Lidar com a doença mental : a pluralidade de sistemas de cuidados e de itinerários terapêuticos : análise comparativa de dois estudos efectuados junto de duas populações residentes em Portugal

Several studies point to the plurality of care systems to deal with illness. They can be organized into professional, popular and alternative systems (the latter includes the complementary and the traditional ones). What the particular setup is in each cultural system is the core question of both the empirical studies we report. The purpose of this article is to understand how lay people deal with mental illness, examining the therapeutic itineraries that are constructed between plural care systems, featuring in particular the use of traditional medicine. The analysis of the two studies (one carried out in the north region and the other in Lisbon) allowed us to interpret these practices and discuss the social and cultural factors that determine and explain the settings that were found. Both researches fit into a qualitative methodology. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were performed and were analyzed using discourse analysis to describe and interpret data. The results point to a plurality of therapeutic itineraries, built around public and private speeches, where the explanatory systems underlying the use of official medicine and/or traditional practices found plural meanings. People may use these systems in several forms, using one or combining more than one, simultaneously or sequentially, depending on the context and on the needs they feel to face both illness and mental suffering. It is in between the space of the impotence and ‘incompetence’ of the ‘wise’ medicine that other therapeutic systems develop. It is important to understand those systems because of their achievements and their heuristic power to explain society and culture.

Analysis of digestive tract content of the larvae of Polybia scutellaris (White) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

Polybia scutellaris (White, 1841) is a social wasp of biological interest for its role as pollinator and maybe as biological control agent of sanitary and agricultural pests. This study examines the digestive tract contents of the larvae of P. scutellaris from four nests in Magdalena (Buenos Aires province, Argentina). Contents included both animal (arthropod parts) and plant (pollen, leaf and fruit epidermis) parts. The pollen content analysis showed that the wasps visited 19 different taxa of plants during the last active period of the colony before the nests had been collected. The range of sources used by P. scutellaris allows us characterizing the species as a generalist flower visitor. Wasps visited both native and exotic plants located nearby the nest. Most of the epidermal plant remains found in the larval digestive tract belonged to Malvaceae, a family not exploited by the studied colonies as pollen source.

Intergenerational mobility and the informative content of surnames

We propose an alternative method for measuring intergenerational mobility. Measurements obtained fromtraditional methods (based on panel data) are scarce, difficult to compare across countries and almost impossible to get across time. In particular, this means that we do not know how intergenerational mobility is correlated with growth, income or the degree of inequality.Our proposal is to measure the informative content of surnames in one census. The more information thesurname has on the income of an individual, the more important is her background in determining her outcomes; and thus, the less mobility there is.The reason is that surnames provide information about family relationships because the distribution ofsurnames is necessarily very skewed. A large percentage of the population is bound to have a very unfrequent surname. For them the partition generated by surnames is very informative on family linkages.First, we develop a model whose endogenous variable is the joint distribution of surnames and income.There, we explore the relationship between mobility and the informative content of surnames. We allow for assortative mating to be a determinant of both.Second, we use our methodology to show that in large Spanish region the informative content of surnamesis large and consistent with the model. We also show that it has increased over time, indicating a substantial drop in the degree of mobility. Finally, using the peculiarities of the Spanish surname convention we show that the degree of assortative mating has also increased over time, in such a manner that might explain the decrease in mobility observed.Our method allows us to provide measures of mobility comparable across time. It should also allow us tostudy other issues related to inheritance.

FY 08 Recycled Content Plastic Bags and Soy Inks Report

As required in Iowa Code section 307.21, the Iowa Department of Transportation submits the following summary of purchasing activity for soy based inks and recycled trash bags. The figures are for Fiscal Year 2008.

Predictors and Moderators of Clinical Outcomes in Adolescents with Severe Mental Disorders After an Assertive Community Treatment.

Previous studies have shown that stressful life events (SLEs), gender, social functioning and pretreatment severity are some of the predictors and/or moderators of treatment outcome in psychiatric care. The current study explored the effect of these predictors and moderators on the treatment outcome related to assertive community treatment (ACT) proposed to young people with severe mental disorders. 98 patients were assessed for externalizing and emotional difficulties, at admission and then at discharge of an ACT. Analyses revealed significant improvements in terms of symptomatology. In particular, regression analyses showed that pretreatment severity is a significant predictor of the outcome on emotional symptoms and is moderated by SLE on the outcome on externalizing symptoms. Furthermore, higher social functioning proved to predict better outcome on externalizing symptoms. Our results further evidence that these factors can explain inter-individual differences in outcome related to ACT. The theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Representação social da doença mental: o olhar da família do portador de esquizofrenia

Este trabalho de investigação aborda a questão da representação social da doença mental entre familiares de pacientes diagnosticados com esquizofrenia, um aspecto necessário e fundamental para a nossa futura prática clínica. O objectivo era compreender a forma como representam a doença mental e o seu portador, e o trabalho teve como referencial vários autores que retractam a representação social da doença mental nas suas várias dimensões: significado, causas e cura da doença mental, ocupação, tomada da medicação, e futuro do portador de distúrbio psíquico. Os dados foram recolhidos mediante uma entrevista aos familiares, realizada em casa dos pacientes. Para o efeito foi desenvolvido um guião de entrevista. Foram recrutados 6 famílias dos portadores de esquizofrenia entre os utentes actuais do Hospital Agostinho Neto – “Extensão Trindade”. As entrevistas foram posteriormente transcritas e os discursos sobre as várias dimensões da representação social foram categorizados. As famílias se posicionaram caracterizando a doença mental e o seu portador segundo as representações do senso comum, pelo que concluímos que elas têm pouca informação médica e compreensão da real condição psíquica do seu familiar. O significado que a família atribuía à doença mental e à sua causa não foi influenciado pelo nível de escolaridade das famílias, mas sim corresponde aos valores culturais da sociedade cabo-verdiana. A partir desta investigação, percebemos a importância de assistir e informar os familiares que acompanham o doente mental, durante o seu tratamento.

Food's visually perceived fat content affects discrimination speed in an orthogonal spatial task.

Choosing what to eat is a complex activity for humans. Determining a food's pleasantness requires us to combine information about what is available at a given time with knowledge of the food's palatability, texture, fat content, and other nutritional information. It has been suggested that humans may have an implicit knowledge of a food's fat content based on its appearance; Toepel et al. (Neuroimage 44:967-974, 2009) reported visual-evoked potential modulations after participants viewed images of high-energy, high-fat food (HF), as compared to viewing low-fat food (LF). In the present study, we investigated whether there are any immediate behavioural consequences of these modulations for human performance. HF, LF, or non-food (NF) images were used to exogenously direct participants' attention to either the left or the right. Next, participants made speeded elevation discrimination responses (up vs. down) to visual targets presented either above or below the midline (and at one of three stimulus onset asynchronies: 150, 300, or 450 ms). Participants responded significantly more rapidly following the presentation of a HF image than following the presentation of either LF or NF images, despite the fact that the identity of the images was entirely task-irrelevant. Similar results were found when comparing response speeds following images of high-carbohydrate (HC) food items to low-carbohydrate (LC) food items. These results support the view that people rapidly process (i.e. within a few hundred milliseconds) the fat/carbohydrate/energy value or, perhaps more generally, the pleasantness of food. Potentially as a result of HF/HC food items being more pleasant and thus having a higher incentive value, it seems as though seeing these foods results in a response readiness, or an overall alerting effect, in the human brain.

A integração do portador de transtorno mental na família

O presente estudo visa reflectir sobre a percepção do portador de transtorno mental sobre a sua integração na família, identificando e analisando vários factores que podem exercer um papel determinante na sua integração. Neste sentido, buscamos problematizar a integração do portador de transtorno mental, tendo em vista o funcionamento da família e as suas condições socioeconómicas, a relação que mantém com os serviços cuidadores, bem como as políticas públicas implementadas, com o objectivo de debelar o problema de transtorno mental. A nossa pesquisa foi realizada no Hospital Trindade, situada na cidade da Praia, extensão do Hospital Agostinho Neto e que tem acolhido e tratado sobretudo os portadores de transtorno mental. Para a colecta de dados, realizamos entrevistas a quinze portadores de transtorno mental e às respectivas famílias, onde focamos os aspectos cruciais para o nosso intento: na entrevista aos pacientes, realçamos a forma como convivem com os outros, com especial atenção para a relação familiar, já que pretendemos elucidar a forma como percebem a sua integração na família; na entrevista aos familiares, sublinhamos também a forma como vêm a relação com o seu portador de transtorno mental, mas quisemos dar um enfoque especial à forma como a família percebe os vários apoios, quer das diferentes instituições, quer do Estado, na medida em que sozinha, tendo em vista uma grande sobrecarga – frise-se os aspectos emocionais e socioeconómicos – não poderá tratar do seu familiar portador de transtorno mental. Assim, a partir dos aspectos supracitados, inferimos que, não obstante os preconceitos socialmente arraigados, apesar de o Estado estar aquém do seu papel, seja na implementação de políticas públicas direccionadas ao portador de transtorno mental, seja no apoio às famílias, e, ainda, apesar de não haver uma verdadeira inclusão da família, no processo de tratamento, os portadores de transtorno mental, em geral, querem estar no seu próprio seio familiar, o que nos leva a pensar que é o espaço onde, de facto, se sentem bem.

Governor's Task Force on Dependent Adults with Mental Retardation Final Report, 2009

On February 17, 2009, Governor Culver signed Executive Order No. 11 to create a Task Force on Dependent Adults with Mental Retardation. The executive order charges the Task Force with the responsibility of recommending steps to strengthen and improve state laws and regulations on the care and treatment of dependent adults with mental retardation. The Final Report includes recommendations that establish or improve systems of coordination between government entities. The report includes a series of proposals from the Department of Human Services (DHS) that redesign the adult abuse assessment process that are necessary for long-term reform. Included in them is a proposal to enhance a community’s capacity to provide a safety net of services, as well as formal and informal supports for vulnerable adults through partnerships among multiple local stakeholders.

Protein content of leaf-cutting ant queens before the nuptial flight and during the post-claustral phase

Protein content of leaf-cutting ant queens before the nuptial flight and during the post-claustral phase. This study evaluated the crude protein content of queens of Atta sexdens before the nuptial flight and after the claustral phase in laboratory and field colonies. The hypothesis was that protein is used for survival of the queen and for early colony growth during the claustral phase. Additionally, the nest morphology, live biomass and adult population of field colonies were evaluated. Crude protein was determined by digestion of the organic material with sulfuric acid at high temperatures. The mean crude protein content was 123.23 ± 11.20 mg for females before the nuptial flight and 70.44 ± 12.21 mg for laboratory-reared queens after the claustral phase. The post-claustral crude protein content of field-collected queen was 55.90 ± 9.18 mg. With respect to the loss of crude protein as a function of duration of the claustral phase, laboratory-reared queens lost 52.79 mg and field-collected queens lost 67.33 mg compared to females before the nuptial flight. A positive linear correlation was observed between the weight of field-collected queens (256.4 ± 36.3 mg) and colony biomass (13.02 ± 9.12 g), but there was no correlation between biomass and nest depth (13.11 ± 3.82 cm). As expected, the present results support the hypothesis that protein is used for survival of the queen and for early colony growth, as demonstrated by the reduction in crude protein content as a function of duration of the claustral phase. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide data of the dynamics of protein reserves in leaf-cutting ant queens during the claustral phase.

Enfermagem e reinserção da pessoa portadora de doença mental institucionalizada na família

Com este trabalho científico pretendeu-se examinar o contributo da enfermagem na reinserção da pessoa portadora da doença mental institucionalizada na família. É um estudo exploratório descritivo de natureza qualitativa, direccionada às famílias das ppdm institucionalizadas no Centro de Apoio de Doentes Mentais de São Vicente. Neste sentido, participaram do estudo 5 famílias das respectivas ppdm institucionalizadas e o estudo decorreu nos domicílios das respectivas famílias. As informações foram colhidas através de uma entrevista semiestruturada e os dados tratados com base na análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam que existem um leque de factores que dificultam a reinserção, nomeadamente a carência da informação por parte dos familiares da ppdm e a consequente falta de envolvimento da família no seu tratamento, o impacto da sobrecarga de diversa ordem e a necessidade de um trabalho por parte dos cuidadores de saúde no sentido de auxiliarem e apoiarem estas famílias, com maior proximidade e de forma holística. Este trabalho trouxe um contributo a nível teórico no sentido de promover futuros trabalhos ligados a esta problemática e a necessidade de investir em trabalhos mais direccionadas às comunidades, sendo um ponto que precisa de ser trabalhado. Em termos práticos a pesquisa veio expor a necessidade de uma intervenção multidisciplinar em prol da reinserção da pessoa portadora da doença mental institucionalizada na família, tanto no sentido de promover a socialização e reduzir as consequências de uma institucionalização prolongada. Conclui-se, finalmente que existe uma necessidade de um trabalho de Enfermagem em Saúde Mental e Psiquiatria mais virada as famílias em suas próprias comunidades/residências, tanto de promoção a saúde e de prevenção em todos os níveis.

Motivation and content Language Integrated Learning : an impulse for Second Language Teaching

“Estudiantes motivados producen profesores motivados y viceversa” (Lesley Denham)La cita refleja el efecto recíproco que tiene el comportamiento del profesor en el compromiso de los estudiantes a lo largo del año y viceversa. Es sorprendente como, destacando las fortalezas de cada estudiante en lugar de sus debilidades, nunca comparándolos entre ellos sino con su propio rendimiento, puede despertar una motivación intrínseca en el estudiante, y una merecida satisfacción personal para el profesor.Sin embargo, no existen botones motivacionales mágicos que podamos pulsar y hacer que el alumno quiera aprender. Como profesores, tomar la iniciativa será crucial: dar a nuestros estudiantes el espacio suficiente para experimentar, realzar su autonomía, e intuir las respuestas a través de un proceso inductivo. En definitiva, hacerles protagonistas de su proceso de aprendizaje.Incluir AICLE en la clase de inglés es una metodología que nos ayudará a conseguirlo. Los estudiantes asocian AICLE con algo interesante y divertido, diferente a las sesiones teóricas. Como resultado, al utilizar la lengua, lo hacen movidos por sus sentimientos, aprendiendo de forma implícita.“Estudiants motivats produeixen professors motivats i viceversa” (Lesley Denham)La cita reflecteix l'efecte recíproc que té el comportament del professor en el compromís dels estudiants al llarg de l'any i viceversa. És sorprenent com, destacant les fortaleses de cada estudiant en lloc de les seves debilitats, mai comparant-los entre ells sinó amb el seu propi rendiment, pot despertar una motivació intrínseca a l'estudiant, i una merescuda satisfacció personal per al professor.No obstant això, no existeixen botons motivacionals màgics que puguem prémer i fer que l'alumne vulgui aprendre. Com a professors, prendre la iniciativa serà crucial: donar als nostres estudiants l'espai suficient per experimentar, realçar la seva autonomia, i intuir les respostes a través d'un procés inductiu. En definitiva, fer-los protagonistes del seu procés d'aprenentatge.Incloure AICLE en la classe d'anglès és una metodologia que ens ajudarà a aconseguir-ho. Els estudiants consideren AICLE interessant i divertit, diferent a les sessions teòriques. Com a resultat, en utilitzar la llengua, ho fan moguts pels seus sentiments, aprenent de forma implícita.