938 resultados para Imagination-réalité


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Compte rendu critique du livre « Theatre in French Canada : laying the foundations, 1606-1867 » de Leonard E. Doucette, Toronto : University of Toronto Press, coll. «University of Toronto Romance Series», n° 52,1984.

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La pensée de Marx a souvent été présentée comme étant une sortie de la philosophie (Althusser, Labica, Garo). À l’encontre de cette thèse, cet article vise à réhabiliter l’ancrage profondément philosophique de Marx dans la tradition de l’ontologie de l’agir de l’idéalisme allemand. En s’appuyant sur les écrits dits de jeunesse, ce texte vise à tirer au clair le sens de la métaphysique de Marx, c’est-à- dire ce qu’il conçoit comme étant la réalité première. Au travers des débats et critiques de Marx, il nous sera permis d’envisager une autre conception de la pratique philosophique découlant de sa prise de position métaphysique comprise comme une synthèse d’une ontologie de l’agir et d’une ontologie de la relation.

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Dans ses Confessions, long discours qu’il adresse directement à Dieu, Augustin explique comment l’homme, inquiet de s’être détourné de Dieu par insouciance, aspire intérieurement à retourner à son créateur, et à vivre l’expérience de plénitude associée à ce retour. Mais cette quête est d’abord celle d’Augustin lui-même qui, au IV e siècle, se rappelant les étapes de sa propre conversion au christianisme, évoque deux expériences d’extase qu’il a faites de Dieu, pendant lesquelles il entre en relation directe et charnelle avec la réalité divine. Mais comment de telles expériences mystiques peuvent-elles avoir un caractère aussi sensuel, alors que, selon Augustin, l’ascension vers Dieu suppose justement de l’homme qu’il réussisse à élever son esprit au-delà des tentations charnelles ? Le présent article vise à comprendre un peu mieux ce paradoxe.

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La présente étude se veut une exposition du rapport entre l’éthique et la nature, tel qu’il se retrouve développé dans des extraits représentatifs des traités et sermons en langue vernaculaire de Maître Eckhart de Hochheim. Néoplatonicien notamment de par son ancrage explicite dans la tradition augustinienne, Maître Eckhart présente une conception de la béatitude – du bonheur, de l’accomplissement – accessible à l’homme comme inséparable d’un processus de détachement vis-à-vis de la nature comprise comme création. L’accomplissement de l’âme humaine, en sa qualité d’intellect, est en effet à trouver dans l’union immédiate à Dieu, laquelle ne peut être atteinte qu’à travers l’évacuation complète de tout rapport à la réalité finie du monde créé. Il sera donc ici question de mettre en relief le complexe rapport qu’entretient avec le créé l’homme en tant qu’il possède une nature double et les conséquences de ce nécessaire détachement sur la compréhension eckhartienne de l’éthique.

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Le problème de la non-identité est une difficulté sérieuse qui ne peut pas être ignorée par les théories de justice intergénérationnelle dans la mesure où ce problème tend à remettre en cause l'idée de responsabilité envers les générations futures. C'est dans ces conditions que ce texte propose d'éprouver le problème de la non-identité en faisant ressortir les concepts qui semblent y être sous-tendus et articulés d'une façon particulière, à savoir les concepts de réalité et de possibilité. Or, il apparaît que la philosophie hégélienne arrive à point nommé pour exprimer l'articulation qui se joue entre réalité et possibilité dans le problème en question. De cette façon, Hegel apparaît comme étant un interlocuteur privilégié pour expliciter ce que recouvre le problème de la non-identité.

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Hutcheson fonde sa théorie morale sur un « sens moral ». Ce sens nous permet de faire des distinctions morales (bien et mal). Cette théorie donnera lieu à un débat sur la réalité des valeurs morales. Selon certains commentateurs, nos distinctions morales portent sur des faits moraux réels que l’on peut connaître empiriquement grâce à notre sens moral. Inversement, certains soutiendront que le sens moral ne produit pas de connaissance morale. Les jugements moraux issus de ce sens sont des réponses émotionnelles plus ou moins fiables que l’on ressent face à des motivations qui nous semblent être vertueuses. Nous montrerons que, selon Hutcheson, nos jugements moraux sont bien des réponses émotionnelles, mais qu’ils ont néanmoins un critère d’objectivité. Notre sens moral, grâce à la Providence divine, a pour fonction de préserver le bien-être de l’humanité. Cette fonction du sens moral sert de critère pour évaluer le bon fonctionnement de ce sens moral.

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Internet today has become a vital part of day to day life, owing to the revolutionary changes it has brought about in various fields. Dependence on the Internet as an information highway and knowledge bank is exponentially increasing so that a going back is beyond imagination. Transfer of critical information is also being carried out through the Internet. This widespread use of the Internet coupled with the tremendous growth in e-commerce and m-commerce has created a vital need for infonnation security.Internet has also become an active field of crackers and intruders. The whole development in this area can become null and void if fool-proof security of the data is not ensured without a chance of being adulterated. It is, hence a challenge before the professional community to develop systems to ensure security of the data sent through the Internet.Stream ciphers, hash functions and message authentication codes play vital roles in providing security services like confidentiality, integrity and authentication of the data sent through the Internet. There are several ·such popular and dependable techniques, which have been in use widely, for quite a long time. This long term exposure makes them vulnerable to successful or near successful attempts for attacks. Hence it is the need of the hour to develop new algorithms with better security.Hence studies were conducted on various types of algorithms being used in this area. Focus was given to identify the properties imparting security at this stage. By making use of a perception derived from these studies, new algorithms were designed. Performances of these algorithms were then studied followed by necessary modifications to yield an improved system consisting of a new stream cipher algorithm MAJE4, a new hash code JERIM- 320 and a new message authentication code MACJER-320. Detailed analysis and comparison with the existing popular schemes were also carried out to establish the security levels.The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) I Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is one of the most widely used security protocols in Internet. The cryptographic algorithms RC4 and HMAC have been in use for achieving security services like confidentiality and authentication in the SSL I TLS. But recent attacks on RC4 and HMAC have raised questions about the reliability of these algorithms. Hence MAJE4 and MACJER-320 have been proposed as substitutes for them. Detailed studies on the performance of these new algorithms were carried out; it has been observed that they are dependable alternatives.

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Light in its physical and philosophical sense has captured the imagination of human mind right from the dawn of civilization. The invention of lasers in the 60’s caused a renaissance in the field of optics. This intense, monochromatic, highly directional radiation created new frontiers in science and technology. The strong oscillating electric field of laser radiation creates a. polarisation response that is nonlinear in character in the medium through which it passes and the medium acts as a new source of optical field with alternate properties. It was in this context, that the field of optoelectronics which encompasses the generation, modulation, transmission etc. of optical radiation has gained tremendous importance. Organic molecules and polymeric systems have emerged as a class of promising materials of optoelectronics because they offer the flexibility, both at the molecular and bulk levels, to optimize the nonlinearity and other suitable properties for device applications. Organic nonlinear optical media, which yield large third-order nonlinearities, have been widely studied to develop optical devices like high speed switches, optical limiters etc. Transparent polymeric materials have found one of their most promising applicationsin lasers, in which they can be used as active elements with suitable laser dyes doped in it. The solid-matrix dye lasers make possible combination of the advantages of solid state lasers with the possibility of tuning the radiation over a broad spectral range. The polymeric matrices impregnated with organic dyes have not yet widely used because of the low resistance of the polymeric matrices to laser damage, their low dye photostability, and low dye stability over longer time of operation and storage. In this thesis we investigate the nonlinear and radiative properties of certain organic materials and doped polymeric matrix and their possible role in device development

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This is an empirical study with theoretical interpretation and elaboration simultaneously on the migration process and the related spatial development in contemporary China. In so doing, there is always a combination of series of studies of the modernization of the migrants themselves with accumulation of forms of capital and changes of lebenswelt (life world) as well as the regions of their origins by the effective use of the gained resources from outgoing migration and remigration. With great efforts made to put the issues together for analysis, the author has taken three approaches to the study based on the political and economic institutional arrangements, the field work data and the elaboration of respective findings. First, as the analytical parts of the institutional changes, which have gone through the whole research, many of the policies from state level to townships involved in the migration, remigration and spatial development have been interpreted with Chinese political and cultural insight. The making of these, as the means of understanding the contexts of macro level and micro level cases is served as key linkages between scholarly imagination and social reality. Indeed most of the discussions made to explain the phenomena such as the sudden upsurge of migration flows, the emergence of three generations, the strong and weak trends of remigration as well as the related spatial development planning, etc are mainly due to the domination, at least the impact of governments decision-making in spite of growing market functioning in often operative manners. Secondly, case studies of the effects of migration and remigration are carried out between the years of 1995 and 2005 in the costal urban regions as designations and the interior rural regions as origins. Conducted mainly by the author, the cases drawn in the research focus on the process of migration with an accumulation of forms of capital away from home and the effective use of the resources flowing back to home areas. As a result, ways of accumulation and utilization of the economic, social and cultural capital are described and interpreted in terms of the development and modernization of both the migrants themselves and the regions where they come out from or move to in the future. Thirdly, in accordance with the findings generated from the cases, the author proposes in the final chapter an important argumentation as conclusion that the duel social-economic structure will inevitably be broken up and reformulated with flows of migrants and forms of capital they possess as types of future spatial development that will be put into practice. With scenarios and all the other conclusions worked out in the end, the research concludes that the pluralistic spatial development in the condition of constant space flows between regions can be a decisive line of thinking in the process of urbanization, industrialization and modernization in the long run in the future. Since this is an exploratory study of the past and present, the author has left some space open for academic debates and put forward suggestions on the inclusion of future research before implementing policies necessary for migration associated spatial practice and development.

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Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Erhebung der Vorstellungen von Oberstufenschülern bezüglich der Zeitdimension in der Evolution. Daneben geht es um Vorstellungen zu Mechanismen und zu zentralen Ereignissen der Evolution. Einen wichtigen Schwerpunkt stellt der Vergleich der Vorstellungen zwischen deutschen und französischen Oberstufenschülern dar, mit dem Ziel, herauszufinden, ob und in welcher Form sich curriculare Unterschiede bemerkbar machen. In einem Seminar im Wintersemester 2008/2009 zum Thema „Evolutionsbiologie im Unterricht“ waren viele Studierende erstaunt darüber, wie schwer es ihnen fiel, die Zeiträume der Evolution erfahrbar zu machen. Aufgrund des durch diese Diskussion geweckten Interesses, die Vorstellungswelten der Schüler bezüglich der Zeiträume der Evolution zu erfassen, wurde die vorliegende quantitative Studie, die an eine qualitative zum Thema „Altersabhängige Schülervorstellungen zu Massensterbeereignissen in der Evolution. Eine Interviewstudie.“ anknüpft, aufgenommen. Zur Fragebogenentwicklung diente Literatur zur Forschungsmethode, aber auch Gespräche mit der Zielgruppe sowie die Daten der qualitativen Studie. Nach einem Probelauf und der Durchführung der Umfrage mit 158 deutschen und 129 französischen Schülern, wurden die Daten mit dem Computerprogramm SPSS ausgewertet. Selbst Schüler, in deren Unterricht Zeiträume der Evolution Thema war, verfügen nicht über realistische Vorstellungen, wie sich herausstellte, als sie diese benennen oder selbständig auf einem Zeitstrahl einzeichnen sollten. Allerdings hilft eine Veranschaulichung wie Kreisdiagramme bei realitätsnahen Einschätzungen. Gemäß des Lehrplans sind französische Schüler oft mit den Zeiträumen der Evolution im Unterricht konfrontiert. Trotzdem lassen sich bei ihnen keine realistischen Vorstellungen bezüglich der Zeitdimensionen vorfinden. Französische Schüler unterscheiden sich im Antwortverhalten von deutschen Schülern. Fragebögen der französischen Schüler vermitteln den Eindruck einer oberflächlichen Beantwortung. Die Lernenden scheinen sich nicht genau mit den Inhalten auseinandergesetzt zu haben, sie legen oft unreflektiert ihr Wissen oder ihre (teils unrealistischen) Vorstellungen dar. Zudem gehen französische Schüler eher als ihre deutschen Mitschüler den Arbeitsanweisungen nach. Bezüglich der Umstände, wie die Dinosaurier und andere Tiere ausgestorben sind, verfügen deutsche und französische Schüler über realistische Vorstellungen, was unter anderem auf die häufige Repräsentation in den Medien zurückgeführt wird. Überraschend viele Schüler stellen sich in Bezug auf die Menschwerdung verzweigte Stammeslinien vor, wobei finale Vorstellungen nur selten anzutreffen sind. Sie verfügen auch hier meist über realistische Vorstellungen. Es traten in der Untersuchung geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede auf. Vorstellungen männlicher Schüler sind überwiegend realistischer als die der weiblichen Altersgenossen. Es ist abschließend anzumerken, dass Schüler aufgrund eines großen Interesses am Thema eine intensivere Behandlung des Themas Evolution im Biologieunterricht wünschen. Durch diese Untersuchung kommt es zu einem besseren Verständnis der Vorstellungswelten der Schüler bezüglich den Zeitdimensionen, den Mechanismen und zentralen Ereignissen der Evolution. Die Erkenntnisse können in der Unterrichtsvorbereitung und im Unterricht von Nutzen sein.

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When discussing the traditional and new missions of higher education (1996 Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the 21st Century) Jacques Delors stated that "Excessive attraction to social sciences has broken equilibrium of available graduates for workforce, thus causing doubts of graduates and employers on the quality of knowledge provided by higher education". Likewise, when discussing the progress of science and technology, the 1998 UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education concluded that "Another challenge concerts the latest advancements of Science, the sine qua non of sustainable development"; and that “with Information Technology, the unavoidable invasion of virtual reality has increased the distance between industrial and developing countries". Recreational Science has a long tradition all over the Educational World; it aims to show the basic aspects of Science, aims to entertain, and aims to induce thinking. Until a few years ago, this field of knowledge consisted of a few books, a few kits and other classical (yet innovative) ways to popularize the knowledge of Nature and the laws governing it. In Spain, the interest for recreational science has increased in the last years. First, new recreational books are being published and found in bookstores. Second the number of Science-related museums and exhibits is increasing. And third, new television shows are produced and new short science-based, superficial sketches are found in variety programs. However, actual programs in Spanish television dealing seriously with Science are scarce. Recreational Science, especially that related to physical phenomena like light or motion, is generally found at Science Museums because special equipment is required. On the contrary, Science related mathematics, quizzes and puzzles use to gather into books, e.g. the extensive collections by Martin Gardner. However, lately Science podcasts have entered the field of science communication. Not only traditional science journals and television channels are providing audio and video podcasts, but new websites deal exclusively with science podcasts, in particular on Recreational Science. In this communication we discuss the above mentioned trends and show our experience in the last two years in participating at Science Fairs and university-sponsored events to attract students to science and technology careers. We show a combination of real examples (e.g., mathemagic), imagination, use of information technology, and use of social networks. We present as well an experience on designing a computational, interactive tool to promote chemistry among high school, prospective students using computers ("Dancing with Bionanomolecules"). Like the concepts related to Web 2.0, it has been already proposed that a new framework for communication of science is emerging, i.e., Science Communication 2.0, where people and institutions develop new innovative ways to explain science topics to diverse publics – and where Recreational Science is likely to play a leading role

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Desde el abordaje de la arte-terapia y de la espiritualidad, es posible hallar la relación que ambos conceptos entrañan, relacionado con el significado simbólico y universal que el arte (a través de todas su manifestaciones), puede brindar al espíritu para alcanzar su transformación (personal y transpersonal), sea ésta comprendida desde un marco de intervención en patología o en disfuncionalidad, así como desde el marco de promoción en salud, teniendo en cuenta el carácter holístico de todo ser humano. ¿Qué tiene el arte que "cura" a los pacientes? Mediante una revisión de la literatura que tiene en cuenta las características específicas de la intersección de estos dos campos, tales como la relación terapéutica, el acto creativo, los niveles transpersonales del desarrollo y la imaginación, se aborda este interrogante.

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Only a Digital Britain can unlock the imagination and creativity that will secure for us and our children the highly skilled jobs of the future. Only a Digital Britain will secure the wonders of an information revolution that could transform every part of our lives. Only a Digital Britain will enable us to demonstrate the vision and dynamism that we have to shape the future.

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Aunque el concepto de sabiduría ha sido ampliamente estudiado por expertos de áreas como la filosofía, la religión y la psicología, aún enfrenta limitaciones en cuanto a su definición y evaluación. Por esto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, formular una definición del concepto de sabiduría que permita realizar una propuesta de evaluación del concepto como competencia en los gerentes. Para esto, se realizó un análisis documental de tipo cualitativo. De esta manera, se analizaron diversos textos sobre la historia, las definiciones y las metodologías para evaluar tanto la sabiduría como las competencias; diferenciando la sabiduría de otros constructos y analizando la diferencia entre las competencias generales y las gerenciales para posteriormente, definir la sabiduría como una competencia gerencial. Como resultado de este análisis se generó un prototipo de prueba denominado SAPIENS-O, a través del cuál se busca evaluar la sabiduría como competencia gerencial. Como alcances del instrumento se pueden identificar la posibilidad de medir la sabiduría como competencia en los gerentes, la posibilidad de dar un nuevo panorama a las dificultades teóricas y empíricas sobre la sabiduría y la posibilidad de facilitar el estudio de la sabiduría en ambientes reales, más específicamente en ambientes organizacionales.

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An emerging consensus in cognitive science views the biological brain as a hierarchically-organized predictive processing system. This is a system in which higher-order regions are continuously attempting to predict the activity of lower-order regions at a variety of (increasingly abstract) spatial and temporal scales. The brain is thus revealed as a hierarchical prediction machine that is constantly engaged in the effort to predict the flow of information originating from the sensory surfaces. Such a view seems to afford a great deal of explanatory leverage when it comes to a broad swathe of seemingly disparate psychological phenomena (e.g., learning, memory, perception, action, emotion, planning, reason, imagination, and conscious experience). In the most positive case, the predictive processing story seems to provide our first glimpse at what a unified (computationally-tractable and neurobiological plausible) account of human psychology might look like. This obviously marks out one reason why such models should be the focus of current empirical and theoretical attention. Another reason, however, is rooted in the potential of such models to advance the current state-of-the-art in machine intelligence and machine learning. Interestingly, the vision of the brain as a hierarchical prediction machine is one that establishes contact with work that goes under the heading of 'deep learning'. Deep learning systems thus often attempt to make use of predictive processing schemes and (increasingly abstract) generative models as a means of supporting the analysis of large data sets. But are such computational systems sufficient (by themselves) to provide a route to general human-level analytic capabilities? I will argue that they are not and that closer attention to a broader range of forces and factors (many of which are not confined to the neural realm) may be required to understand what it is that gives human cognition its distinctive (and largely unique) flavour. The vision that emerges is one of 'homomimetic deep learning systems', systems that situate a hierarchically-organized predictive processing core within a larger nexus of developmental, behavioural, symbolic, technological and social influences. Relative to that vision, I suggest that we should see the Web as a form of 'cognitive ecology', one that is as much involved with the transformation of machine intelligence as it is with the progressive reshaping of our own cognitive capabilities.