生态系统服务功能价值评估—以锡林河流域天然草地生态系统为例

时空尺度和生态系统的健康状况是影响生态系统服务功能的重要因素。锡林河流域天然草地关键的地理位置和独特的生境条件使其具有十分重要的生态意义和经济价值。评估锡林河流域天然草地在不同时空尺度及生态系统健康状况的生态系统服务功能的价值，不仅能够全面客观的评价该流域天然草地的生态服务功能，而且还能够为当地经济政策的制定，经济的建设发展提供科学依据。 本研究以锡林河流域天然草地为例，通过对草地生态系统服务功能价值评估和计算机情景模拟，研究了不同空间尺度及放牧影响锡林河流域天然草地生态系统服务功能价值。对于不同空间尺度下草地生态系统服务价值的研究，根据草地的产草量和退化程度将锡林河流域天然草地划分成5个级别，利用Costanza等的基本思路和方法，进行了价值评估。结果表明锡林河流域草地生态系统每年的服务价值为76.154×108元。受各级草场的生产量和放牧强度的综合影响，健康程度不同的各等级天然草地的单位面积生态系统服务功能的价值存在着很大差异，从1级草地到5级草地，单位面积服务价值比重从38.1%下降到4.8%。参考国际、国内和锡林浩特当地三种不同的生态系统服务单价，计算得出这三种不同空间尺度下锡林河流域天然草场生态系统服务价值分别为：88.199×108元/年、76.154×108元/年、14.236×108元/年，并且各项服务功能在总价值中所占的比例也随空间尺度变化。以气体调节为例，服务价值的比重分别占3.7%、11.0%和7.9%，这说明生态系统服务功能的价值与空间尺度有关。 通过草地生态系统服务功能当量因子得到不同类型草地生态系统单位面积服务价值，研究放牧影响下各类型草地生态系统单位面积服务价值以及年平均累积服务价值。草地生态系统服务功能当量因子说明生态系统各项服务功能不仅与生态系统的生物量有关，同时受到生态系统内环境因子、生物因子、生态系统过程多方面因素的共同作用。最大直接经济价值放牧率大于生态系统服务功能最大时的放牧率，但是获得经济利润小于生态系统服务功能最大时的价值。同时，在各类草地生态系统中单位面积服务价值以贝加尔针茅草原最高为2242.347元/公顷，克氏针茅草原最低为1655.413元/公顷。草地生态系统的累积服务价值在时间范围一定时随放牧率变化明显，并且时间范围越大变化越大。重牧状态下的草地生态系统累积服务价值最低，且随时间的增加而减少;无牧、轻牧和中牧状态下草地生态系统的累积服务价值则随时间的延续而增长。以上结果说明放牧对草地生态系统服务功能有显著影响，以经济利益为目的获得最大利润的放牧方式带来的经济价值是短期的，从长远看，只有科学管理，合理放牧，才能使草地生态系统长期稳定的提供最佳的生态系统服务功能。

Performance of CMOS Devices in Silicon-on-Sapphire Films After Solid-Phase Epitaxial Growth With Rapid Electron-Beam Heating

The crystal quality of 0.3-μm-thick as-grown epitaxial silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) was improved using solid-phase epitaxy (SPE) by implantation with silicon to 1015 ions/cm2 at 175 keV and rapid annealing using electron-beam heating, n-channel and p-channel transistormobilities increased by 31 and 19 percent, respectively, and a reduction in ring-oscillator stage delay confirmed that crystal defects near the upper silicon surface had been removed. Leakage in n-channel transistors was not significantly affected by the regrowth process but for p-channel transistors back-channel leakage was considerably greater than for the control devices. This is attributed to aluminum released by damage to the sapphire during silicon implantation. © 1985 IEEE

Preparation of pasteurized fish ball in curry and its storage study at 0 to 2°C

Fish ball in curry was prepared as per the standardized method and recipe, pasteurized and subjected to storage at 0 to 2°C in a domestic refrigerator. The curry prepared with tomato at a level of 20% of onion was found to be suitable organoleptically. A level of 3% of spice mixture improved the taste of curry. Fish balls prepared with concentrated curry paste and oil at a level of 0.5% was found to be suitable organoleptically. Curry prepared by adding oil at the rate of 3% scored high values for all attributes as compared to other levels. Curry prepared by diluting curry paste with water at rate of 20% had been adjudged the best as compared to other water levels. Fish ball in curry with a 50 : 50 ratio pasteurized at 85°C for five minutes had scored higher values under organoleptic evaluation. It was observed that the product was acceptable organoleptically up to the 12th day when stored at 0 to 2°C.

Mode control in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers by post-processing using focused ion-beaih etching

Single-mode emission is achieved in previously multimode gain-guided vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL's) by localized modification of the mirror reflectivity using focused ion-beam etching. Reflectivity engineering is also demonstrated to suppress transverse mode emission in an oxide-confined device, reducing the spectral width from 1.2 nm to less than 0.5 nm.

Large single grain (RE)-Ba-Cu-O superconductors with nano-phase inclusions

Nano-phase (5-20 nm) particles of YBa2(Cu0.5M 0.6)O6 [where M = Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Zr and Hf] have been introduced successfully into RE-Ba-Cu-O single grain superconductors. A study to enlarge the size of a single grain containing these particles has been carried out involving measurement of the growth rate as a function of YBa 2(Cu0.5M0.6)O6 phase concentration and degree of un-dercooling. The influence of the change in YBa2 (Cu0.8M0.5)O6 concentration on microstructural features is also investigated and the superconducting properties of these large grain superconductors are presented. © 2005 IEEE.

Axial stiffness of journal bearings in zero-field and field-cooled modes

Superconducting journal bearings have been investigated for use in flywheel systems. We report on the zero-field cooled and field-cooled stiffness of these bearings. They are made up of radial magnet rings with alternating polarities, a pole pitch of 11 mm and a surface field of 0.1 T. Field-cooled stiffness of the journal bearings increased four times over the zero-field-cooled stiffness. © 2005 IEEE.

一种0－（氨基乙基）聚糖及其制备和应用

本发明涉及日化领域及医药行业，具体是一种采用海藻糖季铵盐的吸湿 保湿剂及其制备方法。采用海藻糖季铵盐的吸湿保湿剂，以海藻糖季铵盐 作为吸湿保湿剂。制备方法：所述海藻糖季铵盐由按摩尔质量比为1∶4-6 的经碱性异丙醇溶液处理的海藻糖与醚化剂在40℃-60℃条件下反应3-9h， 而后抽滤、烘干即得；所述醚化剂为3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵。本发明 通过有效的合成手段得到的海藻糖季铵盐，生产成本提高甚微，吸湿保湿 性能提高明显。作为一种高效的吸湿保湿因子，本发明得到的海藻糖季铵 盐有望成为透明质酸的替代品用于化妆品中。

A fully integrated 660 MHz low-swing energy-recycling DC-DC converter

A fully integrated 0.18 μm DC-DC buck converter using a low-swing "stacked driver" configuration is reported in this paper. A high switching frequency of 660 MHz reduces filter components to fit on chip, but this suffers from high switching losses. These losses are reduced using: 1) low-swing drivers; 2) supply stacking; and 3) introducing a charge transfer path to deliver excess charge from the positive metal-oxide semiconductor drive chain to the load, thereby recycling the charge. The working prototype circuit converts 2.2 to 0.75-1.0 V at 40-55 mA. Design and simulation of an improved circuit is also included that further improves the efficiency by enhancing the charge recycling path, providing automated zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation, and synchronizing the half-swing gating signals. © 2009 IEEE.

Erratum: "Zinc oxide nanostructures and high electron mobility nanocomposite thin film transistors" (IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices (2009))

In the above entitled paper (ibid., vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 3001-3011), two errors were noticed after the paper went to press. The errors are corrected here.

The Ic behavior of 2G YBCO tapes under DC/AC magnetic fields at various temperatures

In order to design a High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) machine that is able to operate safely and reliably, studies on the characterization of Second Generation (2G) HTS tapes are of paramount importance. This paper presents an experimental setup to measure critical current of 2G HTS tapes in high DC magnetic fields (up to 5 Tesla) with an AC current ripple superimposed, as well as various temperatures ranging from 25 K to 77 K. The 2G tape measured is the SGS12050 coated conductor made by SuperPower. The critical current is measured by a flux vector with reference to the widest sample face from 0 to 90 degrees in 10 degree steps. Smaller steps are required close to 0 . A Variable Temperature Insert (VTI) is utilized to control temperature change. © 2010 IEEE.

Investigation of acoustic units for LVCSR systems

One important issue in designing state-of-the-art LVCSR systems is the choice of acoustic units. Context dependent (CD) phones remain the dominant form of acoustic units. They can capture the co-articulatory effect in speech via explicit modelling. However, for other more complicated phonological processes, they rely on the implicit modelling ability of the underlying statistical models. Alternatively, it is possible to construct acoustic models based on higher level linguistic units, for example, syllables, to explicitly capture these complex patterns. When sufficient training data is available, this approach may show an advantage over implicit acoustic modelling. In this paper a wide range of acoustic units are investigated to improve LVCSR system performance. Significant error rate gains up to 7.1% relative (0.8% abs.) were obtained on a state-of-the-art Mandarin Chinese broadcast audio recognition task using word and syllable position dependent triphone and quinphone models. © 2011 IEEE.

Shelf-life of horse mackerel fish balls stored at 0-2°C

The shelf-life of standardized horse mackerel fish balls was assessed by biochemical, microbiological, organoleptic and other spoilage changes at 0-2°C. There was decrease in pH value, moisture and the organoleptic scores. Expressible water percentage, TMA-N, TVB-N and peroxide value showed increasing trends. Total plate count also increased gradually during storage. Water separation in the treated sample was observed after 12 days and slimy consistency was noticed in the control sample on the 24th day. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that fish balls can be stored at 0-2°C for 20 days.

Fabrication and testing of a high resolution extensometer based on resonant MEMS strain sensors

A novel type of linear extensometer with exceptionally high resolution of 4 nm based on MEMS resonant strain sensors bonded on steel and operating in a vacuum package is presented. The tool is implemented by means of a steel thin bar that can be pre-stressed in tension within two fixing anchors. The extension of the bar is detected by using two vacuum-packaged resonant MEMS double- ended tuning fork (DETF) sensors bonded on the bar with epoxy glue, one of which is utilized for temperature compensation. Both sensors are driven by a closed loop self-oscillating transresistance amplifier feedback scheme implemented on a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). On the same board, a microcontroller-based frequency measurement circuit is also implemented, which is able to count the square wave fronts of the MEMS oscillator output with a resolution of 20 nsec. The system provides a frequency noise of 0.2 Hz corresponding to an extension resolution of 4 nm for the extensometer. Nearly perfect temperature compensation of the frequency output is achieved in the temperature range 20-35 C using the reference sensor. © 2011 IEEE.