Eixo quinário: um elemento de simetria presente em moléculas e quasi-cristais - um experimento didático em cristalografia

Axis of quinary symmetry occur in molecular symmetry, as in the case of fullerenes, and in crystalline symmetry, in the quasicrystals. Minerals with pentagonal faces do not have this element of symmetry, as the pyrite (FeS2) which shows a ridge that is different from the other ones, in any face of the crystal. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate conceptual differences between pyritohedron and regular pentagonal dodecahedron symmetries, discussing students' difficulties to identify them. Also is proposed a didactic experiment with spatial models of the above-mentioned forms and the demonstration of its symmetries in clinographic projections.

Gas-phase solvolysis type reactions of SiCl3+ cations

Gas-phase SiCl3+ ions undergo sequential solvolysis type reactions with water, methanol, ammonia, methylamine and propylene. Studies carried out in a Fourier Transform mass spectrometer reveal that these reactions are facile at 10-8 Torr and give rise to substituted chlorosilyl cations. Ab initio and DFT calculations reveal that these reactions proceed by addition of the silyl cation to the oxygen or nitrogen lone pair followed by a 1,3-H migration in the transition state. These transition states are calculated to lie below the energy of the reactants. By comparison, hydrolysis of gaseous CCl3+ is calculated to involve a substantial positive energy barrier.

Web Application Performance Testing

Web application performance testing is an emerging and important field of software engineering. As web applications become more commonplace and complex, the need for performance testing will only increase. This paper discusses common concepts, practices and tools that lie at the heart of web application performance testing. A pragmatic, hands-on approach is assumed where applicable; real-life examples of test tooling, execution and analysis are presented right next to the underpinning theory. At the client-side, web application performance is primarily driven by the amount of data transmitted over the wire. At the server-side, selection of programming language and platform, implementation complexity and configuration are the primary contributors to web application performance. Web application performance testing is an activity that requires delicate coordination between project stakeholders, developers, system administrators and testers in order to produce reliable and useful results. Proper test definition, execution, reporting and repeatable test results are of utmost importance. Open-source performance analysis tools such as Apache JMeter, Firebug and YSlow can be used to realise effective web application performance tests. A sample case study using these tools is presented in this paper. The sample application was found to perform poorly even under the moderate load incurred by the sample tests.

Theoretical investigations of the bulk modulus in the tetra-cubic transition of PbTiO3 material

Resulting from ion displacement in a solid under pressure, piezoelectricity is an electrical polarization that can be observed in perovskite-type electronic ceramics, such as PbTiO3, which present cubic and tetragonal symmetries at different pressures. The transition between these crystalline phases is determined theoretically through the bulk modulus from the relationship between material energy and volume. However, the change in the material molecular structure is responsible for the piezoelectric effect. In this study, density functional theory calculations using the Becke 3-Parameter-Lee-Yang-Parr hybrid functional were employed to investigate the structure and properties associated with the transition state of the tetragonal-cubic phase change in PbTiO3 material.

Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no instituto paulista de oceanografia

Continuing the inventory of the Coelenterate Fauna of the Brazilian coast, 23 species of Hydrozoa and a Scyphomedusa are recorded from different points of the coast aproximately between 22º and 24º lat. S. Of these, 14 species were already known from other points of the coast and the remaining 10 were unknown from this latitude. Two species are here listed as new, they are: Halocordyle fragHis and Calicella gabriellae. 1. - Halocordyle fragilis, Stechow's (1923) correction of the generic name Pennaria has been followed, shows remarkable distinctive specific characters such as: alternate distribution of the cladii which do not lie all in the same plane, they are inserted at random on the hydrocaulus with a tendency towards a spiral dexiotropic distribution, sparse distribution of the pedicels which are alternate and not all located on the same side of the hydrocladium, and, finally, the long, wiry aspect of the colony which is as brittle as light glass. This characteristics are not sufficient, to my belief, to establish a new genus, since the polyps and the gonophores are entirely of the Halocordyle type, but they confer upon the species a very peculiar habitus. 2. - Calicella gabriellae forms erect hydrocauli which are extremely soft and flexuose, with hydrothecate and intermediate internodes. The thecae are deep, cylindrical, with a conical base, there are 10-12 long and narrow opercular valves. The gonangia are small, conical, with a short distal digitiform process. The included sporosac exhibits maturing ova. Dynamena heteroclonta described by Jarvis (1922) as a new species, is here considered as a new form of the very variable species Dynamena quadridentata. Schizotricha billardi nom. nov., is specifically separated from Sch. diaphana (Heller) to which it had been identified up to know. The Brazilian colonies agree with the French Somaliland specimens described by Billard (1904) and they are reunited in a new species named after the French worker. The main difference, between the two mentioned species are: shape and size of the gonothecae, of the thecae and of the nematophores. A description is given of all the species not previously recorded from the Brazilian coast as well as biological observations on Olindias sambaquiensis whose shoals during winter months are very large and may entangle partially the fishermen's nets. Its feeding and swimming habits are described and the species proves to be an excellent laboratory animal both for class and research purposes, for it easily endures long transportation (even up to 12 hours during summer months) as well as unoxygenized acquaria and nevertheless greadily feeds on any animal food.

Supply chain cost saving potential analysis

Target of this study was to examine the current supply chain with focus on external part and identify the cost potential areas which lie there. The goal was to evaluate the cost save potential and give estimate what would be required in order to realise it. Base data related to study was searched and examined with using company’s enterprise resource planning system. In case feasible two types of scenarios were built in order to describe the scale of save potential. First scenario was theoretical and achieving it would require further investments and second scenario was realistic approach where more limitations were taken into account. The results clearly show that there is high save potential in supply chain costs linked to balance between internal and external operations. Realising of it would require at least minor investments as current internal capacity is not on a level to fully absorb the additional volumes which are needed in order to realise the potential. This study can be used as a basis when starting new projects related to investment needs.

Fosforin kierron sulkeminen systeemi-innovaationa, case: Biomeri Oy

Phosphorus is a vital raw material but there is a threat that world's phosphorus reserves will diminish. It is essential to utilize phosphorus in order to feed world's population. Nevertheless phosphorus consumption causes some severe environmental problems. To solve these problems a large-scale change such as system innovation is required. System innovation is structural transition which influence on many interest groups and their interactions. One of the most potential solutions lie on phosphorus recovery. Unfortunately recovery faces many social barriers. This study examines case -company Biomeri Oy, because this company has developed an environmental innovation which meets the same problems as phosphorus recovery.

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Quasiclassical Approach to the Vortex State in Iron-based Superconductors

The quasiclassical approach was applied to the investigation of the vortex properties in the ironbased superconductors. The special attention was paid to manifestation of the nonlocal effects of the vortex core structure. The main results are as follows: (i) The effects of the pairing symmetries (s+ and s₊₊) on the cutoff parameter of field distribution, ξh, in stoichiometric (like LiFeAs) and nonstoichiometric (like doped BaFe₂As₂) iron pnictides have been investigated using Eilenberger quasiclassical equations. Magnetic field, temperature and impurity scattering dependences of ξh have been calculated. Two opposite behavior have been discovered. The ξh /ξc2 ratio is less in s+ symmetry when intraband impurity scattering (Γ₀) is much larger than one and much larger than interband impurity scattering (Γπ), i.e. in nonstoichiometric iron pnictides. Opposite, the value ξh /ξc2 is higher in s+ case and the field dependent curve is shifted upward from the "clean" case (Γ₀ = Γπ = 0) for stoichiometric iron pnictides (Γ₀ = Γπ ≪ 1). (ii) Eilenberger approach to the cutoff parameter, ξh, of the field distribution in the mixed state of high

Desempenho das Amostras do Canal Cervical e do Fundo de Saco no Diagnóstico da Neoplasia do Colo Uterino

Objetivos: comparar o desempenho das amostras do canal cervical e fundo de saco vaginal para o exame colpocitológico no diagnóstico da neoplasia do colo uterino. Métodos: foram constituídos três grupos seqüenciais: grupo 1) 10.048 mulheres com amostras da ectocérvice e fundo de saco, utilizando espátula de Ayre; grupo 2) 3.847 mulheres com amostras da ectocérvice, fundo de saco e canal cervical, utilizando espátula de Ayre e escova cytobrush; grupo 3) 4.059 mulheres com amostras da ectocérvice e canal cervical, utilizando espátula de Ayre e escova cytobrush. A metodologia estatística utilizou análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparação de proporções. Resultados: os percentuais de exames alterados dos grupos 2 (2,6%) e 3 (2,4%), incluindo todas as lesões escamosas e glandulares, foram significativamente maiores que no grupo 1 (2%). Os percentuais de diagnóstico da lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de baixo grau (LIE-BG) não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os três grupos (1,27; 1,25 e 1,07%). Por outro lado, os percentuais de diagnóstico da lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de alto grau (LIE-AG) foram significativamente maiores nos grupos 2 (0,81%) e 3 (0,77%) do que no grupo 1 (0,54%). A diferença entre os percentuais dos grupos 2 e 3 não foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: a amostra do canal cervical melhora o desempenho do exame colpocitológico para o diagnóstico da lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de alto grau, ao passo que a amostra de fundo de saco não interfere significativamente nos percentuais de diagnóstico das lesões intra-epiteliais.

Tipagem e estado físico de papilomavírus humano por hibridização in situ em lesões intra-epiteliais do colo uterino

OBJETIVO: realizar estudo molecular (hibridização in situ) de pacientes com lesões intra-epiteliais do colo uterino, visando investigar a freqüência e o estado físico do papilomavírus humano (HPV). MÉTODOS: cortes histológicos de biopsias do colo uterino de 84 pacientes foram avaliados pela hibridização in situ, com sonda de amplo espectro, que permite identificação dos HPVs dos tipos 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 45 e 56, e com sondas específicas para HPV dos tipos 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 e 33. Os padrões físicos de marcação do DNA dos HPV encontrados foram: epissomal, quando todo o núcleo ficou corado pela biotina (marrom); integrado, onde se visualizaram um ou dois pontos marrons no núcleo hibridizado, ou misto, com a associação dos dois padrões anteriores. Das 84 pacientes avaliadas, 31 (36,9%) tinham lesões intra-epiteliais de baixo grau (LIE-BG) e 53 (63,1%) tinham lesões intra-epiteliais de alto grau (LIE-AG) ao exame histológico. Para a análise estatística foi empregado o teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: do total dos casos, 46 (54,7%) foram positivos para DNA de HPV pela sonda de amplo espectro. Na tipagem dos vírus, o HPV-16 foi mais freqüente nas LIE-AG, com 12 casos - 22,6% (p<0,05). As freqüências dos outros tipos de HPV não foram diferentes entre os casos com LIE-BG e LIE-AG. Na avaliação do estado físico do DNA de HPV, os percentuais de padrões epissomais (mais comum nas LIE-BG) e integrados não foram diferentes entre os dois grupos. Houve predomínio do tipo misto nas LIE-AG em relação às LIE-BG: 26,4% e 3,2%, respectivamente (p<0,01). O estado físico do DNA do HPV, integrado ao da célula hospedeira, foi mais freqüente nos casos mais graves. CONCLUSÕES: o HPV-16 foi o mais freqüente nas LIE-AG. As freqüências dos outros tipos de HPV não foram diferentes quando se compararam os casos com LIE-BG e LIE-AG. O estado físico do DNA do HPV, integrado ao da célula hospedeira, foi mais freqüente nos casos mais graves.

A expressão da proteína p16 e herpes simples vírus tipo 2 em lesões pré-neoplásicas e neoplásicas do colo do útero

OBJETIVO: demonstrar a expressão de biomarcadores, detectados por técnicas de imunohistoquímica, em tecidos sadios, lesões pré-neoplásicas e neoplásicas do colo do útero. MÉTODOS: para avaliação da reatividade imunohistoquímica de tecidos do colo do útero ao p16 e ao herpes simples vírus tipo 2 (HSV-2), foram avaliadas 187 amostras de lesões intra-epiteliais de baixo grau (LIE-BG) e lesões intra-epiteliais de alto grau (LIE-AG) e carcinoma do colo do útero, e comparadas com grupo de pacientes sem lesões no colo uterino. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste do chi2 para tendências. O nível de significância foi de alfa=0,05. RESULTADOS: foi avaliada a reatividade ao p16 com a seguinte distribuição: grupo sem lesão no colo do útero: 56% (24/43), LIE-BG: 92% (43/47), LIE-AG: 94% (43/46) e câncer: 98% (46/47) (p<0,001, tendência linear). Com relação ao HSV-2: grupo sem lesão no colo do útero: 27% (12/45), LIE-BG: 58% (22/38), LIE-AG: 78% (35/45) e câncer: 59% (29/49) (p<0,001, tendência linear). Foi observado aumento na proporção de reatividade para os dois marcadores entre os grupos controle, LIE-BG, LIE-AG e câncer do colo do útero (p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa, quando comparamos apenas os grupos LIE-BG e LIE-AG entre si. CONCLUSÕES: FOI VErificado um aumento progressivo nas taxas de reatividade aos marcadores de imunohistoquímica estudados, com a severidade das lesões.

Padronização de parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de cães da raça Golden Retriever clinicamente sadios

A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) em humanos é uma alteração neuromuscular hereditária, de caráter recessivo, ligada ao cromossomo X e causada pela ausência ou disfunção da distrofina. Clinicamente, caracteriza-se por grave alteração na musculatura esquelética, resultando em morte precoce do indivíduo acometido. Em cães da raça Golden Retriever, a mutação que leva à distrofia muscular ocorre espontaneamente e a extensa homologia entre a patogênese da DMD e da distrofia muscular do Golden Retriever permite qualificar o cão como o principal substituto de humanos nos testes clínicos de novas terapias. O miocárdio deficiente em distrofina é mais vulnerável à sobrecarga de pressão e os pacientes com DMD podem desenvolver cardiomiopatia dilatada, hipertensão arterial e o eletrocardiograma pode se apresentar distintamente anormal. No presente estudo, foram avaliados exames eletrocardiográficos de 38 cães da raça Golden Retriever clinicamente sadios (20 animais de até 12 meses de idade e 18 animais entre 12 e 36 meses de idade), com a finalidade de se obter parâmetros para a padronização do eletrocardiograma nessa referida raça, o que futuramente poderá servir de referência na identificação de cães portadores ou afetados pela distrofia muscular. Os valores eletrocardiográficos obtidos encontraram-se dentro dos valores de normalidade e referência para as diferentes raças de cães; e as variáveis peso e idade alteraram significativamente a freqüência cardíaca e a amplitude do complexo QRS.