Proceedings of the 10th international conference on disability, virtual reality and associated technologies (ICDVRAT 2014)

The proceedings of the conference

Effects of roads, topography, and land use on forest cover dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Roads and topography can determine patterns of land use and distribution of forest cover, particularly in tropical regions. We evaluated how road density, land use, and topography affected forest fragmentation, deforestation and forest regrowth in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest region near the city of Sao Paulo. We mapped roads and land use/land cover for three years (1962, 1981 and 2000) from historical aerial photographs, and summarized the distribution of roads, land use/land cover and topography within a grid of 94 non-overlapping 100 ha squares. We used generalized least squares regression models for data analysis. Our models showed that forest fragmentation and deforestation depended on topography, land use and road density, whereas forest regrowth depended primarily on land use. However, the relationships between these variables and forest dynamics changed in the two studied periods; land use and slope were the strongest predictors from 1962 to 1981, and past (1962) road density and land use were the strongest predictors for the following period (1981-2000). Roads had the strongest relationship with deforestation and forest fragmentation when the expansions of agriculture and buildings were limited to already deforested areas, and when there was a rapid expansion of development, under influence of Sao Paulo city. Furthermore, the past(1962)road network was more important than the recent road network (1981) when explaining forest dynamics between 1981 and 2000, suggesting a long-term effect of roads. Roads are permanent scars on the landscape and facilitate deforestation and forest fragmentation due to increased accessibility and land valorization, which control land-use and land-cover dynamics. Topography directly affected deforestation, agriculture and road expansion, mainly between 1962 and 1981. Forest are thus in peril where there are more roads, and long-term conservation strategies should consider ways to mitigate roads as permanent landscape features and drivers facilitators of deforestation and forest fragmentation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study of the relationship between roads, relief, land use, and natural vegetation in the Ibiuna Plateau - SP, focusing on landscape ecology

Roads facilitate access by deforestation agents, being relevant in studies approaching conservationist matters in rainforests. It is important to understand the relationship between road distribution, relief, land use, and forest coverage in order to evaluate where forests are more vulnerable. This study aimed at: 1) understanding the relationship between relief and density and road connectivity in three moments in time; and 2) evaluating the relationship between distance from roads and forest coverage, farmlands and rural and urban facilities in a fragmented Atlantic Forest landscape in three moments in time. Maps of roads, altitude, and land use and coverage were used. Chi-square tests showed that: 1) density and road connectivity did not present significant relationship with the relief; and 2) forest areas occupy areas distant from the roads, while farmlands and rural and urban facilities occupy areas nearer the roads. Roads and land use, regardless of relief, influence forest coverage distribution. Thus, we suggest that roads are taken into account in conservationist strategies and environmental planning.

Interaction and Persuasion:An analysis of the use of rhetorical devices in Gordon Brown's speech to the Labour Party Conference, on September 25, 2006

This essay has identified and analysed rhetorical devices in Gordon Brown’s speech delivered at the Labour Party conference on September 25, 2006. The aim of the study was to identify specific rhetorical devices which are described as interactional resources, analyse their uses and discuss possible effects that they may have when included in a political speech. The results are based on my own interpretations but are supported by information provided in current literature by analysts and researchers of rhetoric use. The result findings could probably serve as evidence of the need for better understanding of the devices used by politicians in their relentless endeavours to influence audience decisions.

Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning : en internatskola för mindre bemedlade pojkar under perioden 1865-1885

Uppsatsen behandlar Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning, en skola för pojkar som dessutom var Sveriges första internatskola. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka kriterier man hade på undervisningen på barnhusinrättningen från 1860-talets mitt och fram till mitten på 1880-talet samt vilka eleverna var som vistades där under den perioden. Detta görs utifrån frågeställningarna hur barnhusinrättningens stadgar såg ut under senare delen av 1800-talet, hur en kurs/läroplan under den aktuella tidsperioden såg ut och hur ämnena var fördelade, samt vilken bakgrund de elever som gick på barnhusinrättningen under den aktuella tidsperioden kunde ha och vad de ägnade sig åt efter examen från skolan.För att kunna genomföra undersökningen användes tillgängligt arkivmaterial angående Gustafsbergs barnhusinrättning, framför allt på arkivet på Gustafsbergsstiftelsen men även på Bohusläns föreningsarkiv.Undersökningen visade att stadgan och kursplanen angav att eleverna skulle delas in i tre klasser, en nedre, en mellersta och en övre. Utifrån denna indelning placerades elever i åldrarna mellan 6-16 in, dock rådde särskilda krav på blivande elever som skulle bli antagna till skolan och likaså på intagna elever för att de skulle kunna examineras. Examinationerna kontrollerades utförligt. Undervisningen på skolan skulle motsvara det statliga läroverkets fem lägre klasser. Läroämnena som skulle ingå i undervisningen och dess fördelning är tydlig både i stadgan och i kursplanerna. Ämnena skulle fördelas på 32 timmar i veckan, då tillkom ytterligare timmar för vidare studier vilket innebar ett ganska pressat schema. Diverse olika kriterier ställdes således på de olika klasserna, men också på lärarna vilka förväntades följa uppsatta riktlinjer för hur de skulle arbeta när det handlade om tidsfördelning bland klasserna och gällande olika ämnen. Kvaliteten på undervisningen och lärarna eftersträvades av skolan att hålla hög klass för att ge eleverna chans till vidare studier.Vilken bakgrund, och hemförhållanden, de elever som gick på barnhusinrättningen kom från blir tydlig med hjälp av barnhuslängden och ansökningar till barnhuset. Alla barnen hade gemensamt att de var fattiga och således kom från påvra förhållanden, de var alla hemmahörande i Bohuslän. Många gånger var det den enda lösningen de anhöriga kunde se för att ge barnet en chans till en framtid. Eleverna i undersökningen gick, i de allra flesta fallen, vidare till olika yrken som till exempel inom handel och kontor, länsman och sjöman. Vidare studier förekom också liksom emigrering till Amerika.

The Evolution of a Responsibility to Protect in Africa : The African Unions Emerging Peace and Security Regime

The thesis focuses on, and tries to evaluate, the role that the African Union (AU) plays in protecting the peace and security on the African continent. The thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to the topic by both utilizing international relations and international law theories. The two disciplines are combined in an attempt to understand the evolution of the AU’s commitment to the pragmatist doctrine: responsibility to protect (R2P). The AU charter is considered to be the first international law document to cover R2P as it allows the AU to interfere in the internal affairs of its member states. The R2P doctrine was evolved around the notion of a need to arrive at a consensus in regard to the right to intervene in the face of humanitarian emergencies. A part of the post-Cold War shift in UN behaviour has been to support local solutions to local problems. Hereby the UN acts in collaboration with regional organizations, such as the AU, to achieve the shared aspirations to maintain international peace and security without getting directly involved on the ground. The R2P takes a more holistic and long-term approach to interventions by including an awareness of the need to address the root causes of the crisis in order to prevent future resurrections of conflicts. The doctrine also acknowledges the responsibility of the international community and the intervening parties to actively participate in the rebuilding of the post-conflict state. This requires sustained and well planned support to ensure the development of a stable society.While the AU is committed to implementing R2P, many of the AU’s members are struggling, both ideologically and practically, to uphold the foundations on which legitimate intervention rests, such as the protection of human rights and good governance. The fact that many members are also among the poorest countries in the world adds to the challenges facing the AU. A lack of human and material resources leads to a situation where few countries are willing, or able, to support a long-term commitment to humanitarian interventions. Bad planning and unclear mandates also limit the effectiveness of the interventions. This leaves the AU strongly dependent on regional powerbrokers such as Nigeria and South Africa, which in itself creates new problems in regard to the motivations behind interventions. The current AU charter does not provide sufficient checks and balances to ensure that national interests are not furthered through humanitarian interventions. The lack of resources within the AU also generates worries over what pressure foreign nations and other international actors apply through donor funding. It is impossible for the principle of “local solutions for local problems? to gain ground while this donor conditionality exists.The future of the AU peace and security regime is not established since it still is a work in progress. The direction that these developments will take depends on a wide verity of factors, many of which are beyond the immediate control of the AU.