Development of type I genetic markers from expressed sequence tags in highly polymorphic species

Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases provide a primary source of nuclear DNA sequences for genetic marker development in non-model organisms. To date, the process has been relatively inefficient for several reasons: - 1) priming site polymorphism in the template leads to inferior or erratic amplification; - 2) introns in the target amplicon are too large and/or numerous to allow effective amplification under standard screening conditions, and; - 3) at least occasionally, a PCR primer straddles an exon–intron junction and is unable to bind to genomic DNA template. The first is only a minor issue for species or strains with low heterozygosity but becomes a significant problem for species with high genomic variation, such as marine organisms with extremely large effective population sizes. Problems arising from unanticipated introns are unavoidable but are most pronounced in intron-rich species, such as vertebrates and lophotrochozoans. We present an approach to marker development in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, a highly polymorphic and intron-rich species, which minimizes these problems, and should be applicable to other non-model species for which EST databases are available. Placement of PCR primers in the 3′ end of coding sequence and 3′ UTR improved PCR success rate from 51% to 97%. Almost all (37 of 39) markers developed for the Pacific oyster were polymorphic in a small test panel of wild and domesticated oysters.

2-Thioacetamido thiazole as an ambidentate ligand. Complexes of Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Cu(I)

Metal complexes of thiazoles have been studied in recent years[I-3] because of their biochemical importance[4,5]. However, data on metal complexes of thiazole derivatives containing another coordinating function are limited[2]. We have synthesized and examined the donor characteristics of a new ligand, 2-thioacetamide thiazole (TATZ)(I) towards chlorides and bromides of Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Cu(I). The presence of four potential donor atoms and extensive charge delocalization should render TATZ a versatile ligand.

Schematicheskaiï¸ a︡ karta chasti territorii Zaporozhskogo i MariupolÊ»skogo okrugov s ukazaniem evreiÌŒskikh zemelÊ»polÊ»zovaniiÌŒ i gosfondov v blizi nikh

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Schematicheskaiï¸ a︡ karta chasti territorii Zaporozhskogo i MariupolÊ»skogo okrugov s ukazaniem evreiÌŒskikh zemelÊ»polÊ»zovaniiÌŒ i gosfondov v blizi nikh

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ObezpechennostÊ» zhivym inventarem, obsluzhivaemykh "Agro-dzhoiÌŒntom" pereselentï¸ s︡ev Krivorogskogo raiÌŒona, osevshikh na zemliï¸ u︡ v raznye sroki po dannym na 1oe iï¸ u︡liï¸ a︡ 1926 goda

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Tipovaiï¸ a︡ usadÊ»ba s posazhenymi plodovymi derevÊ»iï¸ a︡mi tirinoiï¸ u︡ 20 sazhenÊ»

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ObezpechennostÊ» srednego pereselencheskogo khoziï¸ a︡iÌŒstva Krivorogskogo okruga raiÌŒona deiï¸ a︡telÊ»nosti "Agro-dzhoiÌŒnta" po vremeni poseleniiï¸ a︡

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Plan zemelÊ»nogo otvoda uchastka N 50-51 poselka N 2 Krivorogskogo okruga Shirokovskogo raiÌŒona ploshadÊ»iï¸ u︡ 557,0720 gektara

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Plan zemelÊ»nogo otvoda uchastka N 50-51 poselka N 1 Krivorogskogo okruga Shirokovskogo raiÌŒona ploshadÊ»iï¸ u︡ 592.2279 gektara

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Plan zemelÊ»nogo otvoda uchastka lit. "K" kollektivov "Kalininovka" i "Novaiï¸ a︡ ZhiznÊ»" Krivorogskogo okruga Sofievskogo raĭona ploshchadiÊ»ï¸ u︡ 569 desiï¸ a︡tin

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Plan uchastka gosfonda kollektiva "Trud" Krivorogskogo okruga i raĭona ploshchadiÊ»ï¸ u︡ 107 desiï¸ a︡tin

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Plan zemelÊ»nogo otvoda kollektiva "Khlib i Pratï¸ s︡iï¸ a︡" Krivorogskogo okruga Mikhaĭlovskogo raĭona

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Plan raspolozheniiï¸ a︡ poselka i domov kolektiva "NovyiÌŒ PutÊ»"

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Plan zemelÊ»nogo otvoda kolektiva "Khlib i Pratï¸ s︡iï¸ a︡" Krivorogskogo okruga Mikhaĭlovskogo raĭona

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Plan uchastka kolfonda litera "I" Mikhaĭlovskogo raĭona Krivorogskogo okruga ploshchadiÊ»ï¸ u︡ 458 desiï¸ a︡tin

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