Tools for better SLM knowledge management and informed decision-making in addressing land degradation at different scales: the WOCAT–LADA–DESIRE methodology

Desertification research conventionally focuses on the problem – that is, degradation – while neglecting the appraisal of successful conservation practices. Based on the premise that Sustainable Land Management (SLM) experiences are not sufficiently or comprehensively documented, evaluated, and shared, the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) initiative (www.wocat.net), in collaboration with FAO’s Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) project (www.fao.org/nr/lada/) and the EU’s DESIRE project (http://www.desire-project.eu/), has developed standardised tools and methods for compiling and evaluating the biophysical and socio-economic knowledge available about SLM. The tools allow SLM specialists to share their knowledge and assess the impact of SLM at the local, national, and global levels. As a whole, the WOCAT–LADA–DESIRE methodology comprises tools for documenting, self-evaluating, and assessing the impact of SLM practices, as well as for knowledge sharing and decision support in the field, at the planning level, and in scaling up identified good practices. SLM depends on flexibility and responsiveness to changing complex ecological and socioeconomic causes of land degradation. The WOCAT tools are designed to reflect and capture this capacity of SLM. In order to take account of new challenges and meet emerging needs of WOCAT users, the tools are constantly further developed and adapted. Recent enhancements include tools for improved data analysis (impact and cost/benefit), cross-scale mapping, climate change adaptation and disaster risk management, and easier reporting on SLM best practices to UNCCD and other national and international partners. Moreover, WOCAT has begun to give land users a voice by backing conventional documentation with video clips straight from the field. To promote the scaling up of SLM, WOCAT works with key institutions and partners at the local and national level, for example advisory services and implementation projects. Keywords: Sustainable Land Management (SLM), knowledge management, decision-making, WOCAT–LADA–DESIRE methodology.

Morphological characterization of the Azikheli buffalo in Pakistan

This study aims to characterize Azikheli, an undocumented buffalo breed, in its home tract (Khwazakhela, Swat, Pakistan) under traditional farming conditions. For this purpose, 108 buffalo cows and 27 bulls were randomly selected. Mean, standard error, Student's t test and Chi-square test were used for various comparisons. The results show that the majority of animals have a brown coat colour. Cows have significantly higher heart girths, longer horns, longer necks and wider faces at the level of the eyes than bulls, whereas bulls have significantly longer bodies, longer ears, thicker horns, thicker necks and larger hooves than cows. Horns are flat laterally, directed backwards and then slightly upwards without twisting, leading to a sickle to semi-sickle appearance. Owing to its small body size and brown coat colour, the breed is well adapted to mountain slope grazing and thrives well away from swamps. Its adaptation to mountainous ecosystems warrants its in situ conservation.

Increased myocardial susceptibility to repetitive ischemia with high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Obesity and diabetes are frequently associated with cardiovascular disease. When a normal heart is subjected to brief/sublethal repetitive ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), adaptive responses are activated to preserve cardiac structure and function. These responses include but are not limited to alterations in cardiac metabolism, reduced calcium responsiveness, and induction of antioxidant enzymes. In a model of ischemic cardiomyopathy inducible by brief repetitive I/R, we hypothesized that dysregulation of these adaptive responses in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice would contribute to enhanced myocardial injury. DIO C57BL/6J mice were subjected to 15 min of daily repetitive I/R while under short-acting anesthesia, a protocol that results in the development of fibrotic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac lipids and candidate gene expression were analyzed at 3 days, and histology at 5 days of repetitive I/R. Total free fatty acids (FFAs) in the cardiac extracts of DIO mice were significantly elevated, reflecting primarily the dietary fatty acid (FA) composition. Compared with lean controls, cardiac FA oxidation (FAO) capacity of DIO mice was significantly higher, concurrent with increased expression of FA metabolism gene transcripts. Following 15 min of daily repetitive I/R for 3 or 5 days, DIO mice exhibited increased susceptibility to I/R and, in contrast to lean mice, developed microinfarction, which was associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response. Repetitive I/R in DIO mice was associated with more profound significant downregulation of FA metabolism gene transcripts and elevated FFAs and triglycerides. Maladaptive metabolic changes of FA metabolism contribute to enhanced myocardial injury in diet-induced obesity.

After Bali: WTO Rules Applying to Public Food Reserves

Once more, agriculture threatened to prevent all progress in multilateral trade rule-making at the Ninth WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2013. But this time, the “magic of Bali” worked. After the clock had been stopped mainly because of the food security file, the ministers adopted a comprehensive package of decisions and declarations mainly in respect of development issues. Five are about agriculture. Decision 38 on Public Stockholding for Food Security Purposes contains a “peace clause” which will now be shielding certain stockpile programmes from subsidy complaints in formal litigation. This article provides contextual background and analyses this decision from a legal perspective. It finds that, at best, Decision 38 provides a starting point for a WTO Work Programme for food security, for review at the Eleventh Ministerial Conference which will probably take place in 2017. At worst, it may unduly widen the limited window for government-financed competition existing under present rules in the WTO Agreement on Agriculture – yet without increasing global food security or even guaranteeing that no subsidy claims will be launched, or entertained, under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. Hence, the Work Programme should find more coherence between farm support and socio-economic and trade objectives when it comes to stockpiles. This also encompasses a review of the present WTO rules applying to other forms of food reserves and to regional or “virtual” stockpiles. Another “low hanging fruit” would be a decision to exempt food aid purchases from export restrictions.

The relationship between supermarket nutrient movements and the mortality rates from fat-associated and non-fat-associated cardiovascular disease: Development of an ecologic method for determining community food patterns

Supermarket nutrient movement, a community food consumption measure, aggregated 1,023 high-fat foods, representing 100% of visible fats and approximately 44% of hidden fats in the food supply (FAO, 1980). Fatty acid and cholesterol content of foods shipped from the warehouse to 47 supermarkets located in the Houston area were calculated over a 6 month period. These stores were located in census tracts with over 50% of a given ethnicity: Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, or white non-Hispanic. Categorizing the supermarket census tracts by predominant ethnicity, significant differences were found by ANOVA in the proportion of specific fatty acids and cholesterol content of the foods examined. Using ecological regression, ethnicity, income, and median age predicted supermarket lipid movements while residential stability did not. No associations were found between lipid movements and cardiovascular disease mortality, making further validation necessary for epidemiological application of this method. However, it has been shown to be a non-reactive and cost-effective method appropriate for tracking target foods in populations of groups, and for assessing the impact of mass media nutrition education, legislation, and fortification on community food and nutrient purchase patterns. ^

Calibración del modelo de Hargreaves para la estimación de la evapotranspiración de referencia en Coronel Dorrego, Argentina

La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación FAO propone el uso de la ecuación de Penman-Monteith (PM) como el estándar para la estimación de la evapotranspiración de referencia y para la calibración de otras ecuaciones. El principal inconveniente del uso de esta ecuación es que requiere datos que no se tienen en la mayoría de las estaciones. El uso de métodos de cálculos alternativos es usual en la bibliografía. El método de Hargreaves (HG), recomendado por la FAO, es el más usado en la bibliografía cuando sólo se dispone de los datos de temperaturas. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la posibilidad de calibración y ajuste del método HG en la estación de Coronel Dorrego. Se han comparado los métodos PM y HG, encontrándose una buena correlación entre ambos. Se concluye que el modelo HG es una metodología adecuada, para la zona de Coronel Dorrego y se sugiere la fórmula siguiente: ETo HG = 0,00206⋅Ra⋅(Tmáx-- T mín) 0,49⋅(tm+17,8) mm/día

Aplicación de la herramienta EX -ACT para el cálculo del balance de carbono en un proyecto de incremento de la superficie forestal en la provincia de Mendoza mediante el uso de cortinas forestales en los cultivos de vid

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal la aplicación de la herramienta de balance de Carbono (EX –ACT, FAO 2012), cuyo fin es proporcionar estimaciones ex-ante sobre el impacto de la mitigación de proyectos de desarrollo agrícolas o forestales, estimando el balance de Carbono (C) neto proveniente de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y de la secuestración de C. Para esto se utilizó como área de estudio la superficie cultivada con vid dentro de los oasis de regadío de la provincia de Mendoza y una propuesta de proyecto que consiste en aumentar la superficie de cultivo forestal de álamos como cortinas cortavientos acompañando los cultivos de vid. La herramienta muestra que en las condiciones actuales, con el tipo de manejo que se realiza sobre el cultivo de vid, este en su conjunto es una fuente de gases de efecto invernadero, a pesar de ser vegetación. Dicho resultado es producto del número y la cantidad de insumos utilizados en el manejo convencional de la vid. Cuando se integra a esta situación la propuesta del cultivo de álamos, el resultado final cambia, pasando a ser el sistema en su conjunto, un sumidero de gases de efecto invernadero. La razón principal del cambio es que el aumento de superficie forestal tiene un bajo consumo de insumos generadores de emisiones, lo cual hace que disminuya la cantidad de insumos por hectárea de cultivo. En vistas de los resultados se considera que la viabilidad del proyecto se dará siempre y cuando existan cambios a nivel provincial que permitan, por ejemplo hacer más eficiente la distribución de agua para poder hacer uso de la misma en mayor superficie de cultivos.