Pain expression is linked to personality in horses

Tissue damage may result in pain, inducing protective behaviour such as lameness. Because we cannot directly measure an animal's subjective experience, pain research and veterinary assessment rely on these behavioural indicators when quantifying pain. This assumes that pain expression is proportional to damage but this has not been tested in animals and ignores the possible effects of personality and coping style. First, we assessed whether lameness accurately predicted the severity of tissue damage, or whether there is variance in how "stoical" individuals are. An experienced equine veterinarian scored horses for lameness and then the severity of tissue damage using either x-ray or ultrasound during the course of normal diagnostics in a clinical setting. Contrary to assumptions, we found no relation between scores for lameness and severity. Consequently, "stoicism" was calculated as severity score minus lameness score. We tested hypotheses founded on previous work concerning how personality would be expected to link with stoicism and pain behaviour. Personality was quantified using a validated questionnaire, completed by owners. Owners also gave their subjective opinion on how tolerant the horse was to pain using a 1-5 likert scale. This is the first paper to assess the relationships between pain behaviour and personality in animals. We found that neuroticism is negatively related to "stoicism" whereas extroversion was positively related to levels of lameness, which may mean that pain in more easily identified in highly extrovert individuals. Future work to clarify these findings and their major implications for accurate assessment of damage and pain in animals are discussed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Precursors to aggression are evident by 6 months of age

We tested the hypothesis that developmental precursors to aggression are apparent in infancy. Up to three informants rated 301 firstborn infants for early signs of anger, hitting and biting; 279 (93%) were assessed again as toddlers. Informants' ratings were validated by direct observation at both ages. The precursor behaviours were significantly associated with known risk factors for high levels of aggressiveness. Individual differences were stable from early infancy to the third year and predicted broader conduct problems. These findings suggest that some individuals set forth on the trajectory to high levels of aggression by 6 months of age. The findings have implications for developmental studies of aggression, clinical prevention and intervention strategies, and theoretical considerations regarding the detection of precursors in different domains of development.

Applying the recovery approach to the interface between mental health and child protection services

There are a range of theoretical approaches which may inform the interface between child protection and adult mental health services. These theoretical perspectives tend to be focused on either child protection or mental health with no agreed integrating framework. The interface continues to be identified, in research, case management reviews and inquiry reports, as complex and problematic. This paper proposes that more positive, integrated approaches to service user engagement, risk assessment and management may lead to better outcomes in working with families experiencing parental mental health problems and child protection concerns. It is proposed that the recovery approach, increasingly used in mental health services, can inform the processes of engagement, assessment and intervention at the mental health and child protection interface. The article provides a critical overview of the recovery approach and compares it with approaches typifying interventions in child protection work to date. Relevant research and inquiries are also examined as a context for how to more effectively respond to cases where there are issues around parental mental health problems and child protection. The article concludes with case material to illustrate the potential application of the recovery approach to the interface between mental health and child protection services.

Neolithic and Bronze age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome

The Neolithic and Bronze Age transitions were profound cultural shifts catalyzed in parts of Europe by migrations, first of early farmers from the Near East and then Bronze Age herders from the Pontic Steppe. However, a decades-long, unresolved controversy is whether population change or cultural adoption occurred at the Atlantic edge, within the British Isles. We address this issue by using the first whole genome data from prehistoric Irish individuals. A Neolithic woman (3343–3020 cal BC) from a megalithic burial (10.3× coverage) possessed a genome of predominantly Near Eastern origin. She had some hunter–gatherer ancestry but belonged to a population of large effective size, suggesting a substantial influx of early farmers to the island. Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago.

DEVELOPING AN INTELLIGENT DIGITAL MOCK UP TO INTEGRATE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING DISCIPLINES

This paper presents an approach to develop an intelligent digital mock-up (DMU) through integration of design and manufacturing disciplines to enable a better understanding of assembly related issues during design evolution. The intelligent DMU will contain tolerance information related to manufacturing capabilities so it can be used as a source for assembly simulations of realistic models to support the manufacturing decision making process within the design domain related to tolerance build ups. A literature review of the contributing research areas is presented, from which identification of the need for an intelligent DMU has been developed. The proposed methodology including the applications of cellular modelling and potential features of the intelligent DMU are presented and explained. Finally a conclusion examines the work to date and the future work to achieve an intelligent DMU.

Progress in the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) applied to the taxonomy of the genus Bursaphelenchus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae)

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been a major tool in detailed morphological observations of plant parasitic nematodes during the last 30 years, efficiently complementing light microscopical (LM) studies. Nematodes are extremely difficult to observe and characterize due to their small size (aprox. 1 mm long) and paucity of morphological characters, so detailed surface observations of several organs and nematode regions are of the highest value. Among plant parasitic nematodes, one of the most devastating species is the “pinewood nematode” (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which has been a major problem for forest species, and in particular pines, in Asia (Japan, China, Korea) and has been recently detected in the European Union (Portugal). B. xylophilus belongs to a closely related, morphologically similar group of species, within the genus Bursaphelenchus, and designated by the “xylophilus group”. SEM has become a crucial tool in observing several genital characters of males and females, such as male genital papillae, male copulatory spicules, female vulval flap and female genital papillae.s In this presentation, we will show how SEM has been utilized to observe and characterize the shape of the vulval flap, the presence/ absence of papillae near the flap, and confirm the presence and the arrangement of the male genital papillae. LM is also used in this work to show its value as a complementary tool to SEM, in both genital characteristics and other, general, characters of the genus Bursaphelenchus, such as the male bursa and cephalic region.

Formando o cidadão desde o jardim-de-infância: o contributo das práticas de avaliação das aprendizagens dos educadores de infância em colaboração com a família

A presente investigação procura compreender o fenómeno complexo e dinâmico que é a avaliação das aprendizagens das crianças em colaboração com a família na Educação Pré-Escolar (EPE) como forma de potenciar o desenvolvimento de competências pelas crianças. Assim, e recorrendo a um estudo de caso com uma componente de investigação-acção, pretende-se (i) compreender as concepções e práticas de avaliação de aprendizagens na EPE desenvolvidas por um grupo de educadores de uma Instituição Privada de Solidariedade Social da região centro do país e (ii) potenciar, através de formação em contexto que contemple o desenvolvimento de estratégias inerentes a uma avaliação das aprendizagens em colaboração com a família das crianças, o desenvolvimento profissional dos educadores de infância neste âmbito, proporcionando experiências educativas que levem as crianças a desenvolver um conjunto de competências inerentes à nova natureza dos saberes básicos de todos os cidadãos do séc. XXI. Tomando como ideias base da investigação a concepção (i) da criança enquanto cidadão (Prout, 2005; Vasconcelos, 2009) e (ii) da família enquanto primeira e principal educadora das crianças (Steves, Hough & Nurs, 2002), a investigação foi desenvolvida em quatro fases: Fase I – Formulação de um referencial de competências para a EPE inerentes à nova natureza dos saberes básicos do séc. XXI e seu processo de transferibilidade e credibilidade; Fase II – Diagnóstico das concepções dos participantes da investigação sobre avaliação das aprendizagens na EPE e colaboração Instituição/Família; Fase III – Construção e implementação de um programa de formação para educadores de infância; Fase IV – Avaliação do impacte do programa de formação nas concepções e práticas de avaliação das aprendizagens dos educadores de infância. A fase I centra-se na formulação de um referencial de competências transversais para a EPE inerentes à nova natureza dos saberes básicos do séc. XXI (Cachapuz, Sá-Chaves & Paixão, 2004) e no seu processo de transferibilidade e credibilidade através da reflexão/discussão do respectivo referencial com um painel de especialistas e profissionais. Identificaram-se quatro competências transversais a serem desenvolvidas pelas crianças centradas nas dimensões do aprender a aprender, aprender a comunicar e a expressar-se, aprender a ser e estar e aprender a reflectir. A fase II incide no diagnóstico das concepções de avaliação das aprendizagens na EPE e de colaboração Instituição/Família dos 6 educadores de infância, 17 pais e 17 crianças participantes no estudo, recorrendo a entrevistas, à análise documental e à observação de práticas. A análise dos dados recolhidos demonstra que é necessário recuperar um verdadeiro discurso didáctico e educativo da avaliação das aprendizagens, deixando de a conceber como sinónimo de medida e de objectividade e melhorando as práticas de avaliação de VII modo a potenciar o desenvolvimento de competências pelas crianças. A fase III preenche-se na construção e implementação de um programa de formação, creditado e correspondente a 50 horas, para educadores de infância sobre avaliação de competências na EPE em colaboração com a família. O programa de formação foi desenvolvido a partir (i) das concepções diagnosticadas, (ii) dos indicadores da investigação em formação contínua e em avaliação na EPE e (iii) de um modelo de desenvolvimento profissional baseado na reflexão, na observação e supervisão e na investigação-acção (Shön, 1992; Alarcão, 2000; Roldão, 2008; Cadório & Simão, 2011). Os indicadores obtidos demonstram que o programa de formação contribuiu para o enriquecimento profissional dos formandos ao nível da (re)construção de conhecimento, da reflexão constante e colaborativa sobre as práticas de avaliação, da mudança de atitudes e práticas de avaliação das aprendizagens e na compreensão mais profunda da complexidade, diversidade e necessidade de cada criança. Além disso, os indicadores obtidos também evidenciam a importância de uma avaliação das aprendizagens em colaboração com os pais das crianças para o desenvolvimento progressivo das competências transversais para a EPE e, consequentemente, para a obtenção de sucesso educativo. A fase IV consiste na avaliação do impacte do programa de formação nas concepções e práticas avaliativas dos educadores de infância através de, à semelhança da fase II, entrevistas aos 6 educadores de infância, aos 17 pais e às 17 crianças, à análise documental e à observação de práticas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o programa de formação teve impacte nas práticas de avaliação das aprendizagens a nível micro (decisões no interior da sala de actividades) e, mais reduzido, a nível meso (decisões a nível institucional). Os educadores de infância integraram nas suas práticas pedagógicas algumas estratégias avaliativas implementadas durante o programa de formação, consciencializando-se da importância da avaliação na EPE se centrar em procedimentos descritivos com enfoque na actividade da criança e na documentação e registo do trabalho realizado no dia-a-dia e do desenvolvimento de competências de cada criança (Gaustad, 1996; Parente, 2002). Contudo, e no que se refere à colaboração dos pais no processo de avaliação das aprendizagens das crianças, o programa de formação não proporcionou qualquer impacte nas práticas avaliativas dos educadores de infância. Apesar dos discursos transparecerem uma consciencialização da importância da família participar e influenciar a tomada de decisões ao longo do processo de avaliação das aprendizagens (Oliveira-Formosinho & Araújo, 2004), não foram tomadas medidas de mudança de práticas neste sentido, permanecendo os pais das crianças como sujeitos passivos neste processo. Uma visão integradora sobre os resultados obtidos ao longo da presente investigação revela a necessidade de se continuar a investigar e a construir novos caminhos na formação contínua dos educadores de infância de modo a recuperar um verdadeiro discurso educativo da avaliação das aprendizagens com impacte nas práticas pedagógicas e onde a família das crianças surja como parceira num trabalho a desenvolver colaborativamente.

A World Drawn: An Introduction to the art of Julian Opie (for a Polish Audience)

Essay in a monograph associated with the exhibition Julian Opie: Sculptures, Paintings, Films at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Krakow, Poland, 18 October 2014 to 25 January 2015. Slyce attempts to re-examine the lineaments of Opie's practice for a new and broader audience. During which, he calls attention in the writing to the processes of its commissioning and early request to do so for a 'Polish audience'. He attempts to bring to light some of these often invisible moves in the commissioning of catalogue essays, while also re-examining Julian Opie's practice in light of its established reception in Britain.

Contribuição dos métodos geofísicos para o modelo evolutivo da região de Santo André desde o último máximo glaciário

Tese de doutoramento, Geologia (Geologia Económica e do Ambiente), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Implementação de um programa de fiabilidade de aeronaves

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Nunca mais é sexta-feira: o impacto do processo de recuperação de recursos durante o fim de semana no engagement

Orientação: Doutora Maria Alexandra Pacheco Ribeiro da Costa

Asking about adherence - from flipping the coin to strong evidence.

In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART) as prevention for transmission of HIV as well as treatment for HIV-positive individuals irrespective of CD4 cell counts, the importance of adherence has grown. Although adherence is not the only determinant of treatment success, it is one of the only modifiable risk factors. Treatment failure reduces future treatment options and therefore long-term clinical success as well as increases the possibility of developing drug resistant mutations. Drug-resistant strains of HIV can then be transmitted to uninfected or drug-naïve individuals limiting their future treatment options, making adherence an important public-health topic, especially in resource-limited settings. Adherence should be monitored as a part of routine clinical care; however, no gold standard for assessment of adherence exists. For use in daily clinical practice, self-report is the most likely candidate for widespread use due to its many advantages over other measurement methods, such as low cost and ease of administration. Asking individuals about their adherence behaviour has been shown to yield valid and predictive data - well beyond the mere flip of a coin. However, there is still work to be done. This article reviews the literature and evidence on self-reported adherence, identifies gaps in adherence research, and makes recommendations for clinicians on how to best utilise self-reported adherence data to support patients in daily clinical practice.

Hurry up and slow down : education to close the ingenuity gap /

To explore the idea of education to close the ingenuity gap I use Thomas Homer-Dixon's work to define ingenuity. The notion that the supply of ingenuity to solve our technical and social problems is not keeping pace with the ingenuity required to solve those problems is called the ingenuity gap. Man-made technological developments are increasing the density, intensity, and pace of globalisation. People must reorganise decision-making organisations and problem-solving methods to pragmatically combat the growing ingenuity gap. John Dewey's work illustrates the fundamental attitudes for the thinking and judgment associated with educating for ingenuity. Howard Gardner's idea that truth, beauty, and morality ought to form the core values and tenets of the philosophy of educating for ingenuity is integral to this thesis. The act of teaching facilitates the invitation to the communication necessary to foster ingenuity. John Novak-discusses the five relationships of educational leadership that enhance an environment of ingenuity. The International Baccalaureate (IB) is an existing model of global education, one that defines some of the school experiences and academic development of core values of educating for ingenuity. Expanding upon the structure of the IB and other research within this thesis, I speculate upon what my school, where educating for ingenuity so as to close the ingenuity gap is the goal, would be like.

Design and synthesis of new monoterpenoid derived ligands for asymmetric catalysis /

The work to be presented herein illustrates several important facts. First, the synthesis of BIBOL (19), a 1,4-diol derived from the monoterpene camphor has allowed us to demonstrate that oxidative dimerizations of enolates can, and do proceed with nearly complete diastereoselectivity under kinetically controlled conditions. The yield of BIBOL is now 50% on average, with a 10% yield of a second diastereomer, which is likely the result of a non-kinetic hydride reduction, thereby affording the epimeric alcohol, 20, coupled on the exo face of camphor. This implies the production of 60% of a single coupling diastereomer. No other diastereomers from the reduction were observed. The utility of BEBOL has been illustrated in early asymmetric additions of diethylzinc to aryl aldehydes, with e.e.'s as high as 25-30%. '^' To further the oxidative coupling work, the same methodology which gave rise to BIBOL was applied to the chiral pool ketone, menthone. Interestingly, this gave an excellent yield of the a-halohydrin (31), which is the result of a chlorination of menthone. This result clearly indicates the high stereoselectivity of the process regardless of the outcome, and has illustrated an interesting dichotomy between camphor and menthone. The utility of the chlorination product as a precursor other chiral ligands is currently being investigated. > ' Finally, a new series of 1,3-diols as well as a new aminoalcohol have successfully been synthesized from highly diastereoselective aldol/mannich reactions. Early studies have indicated their potential in asymmetric catalysis, while employing pi-stack interactions as a means of controlling enantioselective aldol reactions.

Public service reform and the role of the Auditor General /

The objective of this thesis is to study the involvement of the Auditor General in the proposal, implementation and review of major public service reform initiatives during a period spanning nearly forty years, from the early 1960s to 2001 . This period began with the Glassco Commission and concludes at the end of the term in office of Auditor General Denis Desautels in 2001. It has been demonstrated throughout this work that the role of the OAG has varied, from proponent to critic, from instigator to reviewer. In the past forty years the OAG's mandate has changed to meet the requirements of critical analysis of government operations and this has been aptly demonstrated in the office's relationship to the issue of public service reform. It has been argued that many of the problems facing the public service are cultural in nature. Reform initiatives have taken on a number of various forms with each addressing a different set of priorities. However, there has been a great deal of consistency in the cultural values that these initiatives articulate. Throughout this thesis attention has been paid to values. Values define a culture and cultural change is required within the Canadian federal public service. How and when this cultural change will occur is but one question to be answered. During the period under consideration in this thesis the government undertook several significant public service reform initiatives. Those examined in this thesis include: The Royal Commission on Government Organization, The Special Committee on the Review of Personnel Management and the Merit Principle, The Royal Commission on Financial Management and Accountability, Increased Ministerial Authority and Accountability, Public Service 2000, Program Review and finally La Releve. The involvement, or interest, of the Auditor General's Office on the subject of public service reform is generally articulated through the means of its annual reports to Parliament although there have been supplementary undertakings on this issue. Such material relevant to this study include: Towards Better Governance: Public Service Reform in New Zealand (1984-94) and its Relevance to Canada and Reform in the Australian Public Service. Annual reports to Parliament include: "Values, Service and Performance," (1990), "Canada's Public Service Reform and Lessons Learned from Selected Jurisdictions," (1993), "Maintaining a Competent and Efficient Public Service," (1997), and "Expenditure and Work Force Reduction in Selected Departments,"