La educación de las mujeres ecuatorianas a través de los Informes de Ministros de 1930 a 1940

La educación de las mujeres ecuatorianas a través de los Informes de Ministros de 1930 a 1940 muestra cómo ellas salieron de la vida privada de madres, esposas y cristianas abnegadas hacia una vida pública que les brindaba muchas oportunidades. Las que primero sobresalieron fueron las educadoras pertenecientes a la clase media de aquella época, siendo sus principales estrategias la secularización y prácticas pedagógicas como la escuela activa. Los cambios fueron sustanciales y repercutieron tanto en el ámbito social como en las políticas públicas educativas de los diferentes Ministros de Instrucción Pública destinadas a satisfacer las necesidades de la población estudiantil femenina. Fueron educadas a partir de mallas curriculares que favorecían la capacitación de la mano de obra y el fomento de valores como el trabajo en equipo y la solidaridad. Esto se realizaba en escuelas normalistas rurales y urbanas, algunas de ellas incluso nocturnas. Se estableció un esquema de unidad nacional que incluía al sector indígena, para evitar brechas en el progreso y la reconstrucción del país. La educación femenina ecuatoriana desde 1930 hasta 1940 experimentó acontecimientos esenciales para el desarrollo de una concepción de igualdad. Esto justifica y establece la relevancia de esta problemática, puesto que gracias a ello hoy en día existe en el país una visión de equidad de género que inclina la balanza hacia el reconocimiento de las mujeres en la historia de la educación nacional, que por su valor y coraje salieron del anonimato para reclamar sus derechos y una posición digna en la sociedad. El presente trabajo se realiza con el afán de analizar la participación de las mujeres dentro de las clases obreras en la primera mitad del siglo XX y su repercusión trascendental para la creación formal de organizaciones que apoyan su visibilización y el reconocimiento de sus capacidades con el único objetivo de mejorar su vida y la de su familia.

The Victoria Falls 1900-1940: Landscape, tourism and the geographical imagination

This article is about the politics of landscape ideas, and the relationship between landscape, identity and memory. It explores these themes through the history of the Victoria Falls, and the tourist resort that developed around the waterfall after 1900. Drawing on oral and archival sources, including popular natural history writing and tourist guides, it investigates African and European ideas about the waterfall, and the ways that these interacted and changed in the course of colonial appropriations of the Falls area. The tourist experience of the resort and the landscape ideas promoted through it were linked to Edwardian notions of Britishness and empire, ideas of whiteness and settler identities that transcended new colonial borders, and to the subject identities accommodated or excluded. Cultures of colonial authority did not develop by simply overriding local ideas, they involved fusions, exchanges and selective appropriations of them. The two main African groups I am concerned with here are the Leya, who lived in small groups around the Falls under a number of separate chiefs, and the powerful Lozi rulers, to whom they paid tribute in the nineteenth century. The article highlights colonial authorities' celebration of aspects of the Lozi aristocracy's relationship with the river, and their exclusion of the Leya people who had a longer and closer relationship with the waterfall. It also touches on the politics of recent attempts to reverse this exclusion, and the controversial rewriting of history this has involved.

Social politics in a transoceanic world in the early Cold War years

This article argues that those termed 'liberals' in the United States had the opportunity in the late 1940's to use overseas case studies to reshape the ramshackle political agenda of the New Deal along more specifically social democratic lines, but hat they found it impossible to match interest in the wider world with a concrete programme to overcome tension between left-wing politics and the emerging anti-totalitarianism of the Cold War. The American right, by contrast, conducted a highly organised publicity drive to provide new meaning for their anti-statist ideology in a post-New Deal, post-isolationist United States by using perceived failures of welfare states overseas as domestic propaganda. The examples of Labour Britain after 1945 and Labour New Zealand both provided important case studies for American liberals and conservatives, but in the Cold War it was the American right who would benefit most from an ideologically driven repackaging of overseas social policy for an American audience.

Orde Wingate in the Phony War and After, 1939-1940

An account of Wingate's time in the UK, from his return to Palestine to his departure for Ethiopia.

Orde Wingate, 'Guerrilla' Warfare and Long-Range Penetration, 1940-44

Major General Orde Wingate was a highly controversial figure in his time and remains so among historians. However, his eccentric and colourful personality has drawn attention away from the nature of his military ideas, the most important of which was his concept of long-range penetration, which originated from his observations of his operations in Italian-occupied Ethiopia in 1941, and evolved into the model he put into practice in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943-44. A review of Wingate's own official writings on this subject reveals that long-range penetration combined local guerrilla irregulars, purpose-trained regular troops and airpower into large-scale offensive operations deep in the enemy rear, with the intention of disrupting his planning process and creating situations regular forces could exploit. This evolved organically from Major General Colin Gubbins' doctrine for guerrilla resistance in enemy occupied areas, and bears some resemblance to the operational model applied by US and Allied forces, post September 2001.