Petites Heures de la reine Anne de Bretagne.

Enluminures et douze grandes miniatures.

Français 2596

Contient : 1° « Les Croniques ou gestes advenues au royaulme de France du temps de... Charles, roy de France, VIe de ce nom » [par JEAN JUVENAL DES URSINS] ; 2° « Les Croniques et gestes advenues au royaulme de France du temps de Charles, tres crestien roy de France, VIIe de ce nom » [par JEAN CHARTIER]

Audit report on Indian Hills Community College in Ottumwa, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2014

Audit report on Indian Hills Community College in Ottumwa, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2014

Surface assembly of poly(I:C) on PEGylated microspheres to shield from adverse interactions with fibroblasts.

By expressing an array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), fibroblasts play an important role in stimulating and modulating the response of the innate immune system. The TLR3 ligand polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, poly(I:C), a mimic of viral dsRNA, is a vaccine adjuvant candidate to activate professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). However, owing to its ligation with extracellular TLR3 on fibroblasts, subcutaneously administered poly(I:C) bears danger towards autoimmunity. It is thus in the interest of its clinical safety to deliver poly(I:C) in such a way that its activation of professional APCs is as efficacious as possible, whereas its interference with non-immune cells such as fibroblasts is controlled or even avoided. Complementary to our previous work with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), here we sought to control the delivery of poly(I:C) surface-assembled on microspheres to human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). Negatively charged polystyrene (PS) microspheres were equipped with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) corona through electrostatically driven coatings with a series of polycationic poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, PLL-g-PEG, of varying grafting ratios g from 2.2 up to 22.7. Stable surface assembly of poly(I:C) was achieved by incubation of polymer-coated microspheres with aqueous poly(I:C) solutions. Notably, recognition of both surface-assembled and free poly(I:C) by extracellular TLR3 on HFFs halted their phagocytic activity. Ligation of surface-assembled poly(I:C) with extracellular TLR3 on HFFs could be controlled by tuning the grafting ratio g and thus the chain density of the PEG corona. When assembled on PLL-5.7-PEG-coated microspheres, poly(I:C) was blocked from triggering class I MHC molecule expression on HFFs. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 by HFFs after exposure to surface-assembled poly(I:C) was distinctly lower as compared to free poly(I:C). Overall, surface assembly of poly(I:C) may have potential to contribute to the clinical safety of this vaccine adjuvant candidate.

Fondaparinux for the treatment of superficial-vein thrombosis in the legs.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment for patients with acute, symptomatic superficial-vein thrombosis in the legs, but without concomitant deep-vein thrombosis or symptomatic pulmonary embolism at presentation, have not been established. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind trial, we assigned 3002 patients to receive either fondaparinux, administered subcutaneously at a dose of 2.5 mg once daily, or placebo for 45 days. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of death from any cause or symptomatic pulmonary embolism, symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis, or symptomatic extension to the saphenofemoral junction or symptomatic recurrence of superficial-vein thrombosis at day 47. The main safety outcome was major bleeding. The patients were followed until day 77. RESULTS: The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 13 of 1502 patients (0.9%) in the fondaparinux group and 88 of 1500 patients (5.9%) in the placebo group (relative risk reduction with fondaparinux, 85%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 74 to 92; P<0.001). The incidence of each component of the primary efficacy outcome was significantly reduced in the fondaparinux group as compared with the placebo group, except for the outcome of death (0.1% in both groups). The rate of pulmonary embolism or deep-vein thrombosis was 85% lower in the fondaparinux group than in the placebo group (0.2% vs. 1.3%; 95% CI, 50 to 95; P<0.001). Similar risk reductions were observed at day 77. A total of 88 patients would need to be treated to prevent one instance of pulmonary embolism or deep-vein thrombosis. Major bleeding occurred in one patient in each group. The incidence of serious adverse events was 0.7% with fondaparinux and 1.1% with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Fondaparinux at a dose of 2.5 mg once a day for 45 days was effective in the treatment of patients with acute, symptomatic superficial-vein thrombosis of the legs and did not have serious side effects. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00443053.)

Obtenção de híbridos somáticos de limão 'Cravo' e tangerina 'Cleópatra'

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção de híbridos somáticos entre o limão 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e a tangerina 'Cleópatra' (Citrus reshni Hort.), para serem usados como porta-enxertos de citros. O limão 'Cravo' é atualmente o principal porta-enxerto comercial utilizado no Brasil, em virtude de suas boas qualidades agronômicas. Entretanto, é suscetível ao "declínio" dos citros, doença responsável pela eliminação anual de milhões de plantas cítricas no Brasil. A tangerina 'Cleópatra' é uma espécie bastante utilizada como porta-enxerto em outros países e tem sido descrita na literatura como tolerante ao "declínio". Protoplastos de suspensões celulares embriogênicas e protoplastos derivados de tecidos foliares foram utilizados para fusão com solução de PEG (50%) e posterior cultivo em agarose. A porcentagem de obtenção de células híbridas interespecíficas logo após a fusão, variou entre 5,1% e 6,8%. Foram obtidas mais de 500 plantas a partir de produtos de fusão cultivados em gotas de agarose. No total de 180 plantas avaliadas, 11 híbridos somáticos foram discriminados e confirmados, utilizando-se marcadores moleculares RAPD e isoenzimáticos (sistemas PO, IDH e PGI). Seis plantas foram aclimatizadas, plantadas no solo e estão sendo multiplicadas por estaquia para avaliação futura como porta-enxertos de citros.

Gifts of Mars: Warfare and Europe's early rise to riches

Today, per capita income differences around the globe are large ? varying by as much as a factor of 35 across countries (Hall and Jones 1999). These differentials mostly reflect the "Great Divergence" (Sam Huntingon) ? the fact that Western Europe and former European colonies grew rapidly after 1800, while other countries grew much later or stagnated. What is less well-known is that a "First Divergence" preceded the Great Divergence: Western Europe surged ahead of the rest of the world long before technological growth became rapid. Europe in 1500 was already twice as rich on a per capita basis as Africa, and one-third richer than most of Asia (Maddison 2007). In this essay, we explain how Europe's tumultuous politics and deadly penchant for warfare translated into a sustained advantage in per capita incomes.

Efeito do estresse hídrico e envelhecimento precoce na viabilidade de sementes osmocondicionadas de paineira (Chorisia speciosa)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do condicionamento osmótico em aumentar a tolerância de sementes de paineira (Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.) ao estresse hídrico e ao envelhecimento precoce. As sementes foram condicionadas em solução de KNO3 (0,1M) a 20ºC durante 24 horas, e desidratadas a 27ºC até atingirem o peso inicial, apresentado antes do tratamento. Em seguida, foram expostas ao estresse hídrico simulado com soluções de PEG 6000 nos potenciais osmóticos de 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3, -0,4, -0,5, -0,6 e -0,7 MPa e aos efeitos do envelhecimento precoce (45ºC e 100% UR) durante 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Nas sementes condicionadas e submetidas ao estresse hídrico, os valores médios de porcentagem e velocidade de germinação foram estatisticamente superiores aos obtidos em sementes não condicionadas. Além disso, o condicionamento osmótico aumentou o limite máximo de tolerância ao estresse hídrico. As sementes condicionadas foram mais sensíveis ao envelhecimento precoce.

Condicionamento osmótico na germinação de sementes de cássia-do-nordeste sob estresse hídrico, térmico e salino

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico na germinação de sementes de Cassia excelsa Schrad. sob condições de estresse hídrico, térmico e salino. O condicionamento consistiu na imersão de quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada, em soluções de polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000) com potenciais osmóticos de -0,2, -0,4 e -0,6 MPa por 72, 96, 168 horas, respectivamente, e em água destilada por 48 horas, a 20ºC. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em três condições: estresse hídrico, simulado com soluções de PEG a -0,2, -0,4, -0,6 e -0,8 MPa a 27ºC; estresse térmico, sob temperaturas subótima (12ºC) e supra-ótima (39ºC) em água destilada; estresse salino, em soluções de NaCl a -0,2, 0,4, 0,6, 0,8, 1,0, 1,2 e 1,4 MPa a 27ºC. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de germinação e tempos médios de emergência da radícula. A técnica de condicionamento osmótico com PEG ou com água destilada foi eficiente em aumentar a germinabilidade sob estresse hídrico e sob estresse térmico. A porcentagem de germinação sob estresse salino aumentou com o condicionamento com PEG, porém não houve redução no tempo de germinação.

Polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpirrolidone effect on bacterial rRNA extraction and hybridization from cells exposed to tannins

In order to detect fluctuations in ruminal microbial populations due to forage tannins using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) probes, recovery of intact rRNA is required. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) on extraction of bacterial rRNA, in the presence of tannins from tropical legume forages and other sources, that hybridize with oligonucleotide probes. Ruminococcus albus 8 cells were exposed to 8 g/L tannic acid or 1 g/L condensed tannins extracted from Acacia angustissima, banana (Musa sp.) skin, Desmodium ovalifolium, red grape (Vitis vinifera) skin and Inga edulis, or no tannins. Cells were rinsed with Tris buffer pH 7 containing either 8% PEG or 6% PVP prior to cell lysis. Total RNA samples rinsed with either PEG or PVP migrated through denaturing agarose gels. The 16S rRNA bands successfully hybridized with a R. albus species-specific oligonucleotide probe, regardless of tannin source. The effect of rinsing buffers on the density of 16S rRNA bands, as well as on the hybridization signals was compared. There were significant effects (P<0.01) when the controls were compared to either buffer treatments due to tannin type, buffer used and the interaction of tannin type and buffer. The significant interaction indicates the influence of tannin type on the parameters evaluated.

Understanding the gains from wage flexibility: The exchange rate connection

We study the gains from increased wage flexibility and their dependence on exchange rate policy, using a small open economy model with staggered price andwage setting. Two results stand out: (i) the impact of wage adjustments on employment is smaller the more the central bank seeks to stabilize the exchange rate,and (ii) an increase in wage flexibility often reduces welfare, and more likely so ineconomies under an exchange rate peg or an exchange rate-focused monetary policy.Our findings call into question the common view that wage flexibility is particularlydesirable in a currency union.