1000 resultados para PROBLEMAS SOCIALES - MEXICO - 1990-2008


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Incluye Bibliografía

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The incidence rates of travelers' diarrhea (TD) have remained unchanged for the last fifty years. More recently, there have been increasing recommendations for self-initiated therapy and even prophylactic therapy for TD. There is no recent data on the in vitro activities of commonly used antibiotics for TD therapy and whether there have been any changes in susceptibilities over the last ten years. 456 enteropathogens were isolated from adult travelers to Mexico, India, and Guatemala between the years 2006 to 2008. MICs were determined for 10 different antimicrobials by the agar dilution method. Traditional antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline continue to show high levels of resistance. Current first line antibiotic agents including fluoroquinolones and azithromycin had significantly higher MICs when compared to 10 years ago and MIC90 levels were beyond the CSLI cutoffs for resistance. There were significant geographical differences in resistance patterns when comparing Central America with India. Entertoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates were more resistant to ciprofloxacin (p=0.023), and levofloxacin (p=0.0078) in India; whereas, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) isolates from Central America showed more resistance. When compared to MICs of isolates 10 years prior, there was a four to ten-fold increase in MIC90s for ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and azithromycin for both ETEC and EAEC. There were no significant changes in rifaximin MICs over the last ten years, which makes it a promising agent for TD. Rising MICs over time implicate the need for continuous surveillance of susceptibility patterns worldwide and for geography specific recommendations in TD therapy.^

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Stakeholder groups with special interests as donors to finance congressional campaigns have been a controversial issue in the United Sates. While previous studies concentrated on whether a connection existed between the campaign contributions provided by stakeholder groups and the voting behavior of congressional members, there is little evidence to show the trend of allocation of their campaign contributions to their favorite candidates during the elections. This issue has become increasingly important in the health sector since the health care reform bill was passed in early 2010.^ This study examined the long-term trend of campaign contributions offered by various top healthcare stakeholder groups to particular political parties (i.e. Democrat and Republican). The main focus of this paper was to observe and describe the financial donations provided by these healthcare stakeholder groups in the congressional election cycles from 1990 to 2008 in order to obtain an overview of their patterns of campaign contributions. Their contributing behaviors were characterized based on the campaign finance data collected by the Center for Responsive Politics (CRP). Specifically, I answered the questions: (1) to which political party did specific healthcare stakeholder groups give money and (2) what was the pattern of their campaign contributions from 1990 to 2008?^ The findings of my study revealed that the healthcare stakeholder groups had different political party preferences and partisanship orientations regarding the Democratic or Republican Party. These differences were obvious throughout the election cycles from 1990 to 2008 and their distinct patterns of financial contribution were evident across industries in the health sector as well. Among all the healthcare stakeholder groups in this study, physicians were the top contributors in the congressional election. The pharmaceutical industry was the only group where the majority of contribution funds were allocated to Republicans in every election period studied. This study found that no interest group has succeeded in electing the preferred congressional candidate by giving the majority of its financial support to the winning party in every election. Chiropractors, hospitals/nursing homes, and health services/HMOs performed better than other healthcare stakeholder groups by supporting the electoral winner 8 out of 9 election cycles.^

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El ámbito dominante del desarrollo profesional del Trabajo Social está circunscripto a la generación, prestación y evaluación de servicios sociales destinados a la población excluida; estos servicios sociales han sido históricamente definidos dentro de marcos de políticas públicas y en especial de las políticas sociales. La investigación transitó sobre dos ejes de indagación primero, identificar las características de las políticas sociales vigentes -orientadas a disminuir o hacer desaparecer los mecanismos de exclusión social que pesan sobre los sectores más desfavorecidos de la estructura y dinámica social- y la mirada de los “beneficiarios”, es decir, los sujetos históricos destinatarios de la acción estatal y, considerando que también constituye el espacio social de intervención/empleo del Trabajador Social. Y el segundo eje orientado a analizar la situación laboral de los profesionales en Trabajo Social, desde el punto de vista de sujetos asalariados, enfrentados a situaciones de elevada precariedad laboral y de exclusión social. Frente a esta realidad, nos planteamos como interrogante principal ¿qué implicancia tiene esta situación de precariedad/exclusión en los procesos de ciudadanizacióndesciudadanización que implican a los sujetos destinatarios de las políticas sociales y a los profesionales de Trabajo Social que actúan en el campo de las políticas sociales (provinciales y/o nacionales) en el periodo 2000 - 2008

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El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer un panorama de los estudios antropológicos sobre clase media. Primero,ofrezco una respuesta para explicar porqué la antropología social sólo recientemente se interesó en estudiar poblaciones definidas como “de clase media”. Segundo, analizo cómo la sociología en la Argentina hizo de la clase media uno de sus objetos de investigación centrales en los años 1950 (en relación con los problemas del desarrollo y la modernización), y desde los 1990 (en relación con el empobrecimiento de la sociedad). Tercero, presento algunos trabajos etnográficos pioneros de los años 1960 y 1970 desarrollados sobre poblaciones definidas como “de clase media”, por antropólogos nativos y extranjeros. Cuarto, examino los límites de los estudios tradicionales sobre clase media. Y quinto, finalizo presentando un modelo de análisis constructivista sobre la clase media, donde son relevantes los estudios antropológicos de los sistemas de clasificación y la definición de límites sociales.

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Actividades desarrolladas durante el período: Estado del Arte. Se ha trabajado en la exploración documental, lectura, análisis y síntesis de materiales bibliográficos, documentos de trabajo, revistas científicas, etc. que permitieron construir el marco teórico de referencia que oriente la búsqueda de información y reconocimiento de categorías analíticas-operativas; recopilación de información referente a las políticas publicas desarrolladas en la provincia de Misiones, en el período 2000-2008; búsqueda de información referente a los egresados. Padrones, matriculados, empleo /desempleo; identificación de áreas más significativas y a los posibles entrevistados tanto profesionales como usuarios.

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Fil: Fóscolo, Norma. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales