameters that were continuously monitored before and up to 140 minutes after the meal. Our results show that the post-prandial increases in stroke volume, and cardiac work were more pronounced after a high-salt meal than after a low-salt meal.¦We speculate that repetitive salt loads associated with a high salt diet may lead to repetitive hemodynamic loads. Since plasma sodium concentration, which is increased after a salty meal, is also capable to stimulate myocyte growth, it is possible that the combination of post-prandial hypernatremic peaks and of cardiac loads may be responsible, when repeated many times over period of months, of the cardiac hypertrophy often seen with a high salt diet.

Knock, knock, knocking on muscle doors. Visions on the transport of substrates across the plasma membrane in muscle.

Muscle is a major player in metabolism. It uses large amounts of glucose in the absorptive state and changes in muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake alter whole-body glucose disposal. Lipid substrates such as fatty acids or ketone bodies are preferentially used by muscle in certain physiological conditions. Muscle is also the main reservoir of amino acids and protein. The activity of many different plasma membrane transporters such as glucose carriers, carnitine, creatine or amino acid transporters maintain muscle metabolism by taking up or releasing substrates or metabolites across the cell surface. The goal of this review is the molecular characterization of muscle membrane transporter proteins and the analysis of their regulatory roles.

Effect of collection and preprocessing methods on neutrophil elastase plasma concentrations.

OBJECTIVES: Elevated plasma levels of the elastase alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex (E-alpha 1 PI) have been proposed as a marker of bacterial infection and neutrophil activation. Liberation of elastase from neutrophils after collection of blood may cause falsely elevated results. Collection methods have not been validated for critically ill neonates and children. We evaluated the influence of preanalytical methods on E-alpha 1 PI results including the recommended collection into EDTA tubes. DESIGN AND METHODS: First, we compared varying acceleration speeds and centrifugation times. Centrifugation at 1550 g for 3 min resulted in reliable preparation of leukocyte free plasma. Second, we evaluated all collection tubes under consideration for absorption of E-alpha 1 PI. Finally, 12 sets of samples from healthy adults and 42 sets obtained from critically ill neonates and children were distributed into the various sampling tubes. Samples were centrifuged within 15 min of collection and analyzed with a new turbidimetric assay adapted to routine laboratory analyzers. RESULTS: One of the two tubes containing a plasma-cell separation gel absorbed 22.1% of the E-alpha 1 PI content. In the remaining tubes without absorption of E-alpha 1 PI no differences were observed for samples from healthy adult patients. However, in samples from critically ill neonates or children, significantly higher results were obtained for plain Li-heparin tubes (mean = 183 micrograms/L), EDTA tubes (mean = 93 micrograms/L), and citrate tubes (mean = 88.5 micrograms/L) than for the Li-hep tube with cell-plasma separation gel and no absorption of E-alpha 1 PI (mean = 62.4 micrograms/L, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Contrary to healthy adults, E-alpha 1 PI results in plasma samples from critically ill neonates and children depend on the type of collection tube.