987 resultados para Influência do agregado


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In order to verify the different scales in physical analysis of watersheds, the geomorphic quantitative analysis was done to distinguish homogeneous areas within this land unit. The variables studied were the dimensions, drainage pattern and relief characteristics. The study area is the watershed of the Corrego da Cachoeira, São Paulo State, Brazil. The cartographic scale 1: 50000 (IBGE) and 1: 10000 (IGC) were used to delineate the drainage network and study the morphometric characteristics. The watershed is characterized as an exoreic, fluvial drainage with consequent streams and drainage pattern. The values of the drainage density, frequency of rivers and the ratio of bifurcation are considered low, indicating the formation of the soil on permeable rock. The low values suggested a watershed with relatively mild relief. The detail of the cartography mapping analysed with field study data showed higher values of hydrological compartments and length of the drainage network, reflecting changes in the results obtained on the physical variables analysed.

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Compararam-se os efeitos da enxertia nas trocas gasosas de dois híbridos de berinjela em pé franco e enxertado. Conduziu-se um ensaio em ambiente protegido, na FCA/UNESP, em estrutura simples, tipo arco com 7 m de largura, 40 m de comprimento e 3 m de pé direito, cobertos por filme plástico de 100 micrometros. Foram utilizados os híbridos de berinjela Nápoli e Kokuyo, enxertados em porta-enxerto específico (híbrido Taibyo VF) para esta espécie. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (Nápoli pé franco, Nápoli enxertada, Kokuyo pé franco e Kokuyo enxertada) com dez repetições. A assimilação líquida de CO2 (A), transpiração (E), condutância estomática (g s) e eficiência no uso de água (EUA), obtida pela relação (A/E), foram determinadas às 09:00; 12:00; 14:00 e 16:00 horas em um dia sem nebulosidade com fluxo de fótons fotossinteticamente ativos (FFFA) de 937±126 mmol m-2 s-1, com um sistema fechado portátil de fotossíntese, IRGA, modelo LI-6200 (LI-COR). Observou-se que as plantas do híbrido Kokuyo apresentaram maiores valores para as variáveis A, E, g s e EUA que o híbrido Nápoli. A enxertia não afetou a capacidade fotossintética dos híbridos, porém, esta resultou em menores valores de E e g s nos dois híbridos, levando à maior EUA, efeito este que na prática pode resultar em menor demanda de água pelas plantas.

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Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da calagem e de diferentes quantidades de calcário na cova de plantio sobre o desenvolvimento inicial do mamoeiro e a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho na Estação Experimental Presidente Médici, município de Botucatu, SP. Dentre os resultados obtidos constatou-se que: (a) A calagem com calcário dolomítico favoreceu o desenvolvimento inicial do mamoeiro; (b) A adição de calcário dolomítico na cova de plantio não teve nenhum efeito sobre o desenvolvimento inicial do mamoeiro; (c) A calagem realizada durante o preparo do solo para o plantio teve maior influência nas variações das concentrações dos nutrientes nas folhas do mamoeiro do que a adição de calcário na cova por ocasião da adubação fundamental; (d) Na competição iônica dos nutrientes catiónicos Ca e Mg, o Mg foi mais efetivo.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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The study of the physical and mechanic properties is an analysis of unquestioned importance on the production of the ceramic materials. In the region of the Recôncavo Baiano, there are ceramic and small brick factories, that still use rudimentary techniques, where the necessity of characterization of raw materials is denounced by the quality of the final product. The present work has for objective to study the behavior of the clay proceeding from the region of the Recôncavo, between the cities of Candeias and Camaçari/Ba, with addition of 5, 10 and 15% by weight of brick scraps, trying to optimize the physic and mechanical properties of the final product, aiming a better possibility of being manufactured, mechanic resistance, low linear retraction and water absorption. The brick scraps and the clay were characterized by FRX, DRX, TG, ATD and the granulometric analysis. Samples for testing where prepared by uniaxial pressing at 25Mpa, in 60x20x5mm size. The evaluated technological properties were: linear retraction, water absorption, apparent porosity and flexural strength. The samples were burned in electric oven in the temperatures of 850º, 950º and 1050ºC and compared its mechanical properties and the gresification. With addition of 15% by weight of brick scraps and burning at 900º-1000ºC the samples showed properties superior to that clay

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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O experimento teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da cobertura de palha e da simulação de chuva sobre a eficácia da mistura formulada clomazone + hexazinone no controle de plantas daninhas em área de cana-crua. Foi avaliado o controle de Brachiaria decumbens, Ipomoea grandifolia, Ipomoea hederifolia e Euphorbia heterophylla. A dose do herbicida utilizada foi de 2,2 kg ha-1 de produto comercial, correspondendo a 880 e 220 g ha-1 dos ingredientes ativos clomazone e hexazinone, respectivamente. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação + chuva de 30 mm (1DAA); T2) semeadura + chuva de 30 mm + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação; T3) semeadura + aplicação + palha 5 t ha-1 ; T4) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + chuva de 30 mm + aplicação (12h após); T5) semeadura + palha 5 t ha-1 + aplicação + chuva de 2,5 mm (logo após); T6) semeadura + aplicação + chuva de 30 mm; T7) testemunha sem palha; e T8) testemunha com 5 t ha-1 de palha, totalizando oito tratamentos com quatro repetições, dispostos no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados. Foram feitas avaliações visuais de controle aos 6, 13, 21, 27 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Para controle de B. decumbens, os melhores tratamentos foram aqueles nos quais o herbicida foi aplicado diretamente no solo, recebendo ou não uma camada de palha sobre o solo após a aplicação do herbicida, e quando foi aplicado sobre a camada de palha, recebendo uma chuva após a aplicação. Para a espécie E. heterophylla, os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, proporcionando médias acima de 98% de controle, quando ocorreram precipitações posteriores à aplicação do herbicida. de modo geral, os tratamentos com a aplicação do herbicida, na ausência ou presença de palha, e posterior chuva apresentaram controle total da espécie I. hederifolia aos 35 DAA. Todos os tratamentos mostraram excelente controle para a espécie I. grandifolia.

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Estudos relacionados ao tamanho de sementes e sua influência no processo germinativo de plantas daninhas são necessários devido à grande importância das espécies e à escassez de informações relacionadas à produção de sementes dessas plantas. Dessa forma, este trabalho objetivou estudar a variação do tamanho de sementes de 12 espécies de plantas daninhas e a emergência de duas dessas espécies semeadas em diferentes profundidades. Foi mensurado o peso unitário de 200 sementes por espécie de planta daninha selecionada e estabelecidas curvas de distribuição das frequências não acumuladas para o peso das sementes das espécies, utilizando-se o modelo de Gompertz. Após a classificação por tamanho (pequenas, médias e grandes), sementes de Ipomoea purpurea e Brachiaria decumbens foram semeadas em campo, em canteiros de 1,2 m², em diferentes profundidades no solo (2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 cm) de cada tratamento (profundidade); efetuaram-se quatro repetições. de maneira geral, no primeiro estudo, os resultados indicaram que não há como se referir ao peso de sementes das espécies de plantas daninhas estudadas considerando-se apenas a média dessa característica, devido à variação que pode ser encontrada. Essa grande variação no tamanho das sementes pode estar associada, também, a variações nos padrões de emergência, o que foi verificado no segundo estudo para a espécie I. purpurea. O índice de velocidade de emergência para I. purpurea foi maior para 4 cm de profundidade nas sementes pequenas, 8 cm nas sementes médias e de 6 a 10 cm de profundidade nas sementes grandes.

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In the last decades there was a concentrate effort of researchers in the search for options to the problem of the continuity of city development and environmental preservation. The recycling and reuse of materials in industry have been considerate as the best option to sustainable development. One of the relevant aspects in this case refers to the rational use of electrical energy. At this point, the role of engineering is to conceive new processes and materials, with the objective of reducing energy consumption and maintaining, at the same time the benefits of the technology. In this context, the objective of the present research is to analyze quantitatively the thermal behavior of walls constructed with concrete blocks which composition aggregates the expanded polystyrene (EPS) reused in the shape of flakes and in the shape of a board, resulting in a “light concrete”. Experiments were conducted, systematically, with a wall (considerate as a standard) constructed with blocks of ordinary concrete; two walls constructed with blocks of light concrete, distinct by the proportion of EPS/sand; a wall of ceramic bricks (“eight holes” type) and a wall with ordinary blocks of cement, in a way to obtain a comparative analysis of the thermal behavior of the systems. Others tests conducted with the blocks were: stress analysis and thermal properties analysis (ρ, cp e k). Based on the results, it was possible to establish quantitative relationship between the concentration (density) of EPS in the constructive elements and the decreasing of the heat transfer rate, that also changes the others thermal properties of the material, as was proved. It was observed that the walls of light concrete presents better thermal behavior compared with the other two constructive systems world wide used. Based in the results of the investigation, there was shown the viability of the use of EPS as aggregate (raw material) in the composition of the concrete, with the objective of the fabrication of blocks to non-structural masonry that works as a thermal insulation in buildings. A direct consequence of this result is the possibility of reduction of the consume of the electrical energy used to climatization of buildings. Other aspect of the investigation that must be pointed was the reuse of the EPS as a raw material to civil construction, with a clear benefit to reducing of environmental problems

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The production of roof tiles in the state of Rio Grande do Norte accounts for around 60% of the total of ceramic pieces produced. There is a need for investment to improve quality and productivity, thereby promoting technological innovations. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of kaolin, potassium feldspar and quartz in two standard formulations, as well as the effect of sintering temperature on the technological properties of linear firing shrinkage, water absorption and bending rupture stress, by fitting the statistical model and using multiple linear regression to assess the relationship between technological properties and independent variables. The raw materials were characterized using the following techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRF), rational analysis (RA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and granulometric analysis (GA). The test specimens were compacted by uniaxial pressure (25 MPa), dried in a stove at 110 ºC for 24 hours and sinterized at 850 ºC, 950 ºC and 1050 ºC and held isothermal for 30 minutes. The results obtained indicate that the addition of kaolin to two standard formulations (M and R) promoted a reduction in water absorption values and an increase in bending rupture stress values. The sintering temperatures for group M that resulted in the lowest linear firing shrinkage and water absorption values were 850 ºC and 950 ºC, respectively, and the highest bending rupture stress values were reached at a temperature of 950 ºC. In the case of group R, the sintering temperature that obtained the lowest water absorption and linear firing shrinkage values was 850 ºC, and the highest bending rupture stress values were attained at a temperature of 1050 ºC. This work explains the statistical approach used to fit the model that describes the relationship between the technological properties and percentage of kaolin, quartz and feldspar, as well as the models that enable predictions, provided that the lower and upper limits of the percentage of clay minerals, flux and quartz used in this study are respected. Statistica 6 software was used and results were obtained by stepwise forward regression

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Studies of the germination response of seeds subjected to artificial stresses are provided tools for better understanding of the survivability and adaptation of these species in natural stress conditions such as drought or saline soils, common in agricultural and forest regions, contributing significantly to the development of management strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of water and salt stress on germination of Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa ruziziensis. The test was conducted at the Faculty of Technology of São Paulo, campus of Capon Bonito. The seeds were sown with four replicates of 50 seeds in paper soaked in solutions with the potentials of 0.0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa, induced with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and NaCl. The germination test was conducted at 25 degrees C in the presence of light, evaluating the first test score at seven days after sowing, and weekly germination (normal seedlings) until 35 days. We calculated the index of germination rate. The results allowed the conclusion that water stress causes a greater reduction in force, speed of germination and cumulative germination of seeds of U. decumbens and U. ruziziensis than salt stress. The species U. decumbens showed higher tolerance to water and salt stresses.

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Traditional ceramics have an important role in the economy of Rio Grande do Norte. The local industries manufacture over 50 million shingles a month, corresponding to 60% of their overall production. As a result of processing flaws, roughly 20% of the production must be discarded, since little or no use has been envisaged for such fired components. Therefore, the use of this kind of residue, especially in the composition of other ceramic materials, comes as an interesting option from the economical and environmental point of view. In this scenario, the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of the addition of fired shingle waste in the composition of porcelainized stoneware tiles. To that end, two porcelainized stoneware tiles compositions were initially prepared. Subsequently, contents from 10 to 30% of roofing tiles chamote were added to each one of them. All raw materials and grog were characterized by FRX, XRD, and thermal analysis. The ceramics were fired using natural gas for 30 min at different temperatures, i.e. 1150, 1200 and 1250ºC, and fully characterized. The addition of roofing tiles chamote resulted in composition with superior properties compared to additive-free compositions. Porcelainized stoneware tiles products that fulfill required standards for practical applications were achieved

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The objective of this work was evaluating the influence of weekly pluviometrics precipitations accumulated in physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of guava tree 'Paluma', in different ripening stadiums. The following attributes were analyzed: fresh weight, equatorial and longitudinal diameters, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, vitamin C, reductor sugars and total reductor sugars in three ripening stadiums defined by the color of the peel (dark green, light green and yellow green). Among the physical and chemical attributes, only the firmness diminished with the increase of the levels of weekly precipitations for the same ripening stadium and also presented decreases between the ripening stadiums. The physical and chemical attributes, with exception of the pH, decreased with the increase of the weekly precipitations accumulated and in bigger intensities for the biggest ripening stadiums.