Análise geoambiental da região de marília, SP: Suscetibilidade a processos erosivos frente ao histórico de ocupação da área

The study area comprises the western portion of the Marília Plateau, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. The geological substrate encompasses Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Bauru Group and local Neocenozoic units like colluvium aprons, fluvial terrace deposits, in situ regoliths, and modern alluvial deposits. In a geomorphologic sense, the study area might be characterized as showing two main pediplanes, viz. P1 Surface (upper) and P2 Surface (lower), both surfaces are presently under dissecation processes. After the 1920's the expansion of the railroad system fostered the removal of the natural vegetation, which in turn was followed by the introduction of coffee, peanut, corn and cotton crops. This intense exploitation was conducted without respect to the soil carrying capacity and its natural susceptibility to erosional processes, including an aggressive form known as voçoroca. As a result, the study shows that the most susceptible material includes colluvium aprons, in situ regoliths, and colluvium-alluvium or alluvium deposits. The most critical situation is in the P2 Surface context, near the bottom of the Marília Plateau scarpment, where surface runoff can be very strong. Another point of active erosion is represented by the exposed walls of gullies and voçorocas, mainly in fluvial reaches subjected to talweg lowering. In a general sense, this study shows current evidence of erosional stability due to the ìntroduction of pastures as a predominant type of land occupation and to a series of erosion control procedures. Among these actions are terrace implantation, construction of small pits for runoff control, natural or induced reforestation by land owners. Despite these efforts, some erosion points remain chiefly in steeper country roads and trail stretches, in areas of concentration of cattle tracks (e.g., near cattle ponds), gullies or voçorocas exposed walls, and badly planned urbanization. The permanence of these erosion points demonstrates the necessity of a continuous monitoring of surface dynamics as well as a rapid and effective intervining measures of erosion and/or silting control.

Resposta plasmática de glicose e insulina em eqüinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de amido

This study was aimed to measure the plasmatic response of glucose and insulin of horses fed diets containing different starch sources, like corn, oat, sorghum and a mix of corn and oat in equal parts. Four standarbred gelding 36 month old an weighing average of 350 kg were used in a Latin Square 4 x 4 (four animals, four treatments and four period) trial design. No statistical differences were observed in plasmatic glucose levels either before or after ingestion between treatments. Maximum plasmatic level of glucose was observed in all diets two and a half hours post ingestion. Insulin plasmatic level was significantly lower before ingestion in horses treated with the mixed corn and oat diet, when compared with the other treatments. In the other hand, the insulin plasmatic level in horses fed corn-formulated diet was statistically higher than the others treatments at three hours and a half after ingestion. Diets containing different sources of starch had no effect in time neither quantity of glucose absorbed in small intestine. Variation observed in insulin plasmatic levels indicate that a proper feeding can have a regulatory effect of this hormone, avoiding undesirable's behaviors.

Avaliação preliminar do potencial turístico do município de rifaina (SP) e os impactos decorrentes do uso público de seus atrativos paisagísticos

This paper attempts to assess both the touristic potential of scenic attractions and the environmental impacts resulting from the public use of such attractions in the Rifaina Municipality, State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. In the recent past, this municipality had its economy concentrated in rural activities (livestock, corn, rice and bean crops) and in the ceramic industry (production of bricks, tiles and shackles),which was largely developed in the floodplain of the Rio Grande before the construction of the Jaguara Power Plant Dam. The impacts resulting from touristic activities were evaluated by applying the VIM - Visitor Impact Management method, with emphasis on biophysical indicators. The main touristic attractions analyzed were: (1) Rifaina artificial beach; (2) Jaguara Reservoir; (3) Morro do Chapéu (scenic hill); (4) Touristic railroad; and (5) Cuestas cliffs. Attractions (1) and (2) are the most exploited ones, including, in the second case, nautical sports, sportive and craft fishing, and summer lodging. Although currently disabled, the touristic railroad presents potential conditions to be re-explored. Attractions (3) and (5), despite keeping high landscape and ecological ecotouristic potential, are the least visited places. In the present paper, a preliminary characterization of the major issues of tourism industry in the Rifaina municipality is made, including suggestions for the sustainable exploitation of tourism resources. The final results of the environmental impact evaluation of the tourism activities include small impacts in attractions (4) and (5) and moderate impacts to the three first attractions. In order to keep the sustainable touristic potential for that municipality this study proposes the improvement of the following measures: to foster research projects on technical or scientific aspects of the touristic attractions, improvement of tourism infrastructure and the creation of an Environmental Protection Area (APA) of the cuestas' scarps.

Custos e rentabilidade do milho em função do manejo do solo e da adubação nitrogenada

Agronomic practices that help farmers to raise yield and reduce costs must be studied to ensure agricultural sustainability. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze economically the effect of soil management and nitrogen fertilization in maize crops. Treatments consisted of a combination of 3 soil management techniques (plow harrows + floating harrows, chisel + floating harrows, and no-tillage), 5 periods of nitrogen fertilization (control - 0 kg ha -1 N; 120 kg ha -1 after sowing (S); 120 kg ha -1 in the V 6 stage; 30 kg ha -1 (S) + 90 kg ha -1 in V 6; 30 kg ha -1 (S) + 45 kg ha -1 in V 4 + 45 kg ha -1 in V 8 The total operating cost (TOC), gross revenue (GR), operating profit (OP), profitability index (PI), break-even yield, and break-even price were estimated. It was concluded that the no-tillage system, after 11 years of management, associated with nitrogen fertilization promotes positive PI and OP, being useful to farmers.

L(+) Lactic acid production by new Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 103

L(+) Lactic acid fermentation was studied by Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. under the effects of pH control and a lowcost nutritional medium (sugarcane juice and corn steep liquor-CSL). Central composite design (CCD) was employed to determine maximum lactic acid production at optimum values for process variables and a satisfactory fit model was realized. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the linear and quadratic terms of two variables (sugarcane juice and pH) had significant effects. The interactions between the three variables were found to contribute to the response at a significant level. A second-order polynomial regression model estimated that the maximum lactic acid production of 86.36 g/L was obtained when the optimum values of sucrose, CSL and pH were 112.65 g/L, 29.88 g/L and 6.2, respectively. Verification of the optimization showed that L(+) lactic acid production was of 85.06 g/L. Under these conditions, Y P/S and Q P values of 0.85 g/g and 1.77 g/Lh, respectively, were obtained after 48 h fermentation, with a maximal productivity of 2.2 g/L h at 30 h of process. © 2010 de Lima CJB, et al.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Brachiaria e avaliação da produtividade de massa seca em diferentes sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária sob irrigação

The speed and magnitude of tropical pastures expansion in Brazil are related to the availability of quality seeds. This research aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of two Brachiaria species submitted to germination and viability tests and also estimate, for both species, the fresh and dry mass yield, under different irrigated crop-livestock integration systems. For field analysis, the experimental design was a randomized complete block, in subplots, with four intercrops in the plot (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Brachiaria ruziziensis simultaneously established with corn and nitrogen fertilization coverage), and four forage cutting times, in the winter/spring season, in subplots, with four replications. In the laboratory, the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications per treatment/test. The germination and viability tests indicated that B. brizantha seeds showed higher physiological quality, when compared with B. ruziziensis, while the tetrazolium test and germinated seedlings characteristics were similar. The B. ruziziensis, simultaneously intercropped with corn, was the less viable intercrop, due to the lower fresh and dry mass yield and litter deposition on the soil surface. In general, the pasture formation for the second season cultivation, intercropped with corn, was an excellent alternative for crop-livestock integration under a no-tillage system.

Custo de produção e indicadores de rentabilidade da cultura do milho safrinha

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production cost and profitability of the second season corn crop in the Medio Paranapanema region, São Paulo State Brazil, under two technological levels (middle and high technology), crop 2008/2009, and compare the results with the 2006/2007 agricultural year. Effective and total operational cost as well as five profitability indicators were used. It was concluded that the high technology production cost for corn crop (direct seedling, sowing during the recommended period, use of simple hybrid seed, application of side-dressing fertilization, and treatment of seeds with different insecticides) was superior to the middle technology production cost (direct seedling, sowing after the recommended time, use of double hybrid seed, and no side-dressing fertilization). However, the average cost was inferior (US$ 8.5), due to a higher yield (4 t). The high technology corn crop was profitable (gross income and profitability index of 14% and 12%, respectively). For the middle technology crop, profitability indexes pointed out that the cropping system needs to be reevaluated by technicians and research institutions, regarding the adequate technical recommendations. Profitability indexes decreased considerably in both cropping systems. It was verified that, in relation to the 2006/2007 harvest period, the total operational cost increased for both technologies, mainly because of the increase of supplies prices.

Massa seca e composição bromatológica de quatro espécies de braquiárias semeadas na linha ou a lanço, em consórcio com milho no sistema plantio direto na palha

The objective of this research was to evaluate the dry mass yield and chemical composition of four Brachiaria species in different options for sowing, exclusively or in intercrop with corn crop, under a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during the growing seasons of 2006 at FEPE (FE/Unesp, Ilha Solteira Campus) located in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The soil of the experimental area was classified as distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme (4 × 4), with five replications. The treatments consisted of four Brachiaria species (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Mulato II grass) grown in rows and spread on total area, exclusively or intercropped simultaneously with corn crop sowing. The study evaluated the dry mass yield and total digestible nutrients, crude protein, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin content of forage. The spread on total area intercrop of forages with corn crop proved to be viable by presenting similar dry mass yield to exclusive sowing arrangements, conversely to what happened with intercrop in row of corn crop, which decreased such yield. Brachiaria ruziziensis showed superior chemical composition and the intercrops increased energy and crude protein contents, and decreased cell wall components.

Desempenho de semeadora-adubadora em função do prepa ro de solo e espa çamento da cultura do milho

The performance of machines and agricultural implements are of fundamental importance, especially when subjected to different types of soil tillage, and have to adapt to these conditions, in order to promote good operational performance. The objective of this study was to analyze the operational performance of a Marchesan Supreme Cop grain drill, equipped with four rows, spaced 0.90 m, according to three types of tillage: conventional tillage (plowing and two harrowing series), reduced tillage (scarification with a roller), and no-tillage, in areas previously seeded with maize (Zea mays L.), at two spacing measures (0.90 m and 0.45 m). The results indicate that the demand for power, tensile stress, and motor rotation, in the sowing operation, were not influenced by tillage and maize crop. The tractor wheel slip showed different results, being lower in no-tillage and higher in conventional and reduced tillage.

Rhizoctonia solani AG groups in northeast India

Rhizoctonia solani isolates collected from different crops in northeast India belonged to anastomosis group AG 2-2 IIIB (Canavalia ensiformis, Sechium edule, Glycine max and Dolichos lablab). AG 11A was detected on Zea mays, Rhizoctonia solani on Sechium edule and AG 4HG-II on a weed, Galinsoga parviflora, which are new records from India. © Australasian Plant thology ociety 2010.

Fontes e parcelamento do nitrogênio em cobertura, na cultura do milho sob plantio direto

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Determination of the quality index of a Paleudult under sunflower culture and different management systems

Soil is an essential resource for life and its properties are susceptible to be modified by tillage systems. The impact of management practices on soil functions can be assessed through a soil quality index. It is interesting to assess soil quality in different soil types. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the soil quality index of a Paleudult under different management conditions and sunflower culture. The experiment was carried out in Botucatu (SP, Brazil), in an 11-year non-tilled area used for growing soybean and maize during summer and black oat or triticale in winter. Four management systems were considered: no-tillage with a hoe planter (NTh), no-tillage with a double-disk planter (NTd), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT). Soil samples were taken from the planting lines at harvest time. To determine the soil quality indices, following the methodology proposed by Karlen and Stott (1994), three main soil functions were assessed: soil capacity for root development, water storage capacity of the soil and nutrient supply capacity of the soil. The studied Paleudult was considered a soil with good quality under all the observed management systems. However, the soil quality indices varied between treatments being 0.64, 0.68, 0.86 and 0.79 under NTh, NTd, RT and CT, respectively. Physical attributes such as resistance to penetration and macroporosity increased the soil quality index in RT and CT compared to NTh and NTd. The soil quality indices obtained suggested that the evaluated soil is adequate for sunflower production under our study conditions. In view of the SQI values, RT is the most suitable management for this site since it preserves soil quality and provides an acceptable sunflower yield. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

Exogenous enzymes in pre-starter broiler diets based on corn and soybean meal

A fibrolytic enzyme complex was added to the pre-starter diet. Broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five treatments, consisting of a diet with no enzyme addition and four test diets supplemented with 100, 200, 300 and 400g/T of an enzyme complex. The dietary inclusion of the enzyme complex increased weight gain, and the dose of 300g/T improved weight gain and worsened feed conversion ratio.

Taxa de semeadura de Brachiaria brizantha consorciada com milho na incidência de plantas daninhas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Carbono orgânico e carbono residual do solo em sistema de plantio direto, submetido a diferentes manejos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)