989 resultados para NORTHERN INDIA


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We have addressed the question of whether the massive deficit of 42% in rainfall over the Indian region in June 2014 can be attributed primarily to the El Nino. We have shown that the variation of convection over the Northern part of the Tropical West Pacific (NWTP: 120-150E, 20-30N) plays a major role in determining the all-India rainfall in June with deficit (excess) in rainfall associated with enhancement (suppression) of convection over NWTP. In June 2014, the outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) anomaly over this region was unfavourable, whereas in June 2015, the OLR anomaly over NWTP was favourable and the all-India rainfall was 16% higher than the long-term average. We find that during El Nino, when the convection over the equatorial central Pacific intensifies, there is a high propensity for intensification of convection over NWTP. Thus, El Nino appears to have an impact on the rainfall over the Indian region via its impact on the convection over the West Pacific, particularly over NWTP. This occurred in June 2014, which suggests that the large deficit in June 2014, could be primarily attributed to the El Nino acting via intensification of convection over NWTP.

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Among the human factors that influence safe driving, visual skills of the driver can be considered fundamental. This study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of visual functions of drivers in India on their road crash involvement. Experiments were conducted to assess vision functions of Indian licensed drivers belonging to various organizations, age groups and driving experience. The test results were further related to the crash involvement histories of drivers through statistical tools. A generalized linear model was developed to ascertain the influence of these traits on propensity of crash involvement. Among the sampled drivers, colour vision, vertical field of vision, depth perception, contrast sensitivity, acuity and phoria were found to influence their crash involvement rates. In India, there are no efficient standards and testing methods to assess the visual capabilities of drivers during their licensing process and this study highlights the need for the same.

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The non-availability of high-spatial-resolution thermal data from satellites on a consistent basis led to the development of different models for sharpening coarse-spatial-resolution thermal data. Thermal sharpening models that are based on the relationship between land-surface temperature (LST) and a vegetation index (VI) such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or fraction vegetation cover (FVC) have gained much attention due to their simplicity, physical basis, and operational capability. However, there are hardly any studies in the literature examining comprehensively various VIs apart from NDVI and FVC, which may be better suited for thermal sharpening over agricultural and natural landscapes. The aim of this study is to compare the relative performance of five different VIs, namely NDVI, FVC, the normalized difference water index (NDWI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), for thermal sharpening using the DisTrad thermal sharpening model over agricultural and natural landscapes in India. Multi-temporal LST data from Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors obtained over two different agro-climatic grids in India were disaggregated from 960 m to 120 m spatial resolution. The sharpened LST was compared with the reference LST estimated from the Landsat data at 120 m spatial resolution. In addition to this, MODIS LST was disaggregated from 960 m to 480 m and compared with ground measurements at five sites in India. It was found that NDVI and FVC performed better only under wet conditions, whereas under drier conditions, the performance of NDWI was superior to other indices and produced accurate results. SAVI and MSAVI always produced poorer results compared with NDVI/FVC and NDWI for wet and dry cases, respectively.

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The genus Glyphochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Andropogoneae: Rottboellinae) is endemic to peninsular India and is distributed on lateritic plateaus of low and high altitude in and around Western Ghats and the Malabar Coast. The genus presumably originated and diversified in the Western Ghats. Species relationships in the genus Glyphochloa were deduced here based on molecular phylogenies inferred using nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences and plastid intergenic spacer regions (atpB-rbcL, trnT-trnL, trnL-trnF), and new observations were made of spikelet morphology, caryopsis morphology and meiotic chromosome counts. We observed two distinct clades of Glyphochloa s.l. One of these (group I') includes Ophiuros bombaiensis, and is characterized by a single-awned lower glume and a base chromosome number of 6; it grows in low elevation coastal areas. The other clade (group II') has a double-awned lower glume, a base chromosome number of 7, and is restricted to higher elevation lateritic plateaus; G. ratnagirica may belong to the group II clade, or may be a third distinct lineage in the genus. A sister-group relationship between group I and II taxa (with or without G. ratnagirica) is not well supported, although the genus is recovered as monophyletic in shortest trees inferred using ITS or concatenated plastid data. We present a key to species of Glyphochloa and make a new combination for O. bombaiensis.

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Con el objetivo de seleccionar progenies promisorias de semilla sexual de papa, procedentes del CIP (11) y Programa de la India (3) se estableció este ensayo el 21 de septiembre de 1994, utilizando un diseño de Bloques Completos al Azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones, en la estación experimental del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA-RB-3), ubicada a 1 350 msnm, humedad relativa del 91 por ciento, temperatura promedio mínima 15 °C/máx 26 °C, cuyos suelos son de textura franca bien drenada, medianamente profundo a profundo, con una precipitación durante el ensayo de 622 mm. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que todas las progenies híbridas enviadas por el CIP mostraron buena velocidad de emergencia en especial SERRANA x LT-7, con respecto a los lubridos de la India. En general el porcentaje de sobrevivencia fue mayor del 80 por ciento para la mayoría de las progenies el cual es un índice aceptable, a excepción de 104.12 LB x TS-4.En la altura final de la planta no hubieron diferencias significativas entre híbridos, solo fueron superiores a KATADIN x TS-10. En cuanto al rendimiento, la progenie HPS­ II/67 mostró ser superior a las demás con 6.2 kg/m2. El número total de tubérculos por metro cuadrado {740) y tubérculos por planta (7) fue superior en la progenie TS-6 x TPS-67. Las progenies de ambos programas mostraron rendimientos por metro cuadrado de más del 50 por ciento con tubérculos mayores de 5 gramos. No se presentó incidencia de virus para ambas progenies, las tres progenies provenientes del Programa de la India presentaron mayor resistencia a tizón tardío (Phytophthora infestans, Mont. D.bary).

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Resumen: El presente trabajo pretende ser una introducción al pensamiento de la India. Comienza considerando el desarrollo de la Indología, en sus distintas etapas y corrientes metodológicas, e incluye una precisión sobre estos estudios en la Argentina. Luego de centrarse en la perspectiva hermenéutica, se detallan las épocas de la tradición clásica de la India y las características básicas de su espiritualidad. La autora se adentra a continuación en cuatro nociones que pueden comprenderse como portales de acceso al mundo Indio: mâyâ, karma, yoga y moksha. A la luz de estas nociones tan específicas, la conclusión plantea el diálogo entre disciplinas y culturas como vía para comprender la profunda interdependencia del mundo.

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La situación actual de algunos productores del país es crítica debido al avance de la frontera agrícola y a los bajos rendimientos de sus cultivos, que trae como consecuencia una deforestación indiscriminada de los recursos forestales. Como alternativa ante esta problemática surge el Cedro Rosado de la India ( Acrocarpus fraxinifolius ), una especie forestal que puede contribuir a la reforestación y al aprovechamiento sostenible de la explotación maderera. Por tanto, el presente estudio procura aportar información sobre esta especie al evaluar dos densidades de siembra (400 y 625 plantas por hectárea) y cuatro niveles de lombrihumus (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 y 2.0 kilogramos por planta) sobre el crecimiento de A. fraxinifolius de dos años de desarrollo. El estudio se desarrolló a partir de febrero del 2005 en la finca La Cañada, comarca Las Mercedes, departamento de Boaco. Las unidades experimentales muestreadas en los lotes con densidades de siembra establecidas fueron agrupadas en tres bloques y la fertilización fue aplicada en parcelas dentro de cada densidad de siembra, lo que correspondió a un arreglo de parcelas divididas, en las que se evaluaron las variables de crecimiento. Se realizó análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y agrupaciones mediante LSD (∞=0.05). Las variables no tuvieron significación estadística en las densidades de siembra; pero sí en la fertilización. Se obtuvieron 7.224 m en altura de planta, 4.584 m en altura del fuste comercial, 0.11 m en el diámetro a la altura del pecho, 0.33 m en el perímetro a la altura del pecho, 35.09 unidades de ramas, 0.0085 m 2 de área basal y 0.0422 m 3 de volumen. Los factores estudiados resultaron ser independiente. Los mayores valores en variables se alcanzaron con las dosis de lombrihumus y densidad poblacional más alta. La densidad de 625 plantas por hectáreas y 1.5 y 2.0 kilogramos por planta superaron los 30 m 3 de madera. Así mismo, el mayor beneficio costo se obtuvo con la densidad de 625 y 0.5 kilogramos de lombrihumus por planta, con una ganancia de 50.27 por cada dólar invertido.

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Household-level water treatment and safe storage systems (HWTS) are simple, local, user-friendly, and low cost options to improve drinking water quality at the point of use. However, despite conclusive evidence of the health and economic benefits of HWTS, and promotion efforts in over 50 countries in the past 20 years, implementation outcomes have been slow, reaching only 5-10 million regular users. This study attempts to understand the barriers and drivers affecting HWTS implementation. Using a case study example of a biosand filter program in southern India, system dynamics modelling is shown to be a useful tool to map the inter-relationships of different critical factors and to understand the dissemination dynamics. It is found that the co-existence of expanding quickly and achieving financial sustainability appears to be difficult to achieve under the current program structure.

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Pulse fishing may be a global optimal strategy in multicohort fisheries. In this article we compare the pulse fishing solutions obtained by using global numerical methods with the analytical stationary optimal solution. This allows us to quantify the potential benefits associated with the use of periodic fishing in the Northern Stock of hake. Results show that: first, management plans based exclusively on traditional reference targets as Fmsy may drive fishery economic results far from the optimal; second, global optimal solutions would imply, in a cyclical manner, the closure of the fishery for some periods and third, second best stationary policies with stable employment only reduce optimal present value of discounted profit in a 2%.

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An economic expert working group (STECF/SGBRE-07-05) was convened in 2007 for evaluating the potential economic consequences of a Long-Term Management Plan for the northern hake. Analyzing all the scenarios proposed by biological assessment, they found that keeping the F in the status quo level was the best policy in terms of net present values for both yield and profits. This result is counter intuitive because it may indicate that effort costs do no affect the economic reference points. However, it is well accepted that the inclusion of costs affects negatively the economic reference points. In this paper, applying a dynamic agestructured model to the northern hake, we show that the optimal fishing mortality that maximizes the net present value of profits is lower than Fmax.

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We evaluate the management of the Northern Stock of Hake during 1986-2001. A stochastic bioeconomic model is calibrated to match the main features of this fishing ground. We show how catches, biomass stock and profits would have been if the optimal Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) consistent with the target biomass implied by the Fischler’s Recovery Plan had been implemented. The main finding are: i) an optimal CFP would have generated profits of more than 667 millions euros, ii) if side-payments are allowed (implemented by ITQ’s, for example) these profits increase 26%.

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Esta obra saiu nas Memórias da comissão portuguesa para comemorar o centenário do descobrimento da América. Traz em apêncide a Relação análoga de Lunardo Cha Masser e dois documentos de Cantino e Pasqualigo. Contém, ainda, a primeira notícia impressa sobre o descobrimento do Brasil em carta ao Rei da Espanha.