999 resultados para Menores Estatuto legal, leis, etc.
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1829 (T14,VOL2).
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1827 (VOL5).
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1829 (T15,VOL3).
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1827 (VOL6).
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1827 (VOL3).
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1830 (SER2,T3).
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1828 (VOL12).
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1827 (VOL1).
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1828 (VOL09).
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1827 (VOL2).
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S som r fallet fr mnga andra stater, kan vissa delar av den ryska frvaltningen nnu utvecklas fr att till fullo uppfylla internationella standarder. Internationella frdragsorgan som vervakar frverkligandet i Ryssland av frdrag om mnskliga rttigheter framfr ibland kritiska anmrkningar om den demokratiska utvecklingen i Ryssland. Enskilda fall dr politiska rttigheter mjligen krnkts av ryska myndigheter har utan tvivel placerat Ryssland i fokus fr internationell media. Exempel p sdana fall r mordet p journalisten Anna Politkovskaya, Sergei Magnitskys dd i fngelse och fngslandet av medlemmarna i "Pussy Riot. Likvl anser frfattaren av denna studie att politiska rttigheter i Ryssland frverkligas inom rimliga grnser och i enlighet med internationell mnniskorttslagstiftning. Denna studie fokuserar p frverkligandet av den individuella rttigheten att delta i det politiska beslutsfattandet i Ryssland genom andra mekanismer fr deltagande n val och folkomrstningar. Studien utgrs av en sammanstllning av forskningsartiklar som har publicerats i olika internationella tidskrifter. Sammanstllningen fregs av ett fristende inledande kapitel. Frfattaren koncentrerar sig p frgan om Rysslands invnare ges effektiva mjligheter att delta i handhavandet av allmnna angelgenheter och om det finns anvndbara rttsmedel till hands fr skydd av de politiska rttigheterna. Frfattaren tar sig an en juridisk analys av rysk lagstiftning gllande olika stt fr direkt deltagande i beslutsfattande samt analyserar rttsfall angende direkt deltagande frn domstolarna i Moskva, Perm Krai och Sverdlovsk Oblast. Denna studie anvnder sig ven av en rttshistorisk infallsvinkel fr att visa p den positiva dynamiken hos den historiska utvecklingen betrffande d e vsentligaste plattformarna fr offentligt deltagande. Det bevisas att rysk lagstiftning som garanterar rtten att delta i beslutsfattande r vl utvecklad i enlighet med internationella mnniskorttsfrdrag, och att tminstone domstolarna i de utvalda ryska omrdena fattar beslut som stder deltaganderttigheter som eventuellt krnkts av myndigheter inom den verkstllande makten. Frfattaren kommer till den slutsatsen att de i denna studie inkluderade enskilda dokumenterade hndelserna gllande administrativ felbehandling inte ndvndigtvis tillter den direkta slutsatsen att det begs systematiska och grova krnkningar av medborgares deltaganderttigheter i Ryssland.
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Tutkielman aiheena on kansainvlisen oikeuden kysymys elmn alkamisesta ja elmn alkamisen ajankohdasta. Tutkielma lhestyy aihetta Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien lasten oikeuksien sopimuksen kolmannen lispytkirjan valossa. Astuessaan voimaan lispytkirja tulee mahdollistamaan yksilvalitusten ksittelyn erillisess ihmisoikeuskomiteassa. Koska lasten oikeuksien sopimus jtt mrittelemtt elmn alkamisen ajankohdan, tutkielman perushypoteesina on, miten tuleva komitea ratkaisisi lasten oikeuksien sopimukseen jneen jnnitteen. Tmn hypoteesin ohella tutkielmaa suuntaa olettamus elmn alun mrittymisest pitklti oikeusperiaatteisiin rinnastuvien autonomian ja ihmisarvon ksitteiden kautta. Tutkielma lhestyy aihettaan sek oikeuskytnnn ett -kirjallisuuden valossa, sitoutumatta sen tarkemmin mihinkn yksittiseen oikeustieteelliseen tutkimusmetodiin. Oikeuskytnnn kohdalla tarkastelu perustuu posin lnsimaisten ylimpien oikeuksien antamille tuomioille kysymyksiss, jotka liittyvt elmn alkamisen tematiikkaan. Tmn ohella, rajatummin, ksitelln pohjoismaista elmn alun sntely. Oikeuskytnnn sek sdsten tarkastelun keskiss on ennen kaikkea oikeudellinen argumentaatio sek esiintuodun argumentaation jnnitteisyys. Oikeuskytnnn pohjalta muotoutuu monininen ja usein kontekstisidonnainen kuva elmn alusta. Tmn oikeudellisen moninisyyden analyysi muodostaa tutkielman keskeisen sislln. Autonomian ja ihmisarvon ksitteiden merkityst oikeuskytnnn ja sdsten arvioinnille perustellaan tutkimuksessa yhtlt niiden merkityksell tuomioistuinten argumentaatiossa toisaalta periaatteiden saamalla tuella oikeustieteellisess kirjallisuudessa. Tutkielma suhtautuu kriittisesti autonomian ja ihmisarvon ksitteisiin. Kriittisen luennan tarkoituksena on paljastaa oikeudellisen argumentaation sumeus ja sumeuden oikeudelliselle tulkinnalle aiheuttama epvarmuus. Tulkinnan epvarmuuden seurauksena mys vastaus elmn alulle nyttytyy tutkielmassa ristiriitaisena ja osin perustelemattomana. Tutkielman keskeinen tulos on ennen kaikkea oikeuden jnnitteiden tunnistamisessa sen lhestyess elmn alun mrittely. Tutkielman tulosten pohjalta on mahdollista pyrki lytmn muotoutumassa olevan kansainvlisen oikeuden vastaus elmn alulle. Tuon vastauksen vakaus, perusteltavuus ja pysyvyys riippuvat siit, miten onnistuneesti oikeudellinen argumentaatio kykenee yhdistmn yksiln autonomisen oikeuden ptt elmstn kollektiivin intressiin yllpit elm.
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Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis have been recognized as economically important diseases with considerable impact on the livestock industry. Little is known concerning the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sheep from Tocantins state, Brazil. Here, we investigated antibodies against these parasites and associated factors in 182 sheep from Araguaína, Santa Terezinha do Tocantins, Arguianópolis and Palmeiras do Tocantins districts, Tocantins. Sheep sera were assayed for T. gondii and N. caninum IgG antibodies by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), using cut-off point at a dilution of 1:40 and 1:25 respectively. The prevalence of seropositive animal for T. gondii was 13.74% and 13.74% for N. caninum. None of the characteristics studied including reproductive problems, presence of cats, presence of dogs and veterinary care (p>0.05) was associated with occurrence of T. gondii or N. caninum infection. Only breed was identified as associated factor for the occurrence of toxoplasmosis in sheep (p<0.05). The present study is the first report on serum occurrence of T. gondii and N. caninum in sheep from the state of Tocantins, Brazil.
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Presentation at the Nordic Perspectives on Open Access and Open Science seminar, Helsinki, October 15, 2013
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Taking a realist view that law is one form of politics, this dissertation studies the roles of citizens and organizations in mobilizing the law to request government agencies to disclose environmental information in China, and during this process, how the socio-legal field interacts with the political-legal sphere, and what changes have been brought about during their interactions. This work takes a socio-legal approach and applies methodologies of social science and legal analysis. It aims to understand the paradox of why and how citizens and entities have been invoking the law to access environmental information despite the fact that various obstacles exist and the effectiveness of the new mechanism of environmental information disclosure still remains low. The study is largely based on the 28 cases and eight surveys of environmental information disclosure requests collected by the author. The cases and surveys analysed in this dissertation all occurred between May 2008, when the OGI Regulations and the OEI Measures came into effect, and August 2012 when the case collection was completed. The findings of this study have shown that by invoking the rules of law made by the authorities to demand government agencies disclosing environmental information, the public, including citizens, organizations, law firms, and the media, have strategically created a repercussive pressure upon the authorities to act according to the law. While it is a top-down process that has established the mechanism of open government information in China, it is indeed the bottom-up activism of the public that makes it work. Citizens and organizations use of legal tactics to push government agencies to disclose environmental information have formed not only an end of accessing the information but more a means of making government agencies accountable to their legal obligations. Law has thus played a pivotal role in enabling citizen participation in the political process. Against the current situation in China that political campaigns, or politicization, from general election to collective actions, especially contentious actions, are still restrained or even repressed by the government, legal mobilization, or judicialization, that citizens and organizations use legal tactics to demand their rights and push government agencies to enforce the law, become de facto an alternative of political participation. During this process, legal actions have helped to strengthen the civil society, make government agencies act according to law, push back the political boundaries, and induce changes in the relationship between the state and the public. In the field of environmental information disclosure, citizens and organizations have formed a bottom-up social activism, though limited in scope, using the language of law, creating progressive social, legal and political changes. This study emphasizes that it is partial and incomplete to understand Chinas transition only from the top-down policy-making and government administration; it is also important to observe it from the bottom-up perspective that in a realistic view law can be part of politics and legal mobilization, even when utterly apolitical, can help to achieve political aims as well. This study of legal mobilization in the field of environmental information disclosure also helps us to better understand the function of law: law is not only a tool for the authorities to regulate and control, but inevitably also a weapon for the public to demand government agencies to work towards their obligations stipulated by the laws issued by themselves.
