Características da semente em relação ao seu potencial fisiológico e a qualidade de mudas de café (Coffea arabica L.)

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência das características da semente de café da espécie arábica em relação ao seu potencial fisiológico e a qualidade da muda formada. Foram utilizados seis tratamentos com quatro repetições em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial (3 x 2) pela combinação das características da semente: tamanho (três peneiras: 18/64", 20/64" e 22/64") e quantidade de massa (duas classes: pesadas e leves), da cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 86 (Coffea arabica L.). A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelas variáveis germinação e índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas e a qualidade de muda, pelas variáveis área foliar total e das folhas cotiledonares, altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule e matéria seca das folhas, caule e raízes. Pelos resultados observa-se que a separação das sementes por tamanho é uma condição necessária mas não suficiente à seleção adequada para a estimativa do seu potencial fisiológico e a formação de mudas de qualidade. A quantidade de massa, estimada parcialmente por meio da quantidade de endosperma, é uma característica fundamental a ser considerada. No entanto, a associação de ambas (tamanho de sementes e quantidade de massa) consiste em um procedimento tecnicamente recomendado no processo de seleção de sementes de café arábica à formação de mudas.

Transferência de tecnologia para cultivares de soja desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Soja para o Paraná

Na safra de 1990/1991, a Embrapa Soja em parceria com a Embrapa Transferência de Tecnologia iniciou um trabalho de transferência de tecnologia para as cultivares de soja, em parceria com produtores de sementes. A metodologia consistiu no planejamento das atividades de transferência, instalação e condução de unidades de demonstração, acompanhamento a campo, realização de dias de campo e avaliação das atividades desenvolvidas, com participação dos produtores de sementes envolvidos, em todas as etapas. Esse trabalho, em conjunto com o programa de melhoramento da Embrapa Soja e em sincronia com o setor de produção de sementes resultou na participação das cultivares da Embrapa na produção de sementes do estado do Paraná em níveis superiores a 50%,, iniciando com 3% e chegando a alcançar 64% desse mercado, no período de 1990 a 2003. Os resultados observados mostram a importância de incorporar a transferência de tecnologia dentro dos projetos de pesquisa de melhoramento de plantas.

Transferência de tecnologia para cultivares de trigo no estado do Paraná

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e analisar o processo de transferência de tecnologia para cultivares de trigo desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Soja e Embrapa Transferência de Tecnologia, em parceria com produtores de sementes da Fundação Meridional. Foi utilizada metodologia sistêmica, que se caracteriza pelas fases de planejamento, instalação e condução das unidades demonstrativas, acompanhamento, realização de dias de campo, avaliação e divulgação. Esse trabalho conjunto do programa de melhoramento genético de trigo da Embrapa Soja com as empresas produtoras de sementes resultou no aumento na participação das cultivares da Embrapa no mercado de sementes, no estado do Paraná. Pelos resultados foi possível verificar a importância da transferência de tecnologia estar associada com o projeto de melhoramento, para promover e agilizar informações científicas e tecnológicas à assistência técnica pública e privada, produtores rurais e demais clientes da Embrapa.

Estratégia nacional e desenvolvimento

After a review of the concept of economic growth as a historical process beginning with the capitalist revolution and the formation of the modern national states, the author claims that growth is almost invariably the outcome of a national development strategy. Effective economic development occurs historically when the different social classes are able to cooperate and formulate an effective strategy to promote growth and face international competition. It follows a discussion of the main characteristics and of the basic tensions that such strategies face in the central countries which first developed, and in the underdeveloped countries, which, besides their domestic problems, confront major challenges in their relations with the rich countries.

Por que a poupança externa não promove crescimento

Why foreign saving fail to cause growth. The present paper is a formalization of the critique of the growth with foreign savings strategy. Although medium income countries are capital poor, current account deficits (foreign savings), financed either by loans or by foreign direct investments, will not usually increase the rate of capital accumulation or will have little impact on it in so far as current account deficits will be associated with appreciated exchange rates, artificially increased real wages and salaries and high consumption levels. In consequence, the rate of substitution of foreign savings for domestic savings will be relatively high, and the country will get indebted to consume, not to invest and grow. Only when there are large investment opportunities, stimulated by a sizeable difference between the expected profit rate and the long term interest rate, the marginal propensity to consume will get down enough so that the additional income originated from foreign capital flows will be used for investment rather than for consumption. In this special case, the rate of substitution of foreign for domestic savings tend to be small, and foreign savings will contribute positively to growth.

The Dutch disease and its neutralization: a Ricardian approach

The Dutch disease is a major market failure originated in the existence of cheap and abundant natural or human resources that keep overvalued the currency of a country for an undetermined period of time, thus turning non profitable the production of tradable goods using technology in the state-of-the-art. It is an obstacle to growth on the demand side, because it limits investment opportunities. The severity of the Dutch disease varies according to the extent of the Ricardian rents involved, i.e., according to the difference between two exchange rate equilibriums: the ‘current’ or market rate and the ‘industrial’ rate - the one that make viable efficient tradable industries. Its main symptoms, besides overvalued currency, are low rates of growth of the manufacturing industry, artificially high real wages, and unemployment. Its neutralization requires managing the exchange rate. The principal instrument for that is a sales or export tax on the commodities that give origin to the Dutch disease. In order to neutralize it policymakers face major political obstacles since it involves taxing exports and reducing wages. Finally, this papers argues that there is an extended concept of Dutch disease: besides having its origin in natural resources, it may arise from cheap labor provided that the ‘wage spread’ in the developing country is considerably larger than in the developed one - a condition that is usually present.

Globalization, nation-state and catching up

Globalization and nation-states are not in contradiction, since globalization is the present stage of capitalist development, and the nation-state is the territorial political unit that organizes the space and population in the capitalist system. Since the 1980s, Global Capitalism constitutes the economic system characterized by the opening of all national markets and a fierce competition between nation-states. Developing countries tend to catch up, while rich countries try to neutralize such competitive effort, using globalism as an ideology, and conventional orthodoxy as a strategy. Middle-income countries that are catching up in the realm of globalization are the ones that count with a national development strategy. This is broadly the case of the dynamic Asian countries. In contrast, Latin American countries have no longer their own strategy, and grow less. To add data to the argument, the author conducts an econometric test comparing these two groups of countries, and three variables: the rate of investment, the current account deficit or surplus that would indicate or not a competitive exchange rate, and public deficit.

Os dois métodos e o núcleo duro da teoria econômica

While methodological sciences have no object and are supposed to adopt a hypothetical-deductive method, substantive sciences including economics should use an empirical or historical-deductive method. The great classical economists and Keynes did that and were able to develop open models explaining how equally open economic systems work. Thus, the hard core of relevant economics is formed by the classical microeconomics and the classical theory of capitalist economic growth, and by Keynesian macroeconomics. In contrast, neoclassical economist aiming to build a mathematical science wrongly adopted the hypothetical-deductive method, and came to macroeconomic and growth models that do not have practical use in policymaking. The exception is Marshall's microeconomics that does not provide a model of real economic systems, but is useful to the analysis of markets.

Macroeconomia estruturalista do desenvolvimento

Structuralist development macroeconomics. This paper presents some basic ideas and models of a structuralist development macroeconomics (the tendencies to the overvaluation of the exchange rate and the tendency of wages to grow below productivity, the critique of growth with foreign savings, and a new model of the Dutch disease) that complement and actualize the thought of the Latin-American structuralist school that developed around ECLAC from the late 1940s to the 1960s. On the other hand, it suggests that a new national development strategy based on the experience of fast growing Asian countries is emerging; and argues that only the countries that adopt such strategy based on growth with domestic savings, fiscal and foreign trade responsibility and a competitive exchange rate will be able to catch up.

An account of new developmentalism and its structuralist macroeconomics

This is a personal account of the definition of "new developmentalism" - a national development strategy alternative to the Washington consensus -, and of a "structuralist development macroeconomics": the sum of models that justifies theoretically that strategy. It is personal account of a collective work involving Keynesian, institutionalist and structuralist economists in Brazil that are forming a new school of thought in Brazil: a Keynesian-structuralist school. It is Keynesian because it emphasizes the demand side or the investment opportunities' side of economic growth. It is institutionalist because institutions obviously matter in achieving growth and stability. It is structuralist because it defines economic development as a structural change from low to high value added per capita industries and because it is based on two structural tendencies that limit investment opportunities: the tendency of wages to grow below productivity and the tendency to the cyclical overvaluation of the exchange rate.

Five models of capitalism

Besides analyzing capitalist societies historically and thinking of them in terms of phases or stages, we may compare different models or varieties of capitalism. In this paper I survey the literature on this subject, and distinguish the classification that has a production or business approach from those that use a mainly political criterion. I identify five forms of capitalism: among the rich countries, the liberal democratic or Anglo-Saxon model, the social or European model, and the endogenous social integration or Japanese model; among developing countries, I distinguish the Asian developmental model from the liberal-dependent model that characterizes most other developing countries, including Brazil.

Structuralist macroeconomics and the new developmentalism

This paper first presents some basic ideas and models of a structuralist development macroeconomics that complements and actualizes the ideas of the structuralist development economics that was dominant between the 1940s and the 1960s. A system of three models focusing on the exchange rate (the tendency to the cyclical overvaluation of the exchange rate, a critique of growth with foreign savings, and new a model of the Dutch disease) shows that it is not just volatile but chronically overvalued, and for that reason it is not just a macroeconomic problem; as a long term disequilibrium, it is in the core of development economics. Second, it summarizes "new developmentalism" - a sum of growth policies based on these models and on the experience of fast-growing Asian countries.

A graphic explanation on how a tax on exports neutralizes the Dutch disease without costs to exporters

The adequate way of neutralizing the Dutch disease is the imposition of a variable tax on the export of the commodity that originates the disease. If such tax is equivalent to the "size" of the Dutch disease, it will shifts to the right its supply curve of the commodity in relation to the exchange rate, giving the existing domestic supply and the international demand, the exchange rate will depreciate at the value of the tax, and the equilibrium exchange rate will move from the "current" to the "industrial" equilibrium.