A HIGH-RESOLUTION SOLID-STATE NMR AND DSC STUDY OF MISCIBILITY AND CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)/POLY(N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE) BLENDS

Blends of crystallizable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVPy) were studied by C-13 cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) n.m.r. and d.s.c. The C-13 CP/MAS spectra show that the blends were miscible on a molecular level over the whole composition range studied, and that the intramolecular hydrogen bonds of PVA were broken and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between PVA and PVPy formed when the two polymers were mixed. The results of a spin-lattice relaxation study indicate that blending of the two polymers reduced the average intermolecular distance and molecular motion of each component, even in the miscible amorphous phase, and that addition of PVPy into PVA has a definite effect on the crystallinity of PVA in the blends over the whole composition range, yet there is still detectable crystallinity even when the PVPy content is as high as 80 wt%. These results are consistent with those obtained from d.s.c. studies.

裂解色谱法研究环化顺-1,4-丁二烯-异戊二烯无规共聚物

如同顺-1,4-聚丁二烯(PBd)和聚异戊二烯(PIP),在一定的催化条件下,顺-1,4-丁二烯-异戊二烯无规共聚物(PBI,简称丁戊无规共聚物)可生成环化顺-1,4-丁戊无规共聚物(CP-BI)。作者曾报道用裂解色谱法表征环化顺-1,4-聚丁二烯(CPBd),本文对不同组成的CPBI和PBI进行了裂解色谱比较研究。 表1所列试样由实验室合成。用CDS pyro-probe 190型裂解器,SP-2305E型气相色谱仪,FID。裂解温度700℃,裂解时间5秒,色谱柱4mm×3m不锈钢柱,填充20%SE-30固定相(101白色担体),柱温106℃,载气氮气40mL/min。试样量约30μg,放于石英管内,后者再插入

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BINUCLEAR ORGANOLANTHANIDE COMPLEXES INVOLVING CYCLOPENTADIENYL AND N-PROPYLOXIDE LIGANDS - X-RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF [(C5H5)2YB(MU-OCH2CH2CH3)]2

By the reaction of Cp3Ln (Cp = C5H5; Ln = Dy, Ho, Yb) with equimolar n-propyl alcohol in THF (tetrahydrofuran) at room temperature three new binuclear organolanthanide complexes, [CP2Ln(mu-OCH2CH2CH3)]2 (Ln = Dy, Ho, Yb), have been synthesized, as shown by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis for the complex [Cp2Yb(mu-OCH2CH2CH3)]2. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and MS spectra. The Yb2O2 unit is planar, and the ytterbium atom is coordinated by two Cp ring centroids and two oxygen atoms of two n-propyloxide ligands to form a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The average Yb-C (Cp) bond distance is 2.589(17) angstrom. The average Yb-O distance is 2.199(5) angstrom. The Yb-Yb separation [3.521(1) angstrom] indicates that no metal-metal interaction is present.

PREPARATION AND STRUCTURE OF HALF-OPEN VANADOCENE, V[2,4-(CH3)2C5H5](C5H5)CO

The half-open vanadocene, V[2,4-(CH3)2C5H5](C5H5)CO, was obtained by the reaction of V[2,4-(CH3)2C5H5](C5H5)PMe3 with CO in petroleum ether at room temperature. Its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction technique. The crystal was monoclinic with space group P2(1)/n, a = 16.614(3), b = 7.636(1), c = 19.128(6) angstrom, beta = 99.92(2)-degrees, V = 2390.5(9) angstrom3, and Z = 8. The final R value was 0.043. The V(1)-CPD(1) (half) (PD = 2,4-(CH3)2C5H5) bonds were shorter (0.038 angstrom) than the V(1)-CCP(1) (half) (CP = C5H5) bonds, averaging 2.224(4) versus 2.262(4) angstrom, respectively. 4V[2,4-(CH3)2C5H5](C5H5)CO has been characterized by IR and EPR methods.

SYNTHESIS, THERMAL-STABILITY AND X-RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF THE BIS(CYCLOPENTADIENYL)YTTERBIUM NAPHTHOXIDE DERIVATIVE (C5H5)2YB(OC10H7)(THF)

Cp3Yb (Cp = C5H5) reacts with a-naphthol (HNP) in THF to form Cp2Yb(NP)(THF) (1), which crystallizes in the space group P2(1)/n with unit cell dimensions a = 8.084(2), b = 15.996(6), c = 15.973(7) angstrom, beta = 98.95(3), V = 2040.3 angstrom and D(calc.) = 1.69 g cm-3 for Z = 4. Least-squares refinement based on 2242 observed reflections converged to a final R value of 0.081. The average Yb-C(Cp) distance is 2.60(2) angstrom and Yb-O(THF) and Yb-O(NP) distances are 2.30(1) and 2.06(1) angstrom, respectively. The title compound loses the coordinated THF molecule readily by heating under vacuum to give dimeric [Cp2Yb(NP)]2 (2), which undergoes disproportionation to give Cp3Yb and Yb(NP)3 on heating above 230-degrees-C.

有机膦酸酯稀土萃取剂的快原子轰击质谱研究

本文报道了用正、负离子快原子轰击质谱法鉴定有机膦酸酯稀土萃取剂的方法。结果表明:该类化合物的FABMS比较简单,具有〔MH〕~+,〔M_2H〕~+,〔M_3H〕~+等系列离子;断裂方式简明,规律性强。主要表现为C—O,P—O,C—P键断裂;在正离子FABMS中,准分子离子经C—O键断裂,重排后形成的离子RP(OH)_3~+为基峰离子,在负离子FABMS中,准分子离子RP(O)(OR_1))O~-为基峰。

稀土-锂双金属配合物的研究——(LaCl)DME(μ_2-Cl)_5(μ_3-Cl)(La·DME)Li(THF)_2的合成及其晶体结构

在稀土有机化学中,[Cp_2LnCl]_2和[Cp_2LnCl_2LiL_2][Cp为取代或未取代的环戊二烯基,Ln为稀土离子(III),L为Lewis碱]型化合物是重要的中间物。对含锂烷基、芳基或烯丙基稀土化合物的研究也有着重要的意义。这类分子中含有型桥键结构。由于这类化合物难于结晶及其不稳定性,故很难进行系统的研究。 Rossmanith首先发现了NdCl_3-LiCl-THF溶液的存在。李毅用这一溶液很方便地合成了几个轻稀土-锂双金属有机化合物。但是,在稀土配位化学中,对氯化稀土-氯化锂配合物的研究还很少,对LnCl_3LiCl-THF溶液的认识也有待深化。本文合成了组成为(LaCl)DME(μ_2-Cl)_5(μ_3-Cl)(La·DME)Li(THF)_2的新型桥式链状配合物,并测定了晶体结构。这种类型的稀土双金属配合物尚未见报道。

Recombination and heterologous expression of allophycocyanin gene in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Heterogeneous expression of multiple genes in the nucleus of transgenic plants requires the introduction of an individual gene and the subsequent backcross to reconstitute multi-subunit proteins or metabolic pathways. In order to accomplish the expression of multiple genes in a single transformation event, we inserted both large and small subunits of allophycocyanin gene (apcA and apcB) into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast expression vector, resulting in papc-S. The constructed vector was then introduced into the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii by micro-particle bombardment. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analysis revealed that the two genes had integrated into the chloroplast genome. Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the two genes from the prokaryotic cyanobacteria could be correctly expressed in the chloroplasts of C. reinhardtii. The expressed foreign protein in transformants accounted for about 2%-3% of total soluble proteins. These findings pave the way to the reconstitution of multi-subunit proteins or metabolic pathways in transgenic C. reinhardtii chloroplasts in a single transformation event.

Establishment of a micro-particle bombardment transformation system for Dunaliella saliva

In this study, we chronicle the establishment of a novel transformation system for the unicellular marine green alga, Dunaliella salina. We introduced the CaMV35S promoter-GUS construct into D. saliva with a PDS1000/He micro-particle bombardment system. Forty eight h after transformation, via histochemical staining, we observed the transient expression of GUS in D. salina cells which had been bombarded under rupture-disc pressures of 450 psi and 900 psi. We observed no GUS activity in either the negative or the blank controls. Our findings indicated that the micro-particle bombardment method constituted a feasible approach to the genetic transformation of D. salina. We also conducted tests of the cells' sensitivity to seven antibiotics and one herbicide, and our results suggested that 20 mu g/ ml of Basta could inhibit cell growth completely. The bar gene, which encodes for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and confers herbicide tolerance, was introduced into the cells via the above established method. The results of PCR and PCR-Southern blot analyses indicated that the gene was successfully integrated into the genome of the transformants.

Molecular cloning and expression of interleukin 1beta (IL-1 beta) from red seabream (Pagrus major)

The interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) cDNA was cloned from the red seabream (Pagrus major) by homology cloning strategy. A cDNA fragment was amplified by PCR using two degenerated primers, which were designed according to the conserved regions of other known IL-1beta sequences, and elongated by 3' ends and 5' ends RACE PCR to get the full length coding sequence of red seabream IL-1beta (RS IL-1beta). The sequence contained 1252 nucleotides that included a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 84 bp, a 3' UTR of 410 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 759 nucleotides which could be translated into a putative peptide of 253 amino acids with molecular weight of 28.6 kD and putative isoelectric point pI of 5.29. The deduced peptide contained two potential N-glycosylation sites and an identifiable IL1 family signature, but lacked the signal peptide and the clear ICE cut site, which were common in other nonmammalian IL-1beta genes. The RS IL-1beta had the highest homology with piscine IL-1beta according to phylogenetic tree analysis. The transcript expression was detected in blood, brain, gill, heart, head kidney, kidney, liver, muscle and spleen in the pathogen challenged and healthy red seabream by RTPCR. Results showed that the RS IL-1beta mRNA was constitutively expressed in most of the tissues both in stimulated and un-stimulated fish, and the expression could be enhanced by pathogen challenging.

Cloning and expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) cDNA from red seabream Pagrus major

A fragment of TNFalpha cDNA sequence from red seabream was cloned by homology cloning approach with two degenerated primers which were designed based on the conserved regions of other animals' TNF sequences. The sequence was elongated by 3' and 5' RACE to get the full length CDS sequence. This sequence contained 1264 nucleotides that included a 5' UTR of 85 bp, a 3' UTR of 514 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 666 bp which could encode 222 amino acids propeptide. In 3' UTR, there were several mRNA instability motifs and three endotoxin-responsive sequences, but the sequence lacked the polyadenylation signal. The deduced peptide had a clear transmembrane domain, a TNFalpha family signature and a TNF2 family profile. The cell attachment sequence and the glycosaminoglycan attachment sites were also found in the sequence. The red seabream TNF sequence shared relatively high similarity with both mammalian TNFalpha and TNFbeta by multiple sequence alignments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the piscine TNFalpha were located independently in a different branch compared with mammalian TNFalpha and TNFbeta. Based on the primary and secondary structure analysis and gene expression study, we could concluded that the red seabream TNF should be a TNFalpha, not TNFbeta. RT-PCR was used to study TNFa transcript expression. 24 h after the red seabream was challenged by Vibrio anguillarum, the RS TNFalpha transcript expression were detected in blood, brain, gill, heart, head kidney, kidney, Ever, muscle and spleen. Results showed that TNFalpha mRNA was constitutively expressed in parts of the tissues both in stimulated and unstimulated fish and the expression could be enhanced after the pathogen infection.

Isolation of PSI from a siphonous marine green alga, Codium fragile

Three different forms of PS I complexes were isolated from a siphonous marine green alga, Codium fragile, by Triton X-100 sucrose gradient centrifugation. Zone III had a Chl a/b>20, and designated as PS I. core complex CC I because it created only CP I band in mild PAGE. Zone IV and V had absorption at 436 and 674 nm, 467 and 650 nm, and 540 nm, suggesting the presence of Chl a, Chl b, siphonaxanthin and siphonein, Chl a/b were 3.23 and 2.4, respectively. Both CP I and CP I a bands were observed when they were subjected to mild PAGE. Therefore, Zone IV and V were different forms of PS I complexes that consisted of CC I and different amount of light-harvesting complex LHC I. Zone III contained only 66 and 56 ku peptides in SDS-PAGE, while Zone IV and V had 4 different LHC I peptides of 25, 26, 26.2 and 27.5 ku in addition to 66, 56 ku peptides. Fluorescence emission spectra showed that efficient energy transfer were kept among pigments in isolated PS I complexes. Excitation energy absorbed by Chl b, siphonaxanthin and siphonein can be transferred to Chl a.

Isolation and nomenclature of pigment-protein complexes from the brown alga (Undaria pinnatifida Harv.)

Eight kinds of pigment-protein complexes were resolved from the thylakoid membrane of the brown alga (Undaria pinnatifida Harv.) by using non-ionic detergent decanoyl-N-methylglucamide and PAGE technique. According to the apparent molecular weights, spectra characteristics, polypeptide compositions and referring to the higher plant spinach, eight pigment-protein complexes were named under Anderson's terminology system as CP I a, CP I, CPa, LHC1, LHC2, LHC3, LHC4, LHC5.

Molecular cloning, characterization and evolutionary analysis of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene from Haematococcus pluvialis

Phytoene desaturase is one of the most important enzymes necessary for the biosynthesis of carotenoids in some cyanobacteria, green algae and plants. In this study, genomic DNA and cDNA of pds were cloned from unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis strain323 using PCR and RT-PCR methods. The cDNA was cloned into plasmid pET-28a and efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The complete genomic PDS gene of H. pluvialis, 3.3 kb in size, included eight exons and seven introns. To locate transcriptional regulation elements, an approximate 1 kb of 5'-flanking region was isolated by genome-walking method. Results of bioinformatic analysis showed several putative cis-elements e.g. the ABRE motif (abscisic acid responsive element), the C-repeat/DRE (dehydration responsive element) motif and the GCN4 motif were located in 5'-flanking region of pds. Results of phylogenetic analyses reveal that different sources of PDS genes form a separate clade, respectively, with 100% bootstrap support. Moreover, a maximum likelihood approach was employed to detect evidence of positive selection in the evolution of PDS genes. Results of branch-site model analysis suggest that 7.9% of sites along the green algal branch are under positive selection, and the PDS gene in green algae exhibits a different evolutionary pattern from its counterparts in cyanobacteria and plants.