Formação contínua de professores de ciências e de filosofia : contributos de um estudo sobre educação para a sustentabilidade

Este estudo pretende ser uma contribuição para a resposta aos apelos desafiadores de diversos autores e organizações internacionais, em particular das Nações Unidas, ao reconhecerem a importância da educação para a sustentabilidade através da proposta da Década da Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (2005-2014). A formação contínua de professores desenvolvida em comunidades de aprendizagem interdisciplinares, constituídas por professores de Ciências e de Filosofia, foi assumida nesta investigação com um instrumento que pode potenciar o incremento da interdisciplinaridade entre estas áreas do saber e promover o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. O estudo realizado centra-se em três fases: Fase I – Diagnóstico de concepções de professores de Ciências e de Filosofia acerca da pertinência que atribuem às interacções intergrupais (Ciências/Filosofia) como contributo para a melhoria das suas práticas pedagógicas e das aprendizagens dos alunos no âmbito da educação para a sustentabilidade. Fase II – Concepção e implementação de um programa de formação contínua numa comunidade de aprendizagem interdisciplinar, constituída por professores de Ciências e de Filosofia de uma escola. Fase III – Avaliação das percepções dos professores/formandos sobre os impactes do programa de formação no incremento da interdisciplinaridade, na leccionação da temática Sustentabilidade na Terra, no desenvolvimento profissional dos participantes e nas práticas de formação contínua de professores. A Fase I incide sobre o diagnóstico de concepções de professores de Ciências e de Filosofia, para o qual foi concebido um questionário, aplicado em dezoito escolas do Ex-CAE de Viseu, e ao qual responderam 185 professores. Os indicadores obtidos revelam que os professores de Ciências e de Filosofia reconhecem a relevância das suas próprias áreas disciplinares para a formação dos alunos. No entanto, a interdisciplinaridade entre as Ciências e a Filosofia é escassa, apesar dos professores considerarem que pode ser útil na planificação das actividades lectivas. Consideram, também, que pode promover a implementação de estratégias de ensino mais diversificadas e contribuir para o incremento de uma cultura de colaboração nas escolas. Os professores de Ciências e de Filosofia reconhecem que a abordagem da temática Sustentabilidade na Terra necessita de conceitos para além dos que são abordados individualmente nas disciplinas leccionadas e pode ser facilitada se forem implementados materiais didácticos construídos com colegas do seu e de outros grupos disciplinares. A Fase II parte das concepções diagnosticadas, dos indicadores da investigação em Didáctica, das actuais perspectivas de ensino e de aprendizagem preconizadas para os Ensinos Básico e Secundário e de um modelo de formação reflexiva, crítica e ecológica (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Alarcão, 1996; Sá-Chaves, 1997; Schön, 2000) e elabora-se um programa de formação contínua de professores de cariz interdisciplinar (Ciências e Filosofia). Este programa de formação foi implementado a vinte e quatro professores de Ciências e de Filosofia de uma Escola Secundária da região Centro-Norte de Portugal, durante o ano lectivo de 2008/2009 e teve a duração de cinquenta horas presenciais e cinquenta horas não presenciais. Nele aprofundam-se conhecimentos no âmbito da educação em Ciência e em Filosofia, promovendo a ligação entre ambas e facilitando, deste modo, a sua transposição didáctica. Promove-se a articulação entre a investigação e as práticas pedagógicas e proporciona-se a análise e o aprofundamento de temáticas transversais às Ciências e à Filosofia. Procura-se, deste modo, potenciar a especificidade das áreas do saber envolvidas e promover o enriquecimento de perspectivas nos participantes. Das dinâmicas estabelecidas emergem percursos formativos que permitem a construção de materiais didácticos, estruturados numa perspectiva construtivista de cariz interdisciplinar, para a temática Sustentabilidade da Terra, leccionada nas disciplinas de Ciências (Ensino Básico e Secundário) e de Filosofia (Ensino Secundário). Estes materiais didácticos são, posteriormente, implementados pelos professores de Ciências e Filosofia no contexto de sala de aula. Na Fase III desta investigação avaliam-se as percepções sobre os impactes do programa de formação no incremento da interdisciplinaridade entre os professores de Ciências e de Filosofia, na leccionação da temática Sustentabilidade na Terra, no desenvolvimento profissional dos professores que nele participaram e na melhoria das práticas de formação contínua de professores. Os indicadores obtidos apontam no sentido de que o processo formativo experienciado contribuiu para: - ajudar a derrubar barreiras disciplinares existentes entre os professores de Ciências e de Filosofia; - a construção, numa lógica interdisciplinar, de materiais didácticos diversificados para a temática Sustentabilidade na Terra, que foram reconhecidos pelos alunos como inovadores e importantes para a vivência de aprendizagens activas e contextualizadas; - a modificação de algumas práticas pedagógicas dos professores participantes; - a identificação de potencialidades das comunidades de aprendizagem interdisciplinares na formação contínua de professores. As conclusões obtidas nesta investigação levam a considerar que há necessidade de serem trilhados novos caminhos no campo da formação contínua de professores, procurando criar mecanismos de trabalho e de cooperação que permitam uma efectiva partilha de saberes e de valores entre professores de diferentes áreas disciplinares, que informem novas atitudes, reais e consentâneas com uma prática pedagógica reflexiva e interdisciplinar. Deste modo, considera-se que a adopção de um modelo reflexivo de formação contínua de professores, baseado na constituição de comunidades de aprendizagem interdisciplinares, ajuda os professores a terem uma visão mais integradora dos saberes e a reconhecerem as potencialidades da interdisciplinaridade entre as Ciências e a Filosofia na melhoria das práticas pedagógicas. Pode, também, constituir-se como resposta aos desafios da educação no século XXI, facilitando o exercício de uma cidadania de responsabilidade e participativa e apontando perspectivas para a resolução de problemas da sociedade actual, entre os quais se incluem os relacionados com a sustentabilidade do planeta Terra.

‘Racialised’ pedagogic practices influencing young Muslims' physical culture

Background: There is growing concern surrounding the ‘racialised’ body and the way young people develop dispositions towards physical activity (PA) and sports, and more broadly to physical culture. This paper draws on Bourdieu's social theory in an effort to explore the ways in which the intersectionality of various fields (family, religion and school) and their dimensions (culture and social class) influence young Muslims' physical culture. Purpose: More specifically the paper examines the ‘racialised’ pedagogic practices in various fields that influence young Muslims' dispositions to physical culture. Method: The study reports on the voices of 40 participants identifying as young Muslims (12–15 years old; 20 girls and 20 boys) from one secondary school in the South of England, UK. A case study approach was used to explore participants’ understanding, meaning, structural conditions and personal agency with regard to physical culture and ‘racialised’ body pedagogies. Data include semi-structured paired interviews with participants. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. More specifically, thematic analysis based on the notion of ‘fields' informed deductive and inductive procedures. Findings: Results suggested that religion had limited influence on the participants' agency when intersecting with schooling and social class with regard to embodiment of active physical culture. Economic capital, on the other hand, had a considerable influence on participants’ physical culture as it contributed to young people's access to PA opportunities, agency and body pedagogies. In addition, the study concludes that fields outside the school play a significant role in influencing and enabling young Muslims’ physical culture. Conclusions: One of the most significant implications of this study is emphasising that young Muslims should not be viewed as a homogenous group as various fields intersect to influence their participation in physical education and their embodiment of physical culture. Identified fields and their markers make dispositions unique, dependent upon characteristics and their relative influence.

Mid-Century Molecular: The Material Culture of X-ray Crystallographic Visualisation across Postwar British Science and Industrial Design

This thesis investigates the use and significance of X-ray crystallographic visualisations of molecular structures in postwar British material culture across scientific practice and industrial design. It is based on research into artefacts from three areas: X-ray crystallographers’ postwar practices of visualising molecular structures using models and diagrams; the Festival Pattern Group scheme for the 1951 Festival of Britain, in which crystallographic visualisations formed the aesthetic basis of patterns for domestic objects; and postwar furnishings with a ‘ball-and-rod’ form and construction reminiscent of those of molecular models. A key component of the project is methodological. The research brings together subjects, themes and questions traditionally covered separately by two disciplines, the history of design and history of science. This focus necessitated developing an interdisciplinary set of methods, which results in the reassessment of disciplinary borders and productive cross-disciplinary methodological applications. This thesis also identifies new territory for shared methods: it employs network models to examine cross-disciplinary interaction between practitioners in crystallography and design, and a biographical approach to designed objects that over time became mediators of historical narratives about science. Artefact-based, archival and oral interviewing methods illuminate the production, use and circulation of the objects examined in this research. This interdisciplinary approach underpins the generation of new historical narratives in this thesis. It revises existing histories of the cultural transmissions between X-ray crystallography and the production and reception of designed objects in postwar Britain. I argue that these transmissions were more complex than has been acknowledged by historians: they were contingent upon postwar scientific and design practices, material conditions in postwar Britain and the dynamics of historical memory, both scholarly and popular. This thesis comprises four chapters. Chapter one explores X-ray crystallographers’ visualisation practices, conceived here as a form of craft. Chapter two builds on this, demonstrating that the Festival Pattern Group witnesses the encounter between crystallographic practice, design practice and aesthetic ideologies operating within social networks associated with postwar modernisms. Chapters three and four focus on ball-and-rod furnishings in postwar and present-day Britain, respectively. I contend that strong relationships between these designed objects and crystallographic visualisations, for example the appellation ‘atomic design’, have been largely realised through historical narratives active today in the consumption of ‘retro’ and ‘mid-century modern’ artefacts. The attention to contemporary historical narratives necessitates this dual historical focus: the research is rooted in the period from the end of the Second World War until the early 1960s, but extends to the history of now. This thesis responds to the need for practical research on methods for studying cross-disciplinary interactions and their histories. It reveals the effects of submitting historical subjects that are situated on disciplinary boundaries to interdisciplinary interpretation. Old models, such as that of unidirectional ‘influence’, subside and the resulting picture is a refracted one: this study demonstrates that the material form and meaning of crystallographic visualisations, within scientific practice and across their use and echoes in designed objects, are multiple and contingent.

Nutrition and farming practices as modulators of quality in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Gilthead seabream is the most important farmed species in the Mediterranean, and knowledge on how common farming practices impact its quality is limited. As such, this Thesis aimed to evaluate how gilthead seabream flesh quality is affected by some of these practices. In Chapter 2, the influence of nutritional factors was evaluated, specifically the high replacement of traditional marine-derived ingredients, both fishmeal and fish oil, with vegetable sources. We have seen that the vegetable-based diets tested did not greatly impact seabream flesh quality, although some alterations were seen in the fatty acid profile of the muscle. However, and despite having caused no alterations in flesh texture, vegetable ingredients reduced the amount of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix, affected muscle pH and reduced the activity of proteolytic enzymes. Throughout this Thesis, we measured for the first time the activity of proteolytic enzymes in seabream muscle, and cathepsin B was found to play a pivotal role in post-mortem muscle degradation. In Chapter 3, we evaluated the effect of harvesting and slaughter stress on seabream quality, and contrary to what is seen in most farmed species, our results show that gilthead seabream muscle structure is highly resistant to changes caused by stressful events. Nonetheless, considering that welfare is an increasingly important quality criterion, the use of a zero-withdrawal anaesthetic as a rested harvest technique or even slaughter method could prove valuable to the industry. In Chapter 4, we used maslinic acid as a dietary supplement, to modulate the muscle’s energetic status pre-mortem. As a finishing strategy, maslinic acid failed to increase levels of glycogen and ATP in the muscle. However, supplementation resulted in higher muscle fibre diameter and lower cathepsin B activity, and maslinic acid is likely to be useful to promote growth in this species. In general our Thesis has generated new knowledge to a major challenge facing the aquaculture industry, which is to find a compromise between the trends towards intensive rearing and consumer demand for healthy, high quality seafood being ethically acceptable and having a low impact on the environment.

Aprendizagem baseada em projetos na consolidação de conceitos de programação de linguagens SCRIPT

Relatório da prática de ensino supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Informática, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Governing through community? A comparative study of changing management practices in mixed tenure housing development

An important feature of UK housing policy has been the promotion of consortia between local authorities, private developers and housing associations in order to develop mixed tenure estates to meet a wide range of housing needs. Central to this approach has been a focus on the management of neighbourhoods, based on the assumption that high densities and the inter-mixing of tenure exacerbates the potential for incivility and anti-social behaviour and exerts a disproportionate impact on residents' quality of life. Landlord strategies are therefore based on a need to address such issues at an early stage in the development. In some cases community-based, third sector organisations are established in order to manage community assets and to provide a community development service to residents. In others, a common response is to appoint caretakers and wardens to tackle social and environmental problems before they escalate and undermine residents’ quality of life. A number of innovative developments have promoted such neighbourhood governance approaches to housing practice by applying community development methods to address potential management problems. In the process, there is an increasing trend towards strategies that shape behaviour, govern ethical conduct, promote aesthetic standards and determine resident and landlord expectations. These processes can be related to the wider concept of governmentality whereby residents are encouraged to become actively engaged in managing their own environments, based on the assumption that this produces more cohesive, integrated communities and projects positive images. Evidence is emerging from a number of countries that increasingly integrated and mutually supportive roles and relationships between public, private and third sector agencies are transforming neighbourhood governance in similar ways. This paper will review the evidence for this trend towards community governance in mixed housing developments by drawing on a series of UK case studies prepared for two national agencies in 2007. It will review in particular the contractual arrangements with different tenures, identify codes and guidelines promoting 'good neighbour' behaviour and discuss the role of community development trusts and other neighbourhood organisations in providing facilities and services, designed to generate a well integrated community. The second part of the paper will review evidence from the USA and Australia to see how far there is a convergence in this respect in advanced economies. The paper will conclude by discussing the extent to which housing management practice is changing, particularly in areas of mixed development, whether there is a convergence in practice between different countries and how far these trends are supported by theories of governmentality.

Demographic, Physical, and Behavioral Characteristics Associated with TV Parenting Practices Among Latino Parents of Preschool Children

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2015

Do human resource practices enhance organizational commitment in SMEs with low employee satisfaction?

This paper considers a large matched employee–employer data set to estimate a model of organizational commitment. In particular, it focuses on the role of firm size and management formality to explain organizational commitment in British small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with high and low levels of employee satisfaction. It is shown that size ‘in itself’ can explain differences in organizational commitment, and that organizational commitment tends to be higher in organizations with high employee satisfaction compared with organizations of similar size with low employee satisfaction. Crucially, the results suggest that formal human resource (HR) practices can be used as important tools to increase commitment and thus, potentially, effort and performance within underperforming SMEs with low employee satisfaction. However, formal HR practices commonly used by large firms may be unnecessary in SMEs which benefit from high employee satisfaction and positive employment relations within a context of informality.

Separating the effects of ethnicity and socio-economic status on sleep practices of 6- to 7-month-old infants

Infant sleep undergoes significant re-organization throughout the first 12 months of life, with sleep quality having significant consequences for infant learning and cognitive development. While there has been great interest in the neural basis and developmental trajectories of infant sleep in general, relatively little is known about individual differences in infant sleep and the socio-economic and cultural sources of that variability. We investigated this using questionnaire sleep data in a large, unique multi-ethnic sample of 6-7 month-olds (n=174), with families from South Asian ethnic groups in the UK (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi) being especially well represented. Consistent with previous data from less variable samples, no effects of SES on sleep latency or nocturnal sleep duration emerged. However, perinatal risk factors and ethnic differences did predict daytime sleep, sleep fragmentation and sleep-onset time. While these results should be interpreted with caution due to several limitations, they likely demonstrate that even when socio-economic status and ethnicity are much less confounded than in previous studies, they have a surprisingly limited impact on individual differences in sleep patterns in young infants.

Organisational influence on volunteer satisfaction and attitudes towards HRM practices: the case of hospital volunteers

We examine volunteer satisfaction with HRM practices, namely recruitment, training and reward in NPOs and attitudes regarding the appropriateness of these practices. The participants in this study are 76 volunteers affiliated with four different NPOs, who work in hospitals and have direct contact with patients and their families. Analysing aggregate results we show that volunteers are more satisfied with training, and consider the training strategies to be very appropriate. After identifying differences between organisations we discover that in some organisations volunteers are satisfied with rewards but they have negative attitudes regarding the appropriateness of the recognition strategies. We also identify the volunteers who are the most and the least satisfied.

A construção de uma parentalidade confiante: influência do Modelo Touchpoints na relação educadorfamília

Dissertação apresentada na Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação - Especialidade Intervenção Precoce