双结晶性嵌段共聚物的合成及结晶形貌研究

众所周知，嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇一聚L-丙交酯（PEG-LLA）、聚乙二醇一聚ε-己内酯（PEG-PCL）中的两个嵌段都是结晶性的，用它们作为结晶一结晶型嵌段共聚物的代表来研究结晶行为和结晶结构是很有意义的，但由于它们的结晶行为比结晶一非晶型的嵌段共聚物要复杂得多，因而至今相关报道很少。本论文合成了不同分子量的聚乙二醇一聚L-丙交酯两嵌段共聚物并对其结晶行为和形貌进行了详细的表征，具体研究结果如下：（1）DSC结果显示，嵌段共聚物中PLLA晶体和PEG晶体共存，并在升温和降温过程中显示出各自的熔融温度（Tm）和结晶温度（Tc），PEG链段的Tm都低于均聚物PEG的Tm，并且随着PLLA链段分子量的增加而降低。另一方面，均聚物PEGSO00的Tc要高于共聚物中的PEG链段Tc的。此外，嵌段共聚物中PEG链段的Tc都随着PLLA链段长度的增加而降低。（2）结果显示，嵌段共聚物的谱图恰好是两个均聚物PEG和PLLA谱图的叠加。这说明在嵌段共聚物中同时存在两个嵌段PEG链段和PLLA链段的相分 离的结晶微区。（3）在110℃或120℃时，不同分子量的嵌段共聚物PEG-PLLA都可以形成环带结晶形貌。偏光显微镜下的周期性的明暗交替消光与原子力显微镜观察到的表面的周期性的凸凹起伏都是由于PLLA片晶沿着球晶的半径方向作周期性扭曲造成的。（4）AFM观察环带球晶发现，凸起部分（ridge）的PLLA片晶以Edge-on方式堆砌，凹下部分（valley）的PLLA片晶主要是以Flat-on的方式堆砌。可见，AFM图像可以更直观的表现出球晶的结构和形态。好M还观察到了嵌段共聚 物的菱形单晶形貌，并发现在单晶中心伴有明显的螺旋位错结构。（5）在110或120℃时，先结晶的PLLA嵌段的片层为PEG的结晶提供了受限环境。PEG的结晶在微米尺度上虽然不会改变嵌段共聚物单晶的形貌，但会增加了单晶的片层厚度。本论文还合成了不同分子量的聚乙二醇一聚s一己内酷两嵌段共聚物并对其结晶行为和形貌进行了详细的表征，具体研究结果如下：（1）DSC结果显示，在嵌段共聚物中，固定PEG嵌段的长度时，随着PCL嵌段长度的增加，PCL嵌段的结晶温度和融温度变化不大，PEG嵌段的结晶温度和熔融温度变化很大。（2） POM结果显示，在不同的结晶温度下，PEG5000-PCL1000形成的球晶类似PEG均聚物的结晶形貌，PEG5000-PCL9000和PEG5000-PCL26000形成的球晶类似于均聚物PCL的结晶形貌，说明嵌段长度对整个结晶形貌的影响很大。（3）PEG5000-PCL5000显示出一种独特的结晶形貌一同心双球晶结晶形貌。同心双球晶的中心和外部分属于PCL嵌段和PEG嵌段的结晶。在同心双球晶的形成过程中，PEG嵌段从同心双球晶的中心一先结晶的PCL晶体片层开始生长，然后以较快的结晶速率冲破PcL球晶，形成自己独立的结晶微区结构。（4）在25，52℃等温结晶后，PEG5000-PCL5000和PEG5000-PCL9000的好M图片上呈现出一种独特的结晶形貌一纤维状或称羽毛状的结晶形貌，这属于PCL链段的结晶形貌。PEG5000-PCL16000和PEG50OO一PCL260OO由于其较长的PCL嵌段，导致其形貌大体上类似于均聚物PcL8000的树枝状形貌。PEG5000-PCLI000呈现有取向的条带结晶结构，类似于均聚物PEG5000的结晶形貌。（5）在36℃等温结晶后，PEG5000-PCL5000和PEG5000-PCL9000的AFM图片上呈现出的树枝状结构宽厚，肥大，这也许是因为PEG作为溶剂或稀释剂促进了PCL嵌段的结晶，使其晶体尺寸增加。

LLDPE接枝新型表面活性剂共聚物的制备及其结构、性能与应用的基础研究

合成三个系列的新型表面活性剂，制备了三个系列的聚乙烯接枝共聚物。第一系列的表面活性剂是将Tween8O、span80，聚氧乙烯肉桂醇醚，PEO（400），PEO（1000），PEO（2000）OCOC1’7H35和PEO（6000）-OCOC17H35引入双键而使其功能化，然后接枝到聚乙烯分子链上，表面活性剂的引入改变了聚乙烯的表面性能，使其亲水性增加。前三者为商品防雾滴剂，实验发现防雾滴剂的聚乙烯接枝共聚物膜的防雾滴性不如物理共混法制备的聚乙烯防雾滴膜的效果好。接枝聚乙烯共聚物LLDPE-g-PEO和LLDPE-g-PEO-sterate，由于结构差别，共聚物表面组成不同。前者随着支链长度的增加，支链柔性降低，共聚物表面氧的富集量趋于减少；而后者由于疏水基硬脂酸中碳链的存在，随着支链的增加，共聚物表面氧的富集量增加。LLDPE-g-PEO（400）和LLDPE-g-PEO（1000）的等温结晶速率都比空白聚乙烯的快。由于PEO与聚乙烯不相容，支链PEo在接枝共聚物中起异相成核剂的作用，使结晶速率加快。LLDPE-g-PEO（2000）-stearate的等温结晶速率与聚乙烯的接近，但比空白聚乙烯的略慢。这是由于支链末端硬脂酸碳链是柔性的疏水链，且与聚乙烯有较好的相容性，在本体聚乙烯非晶区中活动性较强，带动聚氧乙烯支链向相同的方向运动，使支链在聚乙烯中分散且伸展，对聚乙烯分子起惰性稀释剂的作用而导致结晶速率降低；但聚氧乙烯（2000）又具有结晶性，在本体聚乙烯中起异相成核剂的作用，使聚乙烯结晶速率加快，这两种作用消长的结果，使LLDPE-g-PEO（2000）-stearte接枝共聚物的结晶速率接近聚乙烯，但比聚乙烯的结晶速率略慢。LLDPE-g-PEO（6000）-stearate接枝共聚物的结晶速率比聚乙烯的快，这是由于聚氧乙烯（6000）的结晶性较强，活动性较强的硬脂酸基团很难使其伸展，其晶粒在本体聚乙烯中主要起异相成核剂的作用，导致其结晶速率比聚乙烯的快。为了弄清表面活性剂接枝到大分子链上的作用机理，特设计第二、第三系列的表面活性剂。第二系列的新型表面活性剂是I、II、III、IV和V，以及含有不饱和键的表面活性剂A-I、A-II和A-III。这些表面活性剂是以聚乙二醇、乙二醇、1，6-己二醇和1，10-癸二醇为主要的起始原料制得的。实验结果发现这些表面活性剂的表面张力随着疏水链长度的增加而增加。以A-I、A-II和A-II作为接枝单体，将其成功接枝到聚乙烯分子链上，从而改善了聚乙烯的表面性能。 由FTIR确定了其接枝率。由DSc对其等温结晶行为的研究发现：接枝链在本体聚合物中起异相成核剂的作用，加速了结晶过程，但没有改变聚乙烯晶格结构（WXA）。随着接枝链中的疏水链长度的增加，等温结晶速率加快。在低剪切速率时，空白聚乙烯具有牛顿流体的特性，而接枝聚乙烯表现出非牛顿流体行为。接枝聚合物在低剪切速率具有剪切变稠、高剪切速率时剪切变稀的现象。第三系列的新型表面活性剂是含氟和聚氧乙烯的特种表面活性剂：productIII（600-4600）。以FTIR和1HNMR表征其结构。以productIII（600-4600）为接枝单体，成功制得含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物，亲水性表面活性剂的引入，同样改变了聚乙烯的表面性能。当PEO分子量较低时，含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物的表面极性随着接枝链的分子量增加，极性增加，在ProductIII（1500）时，达到最大值，分子量继续增加，极性反而降低。这是由于支链结晶增加而影响分子链的迁移。含氟接枝聚乙烯共聚物的等温结晶速率比空白LLDPE的高，而且接枝共聚物的结晶速率随着支链分子量的增加而加快。这是由于含氟聚氧乙烯的接枝链在结晶体系中起成核剂的作用，使结晶过程加速。由于接枝率低，接枝链在接枝共聚物起异相成核剂的作用，虽然加速了结晶速率，但没有破坏聚乙烯晶格。

以聚乙烯醇为主链的接枝聚合物的合成和表征

分别采用过硫酸钾和硝酸铈铵作引发剂，在大连氨气保护下，合成了聚乙烯聚-g-聚丙烯酸。通过用浓硝酸氧化聚乙烯醇主链的方法，分离接枝支链聚丙烯酸，用粘度法测定聚丙烯酸的分子量，计算出每百克聚乙烯醇中的接枝链数。比较了两种引发体系下所得接枝产物结构上的差异。发现用硝酸铈铵作引发剂时，尽管每百克聚乙烯醇上接枝支链数远大于用过硫酸钾作引发剂时所得产物中的接枝支链数，但由于硝酸铈铵作引发剂时，能引起主链断裂，所得产物主要是主链断裂产生自由基形成的嵌段型产物，而过硫酸钾作引发剂时，不引起主链断裂，形成的是真正接枝型产物。另外，两种引发体系下所得支链聚丙烯酸的分子量有明显差异。

苯乙烯－已内酯两嵌段共聚物及共混物的结构研究

本论文采用阴离子逐步加料方法，成功地合成了各种组成法的PS－b－PCL嵌段共聚物。通过对PS－b－PCL嵌段共聚物的微相结构的透射电镜观察发现PS－b－PCL随PCL含量的不同及制样条件的变化，可以形成不同的微相结构。在PS－b－PCL/PCL共混体系中，发现了体系可以形成规则的环状球晶，而且消光环之间的距离随嵌段共聚物含量增加而减小，同时还发现环状球晶中有更细微的结构。

Comparison of aggregation behaviors between branched and linear block polyethers: MesoDyn simulation study

The comparison of aggregation behaviors between the branched block polyether T1107 (polyether A) and linear polyether (EO)(60)(PO)(40)(EO)(60) (polyether B) in aqueous solution are investigated by the MesoDyn simulation. Polyether A forms micelles at lower concentration and has a smaller aggregation number than B. Both the polyethers show the time-dependent micellar growth behaviors. The spherical micelles appear and then change to rod-like micelles with time evolution in the 10 vol% solution of polyether A. The micellar cluster appears and changes to pseudo-spherical micelles with time evolution in the 20 vol% solution of polyether A. However, the spherical micelles appear and change to micellar cluster with time evolution in the 20 vol% polyether B solution. The shear can induce the micellar transition of both block polyethers. When the shear rate is 1x10(5) s(-1), the shear can induce the sphere-to-rod transition of both polyethers at the concentration of 10 and 20 vol%. When the shear rate is lower than 1x10(5) s(-1), the huge micelles and micellar clusters can be formed in the 10 and 20 vol% polyether A systems under the shear, while the huge micelles are formed and then disaggregated with the time evolution in the 20 vol% polyether B system.

Synthesis and luminescence properties of hybrid organic-inorganic transparent titania thin film activated by in-situ formed lanthanide complexes

Stable transparent titania thin films were fabricated at room temperature by combining thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA)-modified titanium precursors with amphiphilic triblock poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO, P123) copolymers. The obtained transparent titania thin films were systematically investigated by IR spectroscopy, PL emission and excitation spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. IR spectroscopy indicates that TTFA coordinates the titanium center during the process of hydrolysis and condensation. Luminescence spectroscopy confirms the in-situ formation of lanthanide complexes in the transparent titania thin film.

A strategy for synthesis of ion-bonded supramolecular star polymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization

We have developed a novel strategy for the preparation of ion-bonded supramolecular star polymers by RAFT polymerization. An ion-bonded star supramolecule with six functional groups was prepared from a triphenylene derivative containing tertiary amino groups and trithiocarbonate carboxylic acid, and used as the RAFT agent in polymerizations of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA) and styrene (St). Molecular weights and structures of the polymers were characterized by H-1 NMR and GPC. The results show that the polymerization possesses the character of living free-radical polymerization and the ion-bonded supramolecular star polymers PSt, PtBA, and PSt-b-PtBA, with six well-defined arms, were successfully synthesized.

Synthesis of novel star-like hyperbranched polymers with poly(amido amine) core and poly(L-lysine) shell

Hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s containing vinyl and hydroxyl groups were successfully synthesized via Michael addition polymerization of triacrylamide (TT) and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol (APD) with equal molar ratio in feed. H-1, C-13 and HSQC NMR techniques were used to clarify the structure of hyperbranched polymers and polymerization mechanism.

Synthesis and micellization of star-like hyperbranched polymer with poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) arms

Novel star-like hyperbranched polymers with amphiphilic arms were synthesized via three steps. Hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s containing secondary amine and hydroxyl groups were successfully synthesized via Michael addition polymerization of triacrylamide (TT) and 3-amino-1,2-propanediol (APD) with feed molar ratio of 1:2. H-1, C-13, and HSQC NMR techniques were used to clarify polymerization mechanism and the structures of the resultant hyperbranched polymers

Two novel triphenylamine-substituted poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives: synthesis, photo- and electroluminescent properties

Two novel triphenylamine-substituted poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives, P1 and P2, have been successfully synthesized through the Witting-Horner reaction. The structures and properties of the monomers and the resulting polymers were characterized by using H-1 NMR, FT-IR, GPC, TGA, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electroluminescence (EL) spectroscopy

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/aminopropyltriethoxysilane/phosphotungstic acid hybrid membranes with non-covalent bond: Characterization, thermal stability, and proton conductivity

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) hybrid membranes doped with different weight ratio of phosphotungstic acid (PWA) were prepared by the casting procedure, as well as PWA as a catalyst for sol-gel process of KH550. The chemical structures of hybrid membranes were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology of hybrid membranes was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results had proved the uniform and homogeneous distribution of KH550 and PWA in these hybrid membranes.

Biodegradable Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes Based on Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alpha,L-glutamic acid) and Chitosan

We synthesized methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alpha,L-glutamic acid) (mPEGGA) diblock copolymer by ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxy anhydride of gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate (NCA) using amino-terminated methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) as macroinitiator. Polyelectrolyte complexation between mPEGGA as neutral-block-polyanion and chitosan (CS) as polycation has been scrutinized in aqueous solution as well as in the solid state.

Self-Assembly of Rod-Terminally Tethered Three-Armed Star-Shaped Coil Block Copolymer: Investigation of the Presence of the Branching in the Coil to the Self-Assembled Behavior

Self-assembled behavior of rod-terminally tethered three-armed star-shaped coil block copolymer melts was studied by applying self-consistent-field lattice techniques in three-dimensional (3D) space. Similar to rod-coil diblock copolymers, five morphologies were observed, i.e., lamellar, perforated lamellar, gyroidlike, cylindrical and sphericallike structures, while the distribution of the morphologies in the phase diagram was dramatically changed with respect to that Of rod-coil diblock copolymers.

Grafting acrylic acid onto polypropylene by reactive extrusion with pre-irradiated PP as initiator

In this paper, the modification of polypropylene (PP) with acrylic acid (AA) by reactive extrusion using pre-irradiated PP (rPP) as initiator was investigated. It was found the relatively high graft degree (Gd) and slight degradation of modified PP was obtained when 20 wt% rPP was used. This result can be explained in terms of effective concentration of free radicals.

Spontaneous volume transition of polyampholyte nanocomposite hydrogels based on pure electrostatic interaction

A circular system is employed in this paper to investigate the swelling behaviors of polyampholyte hydrogels; this circular system can effectively eliminate the disturbance of various factors and keep the surrounding environment constant. It is found that there exists a spontaneous volume transition to the collapsed state of polyampholyte hydrogels, which is attributed to the overshooting effect, and the transition can occur repeatedly under certain conditions. C-13 NMR is employed to investigate the swelling behavior of polyampholyte hydrogels.