Skogsbränslets elementära sammansättning med tanke på förbränningsprocessen och för näringsämnesförluster i ekosystemet

There are several reasons for increasing the usage of forest biomass for energy in Finland. Apart from the fact that forest biomass is a CO2 -neutral energy source, it is also a domestic resource distributed throughout the country. Usage of forest biomass in the form of logging residues decreases Finland’s dependence of energy import and increases both incomes and employment. Wood chips are mainly made from logging residues, which constitute 64 % of the raw material. A large-scale use of forest biomass requires heed also to the potential negative aspects. Forest bioenergy is used extensively, but its impacts on the forests soil nutrition and carbon balance has not been studied much. Nor have there been many studies on the heavy metal or chlorine content of logging residues. The goal of this study was to examine the content of carbon, macronutrients, heavy metals and other for the combustion harmful substances in Scots pine and Norway spruce wood chips, and to estimate the effect of harvesting of logging residues on the forests carbon and nutrient balance. Another goal was to examine the energy content of the clear cut remains. The Wood chips for this study were gathered from pine and spruce dominated clear cut sites in southern Finland, in the costal forests between Hankoo and Siuntio. The number of sample locations were 29, and the average area was 3,15 ha and the average timber volume 212,6 m3 ha -1. The average logged timber volume was for Scots pine timber 70 m3 ha -1 and for Norway spruce timber 124 m3 ha -1 and for deciduous timber (birch and alder) 18,5 m3 ha -1. The proportion of spruce in the logging residues and the stand-volume were relevant for how much nutrients were taken from the forest ecosystem when harvesting logging residues. In this study it was noted that the nutrient content of the logging residues clearly increased when the percentage of spruce in the timber volume increased. The S, K, Na and Cl -contents in the logging residues in this study increased with an increasing percentage of spruce, which is probably due to the fact that the spruce is an effective collector of atmospheric dry-deposition. The amounts of nutrients that were lost when harvesting logging residues were less than those referred to in the literature. Within a circulation period (100 years), the forest soil gets substantially more nutrients from atmospheric deposition, litter fall and weathering than is lost through harvesting of logging residues after a clear cut. Harvesting of the logging residues makes for a relatively modest increase of the quantity of carbon that is removed from the forest compared to traditional forestry. Due to the fact that the clear cut remains in my study showed a high content of chlorine, there is a risk of corrosion in connection to the incineration of the logging residues in power plants especially at coastal areas/forests. The risk of sulphur -related corrosion is probably rather small, because S concentrations are relatively low in woodchips. The clear cut remains showed rather high heavy metal contents. If the heavy metal contents in this study are representative for the clear cut remains in the coastal forests generally, there might be reason to exert some caution when using the ash for forest fertilizing purposes.

Reproduction of World War I portrait of Dr. Nathan Wolf of the 2nd Company of the 1st Landsturm Infantry Regiment Portraits Men

Dr. Nathan Wolf's medals: (bottom left) silver Wound Badge; Iron Cross 2nd Class; Iron Cross 1st Class; Zaehringer Loewe (Baden); (on right) Medal of the Turkish Crescent

Optimal simultaneous maximum a posterioriestimation of states, noise statistics and parameters I. Algorithm

The simultaneous state and parameter estimation problem for a linear discrete-time system with unknown noise statistics is treated as a large-scale optimization problem. The a posterioriprobability density function is maximized directly with respect to the states and parameters subject to the constraint of the system dynamics. The resulting optimization problem is too large for any of the standard non-linear programming techniques and hence an hierarchical optimization approach is proposed. It turns out that the states can be computed at the first levelfor given noise and system parameters. These, in turn, are to be modified at the second level.The states are to be computed from a large system of linear equations and two solution methods are considered for solving these equations, limiting the horizon to a suitable length. The resulting algorithm is a filter-smoother, suitable for off-line as well as on-line state estimation for given noise and system parameters. The second level problem is split up into two, one for modifying the noise statistics and the other for modifying the system parameters. An adaptive relaxation technique is proposed for modifying the noise statistics and a modified Gauss-Newton technique is used to adjust the system parameters.

World War I Osterschlacht (Easter Battle).

Handwritten caption: 105. Deutsche Artill. am Marsch nach Izbugyab (Osterschlacht) 3. April 1915 (German artillery marching to Izbugyab. (Easter Battle) )

‘I really needed help’: What mothers say about their post-birth care in Queensland, Australia

Background Australian mothers consistently rate postnatal care as the poorest aspect of their maternity care, and researchers and policymakers have widely acknowledged the need for improvement in how postnatal care is provided. Aim To identify and analyse mothers’ comments about postnatal care in their free text responses to an open ended question in the Having a Baby in Queensland Survey, 2010, and reflect on their implications for midwifery practice and maternity service policies. Methods The survey assessed mothers’ experiences of maternity care four months after birth. We analysed free-text data from an open-ended question inviting respondents to write ‘anything else you would like to tell us’. Of the final survey sample (N = 7193), 60% (N = 4310) provided comments, 26% (N = 1100) of which pertained to postnatal care. Analysis included the coding and enumeration of issues to identify the most common problems commented on by mothers. Comments were categorised according to whether they related to in-hospital or post-discharge care, and whether they were reported by women birthing in public or private birthing facilities. Results The analysis revealed important differences in maternal experiences according to birthing sector: mothers birthing in public facilities were more likely to raise concerns about the quality and/or duration of their in-hospital stay than those in private facilities. Conversely, mothers who gave birth in private facilities were more likely to raise concerns about inadequate post-discharge care. Regardless of birthing sector, however, a substantial proportion of all mothers spontaneously raised concerns about their experiences of inadequate and/or inconsistent breastfeeding support. Conclusion Women who birth in private facilities were more likely to spontaneously report concerns about their level of post-discharge care than women from public facilities in Queensland, and publically provided community based care is not sufficient to meet women's needs. Inadequate or inconsistent professional breastfeeding support remains a major issue for early parenting women regardless of birthing sector.

World War I military portraits of Arthur Neustadt.

Digital Image

Military portraits of Erich Gustav Baum as a solider during World War I Portraits Men

Includes photographs of Erich Gustav Baum with a bicycle, with other unidentified soliders, and wearing an Iron Cross

Studio portrait of Dr. I. Apfel.

Digital Image

Non-Abelian monopoles break color. I. Classical mechanics

Monopoles which are sources of non-Abelian magnetic flux are predicted by many models of grand unification. It has been argued elsewhere that a generic transformation of the "unbroken" symmetry group H cannot be globally implemented on such monopoles for reasons of topology. In this paper, we show that similar topological obstructions are encountered in the mechanics of a test particle in the field of these monopoles and that the transformations of H cannot all be globally implemented as canonical transformations. For the SU(5) model, if H is SU(3)C×U(1)em, a consequence is that color multiplets are not globally defined, while if H is SU(3)C×SU(2)WS×U(1)Y, the same is the case for both color and electroweak multiplets. There are, however, several subgroups KT, KT′,… of H which can be globally implemented, with the transformation laws of the observables differing from group to group in a novel way. For H=SU(3)C×U(1)em, a choice for KT is SU(2)C×U(1)em, while for H=SU(3)C×SU(2)WS×U(1)Y, a choice is SU(2)C×U(1)×U(1)×U(1). The paper also develops the differential geometry of monopoles in a form convenient for computations.

Studio portrait of five Heimann brothers in military uniform during World War I.

l-r: Albert Heimann, Leopold Heimann, Nathan Heimann, Hermann Heimann and Max Heimann; Sons of Julius and Mina Heimann

Microsomal 11a-hydroxylation of progesterone in Image : Part I: Characterization of the hydroxylase system

Microsomes (105,000xg sediment) prepared from induced cells of Image was found to hydroxylate progesterone to 11a-hydroxyprogesterone (11a-OHP) in high yields (85-90% in 30 min.) in the presence of NADPH and O2. The pH optimum for the hydroxylase was found to be 7.7. However, for the isolation of active microsomes grinding of the mycelium should be carried out at pH 8.3. Metyrapone, carbon monoxide, SKF-525A, p-CMB and N-methyl maleimide inhibited the hydroxylase activity indicating the involvement of cytochrome P-450 system. The inhibition of the hydroxylase by cytochrome Image and the presence of high levels of NADPH-cytochrome Image reductase in induced microsomes suggest that the reductase could be one of the components in the hydroxylase system.

Photolysis of the dithiolactone 4-isopropylidene-3,3-dimethyl-1-thietan-2-thione; a Norrish type I reaction

The dithiolactone (1) upon excitation gives the dithione (2) in cyclohexane and other aprotic solvents and a 1 : 1 adduct in hydroxylic solvents from an n* excited singlet state via an -cleavage process.