Palynology of late-glacial and postglacial sediments in Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada, as related to the Great Lakes history /

This investigation comprises three parts: (1) the source, mechanism of transport, and distribution of pollen, spores and other palynomorphs in Georgian Bay bottom sediments and a comparison of these data with the contemporary vegetation, (2) the relative significance of fluvial transportation of pollen and spores, and (3) the late- and postglacial history of vegetational and climatic changes in the Georgicin Bay region. Modem pollen and spore assemblages in Georgian Bay do reflect the surrovinding vegetation when preservation and pollen production by the different species are considered and accounted for. Relative pollen percentage and concentration isopoll patterns indicate that rivers contribute large quantities of pollen and spores to Georgian Bay. This is further substantiated by large amounts of pollen and spores which were caught in traps in the Moon, Muskoka, and Nottawasaga Rivers which flow into Georgian Bay. The majority of pollen and spores caught in these traps were washed into the rivers by surface water runoff and so reflect the vegetation of the watershed in a regional sense. In a 12.9 metre long sediment core from northeastern Georgian Bay the relative percentage and absolute pollen concentrations allow correlation of Georgian Bay Lake phases with climatic and forest history. Four distinct pollen zones are distinguished: zone GB IV which is the oldest, reflects the succession from open spruce woodland to boreal forest; zone GB III represents a period of pine-mixed hardwoods forests from about 10,000 to 7,500 years ago. A pine-maplehemlock association dominated in zone GB II, although during the culmination of postglacial warming about 4,000 to 5,000 years ago the Georgian Bay forests had a more deciduous character. Zone GB I clearly shows European man's disturbance of the forest by logging activities.

Charles Clarke Chapman, ca. 1942

Original mounted photograph, signed by the photographer [Hartsook], as well as by C. C. Chapman [Affectionately yours, Father], ca. 1942.

Charles Clarke Chapman, Los Angeles, California, ca. 1895

Studio portrait photograph of Charles Clarke Chapman, Los Angeles, California, ca. 1895

Original Chapman home ranch packing house, Santa Ysabel, California, ca. 1900

Original Chapman home ranch packing house, Santa Ysabel, California, ca. 1900. [copy print]

Frank M. Chapman, Jr. son of Frank M. and Wilhelmina Chapman, Chicago, Illinois, ca. 1891.

Studio portrait of Frank M. Chapman, Jr. son of Frank M. and Wilhelmina Chapman, Chicago, Illinois, ca. 1891.

Frank C. Chapman, Chicago, Illinois, ca. 1890

Studio portrait of Frank C. Chapman, Chicago, Illinois, ca. 1890.

Grant Chapman, Clarke Chapman, and Frank Chapman Jr., Palmetto Grove, Covina, California, ca. 1915

Left to right: Grant Chapman, Clarke Chapman, and Frank Chapman Jr., sons of Frank Marion and Wilhelmina Zillen Chapman, on a porch at Palmetto Grove, Covina, California, ca. 1915.

Grounds of Palmetto Grove, estate of Frank Marion Chapman, Covina, California, ca. 1915

Grounds of Palmetto Grove, estate of Frank Marion Chapman, Covina, California, ca. 1915.

Charles C. Chapman with his daughter Ethel and son Stanley, ca. 1905.

Remnant of a portrait photograph of Charles C. Chapman with his daughter Ethel and son Stanley, ca. 1905.

Samuel James Chapman, ca. 1948

Samuel James Chapman, brother of Charles Clarke Chapman, ca. 1948.

Zella and Grant Chapman, ca. 1914

Zella and Grant Chapman, outside a hotel, ca. 1914.

Samuel James Chapman, California, ca. 1898

Portrait of Samuel James Chapman, taken in California, ca. 1898.

Samuel James Chapman, Illinois, ca. 1880

Portrait of a young Samuel James Chapman, taken in Illinois, ca. 1880.

Draft Mechanics Resolution, ca. 1836

An unsigned, undated draft of a resolution by Mechanics in the Kingston, Ont. area responding to the availability of cheap convict labour. The resolution proposes to shift convict labour to the Marmora, Ont. iron fields.