Structural analysis of a UAV wing through image processing and FEM

Analisi strutturale dell’ala di un UAV (velivolo senza pilota a bordo), sviluppata usando varie metodologie: misurazioni sperimentali statiche e dinamiche, e simulazioni numeriche con l’utilizzo di programmi agli elementi finiti. L’analisi statica è stata a sua volta portata avanti seguendo due differenti metodi: la classica e diretta determinazione degli spostamenti mediante l’utilizzo di un catetometro e un metodo visivo, basato sull’elaborazione di immagini e sviluppato appositamente a tale scopo in ambiente Matlab. Oltre a ciò è stata svolta anche una analisi FEM volta a valutare l’errore che si ottiene affrontando il problema con uno studio numerico. Su tale modello FEM è stata svolta anche una analisi di tipo dinamico con lo scopo di confrontare tali dati con i dati derivanti da un test dinamico sperimentale per ottenere informazioni utili per una seguente possibile analisi aeroelastica.

Semplificazione della geometria per l'analisi modale FEM di un carter motociclistico

Creazione di un modello semplificato per l’analisi modale FEM di un carter motociclistico. La scelta degli elementi da considerare nel modello è stata fatta in funzione della loro importanza in termini di variazione di massa del basamento completo, elemento fondamentale che ha influenzato anche la scelta delle semplificazioni da apportare ai vari elementi.

The new Beam Halo Monitor for the CMS experiment at the LHC

In the context of increasing beam energy and luminosity of the LHC accelerator at CERN, it will be important to accurately measure the Machine Induced Background. A new monitoring system will be installed in the CMS cavern for measuring the beam background at high radius. This detector, called the Beam Halo Monitor, will provide an online, bunch-by-bunch measurement of background induced by beam halo interactions, separately for each beam. The detector is composed of synthetic quartz Cherenkov radiators, coupled to fast UV sensitive photomultiplier tubes. The directional and fast response of the system allows the discrimination of the background particles from the dominant flux in the cavern induced by pp collision debris, produced within the 25 ns bunch spacing. The readout electronics of this detector will make use of many components developed for the upgrade of the CMS Hadron Calorimeter electronics, with a dedicated firmware and readout adapted to the beam monitoring requirements. The PMT signal will be digitized by a charge integrating ASIC, providing both the signal rise time and the charge integrated over one bunch crossing. The backend electronics will record bunch-by-bunch histograms, which will be published to CMS and the LHC using the newly designed CMS beam instrumentation specific DAQ. A calibration and monitoring system has been designed to generate triggered pulses of UV light to monitor the efficiency of the system. The experimental results validating the design of the detector, the calibration system and the electronics will be presented.

Measurement of the $B^0$ - $\bar{B}^0$ and $B^0_s$ - $\bar{B}^0_s$ production asymmetries in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV and $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with the LHCb experiment

The production rate of $b$ and $\bar{b}$ hadrons in $pp$ collisions are not expected to be strictly identical, due to imbalance between quarks and anti-quarks in the initial state. This phenomenon can be naively related to the fact that the $\bar{b}$ quark produced in the hard scattering might combine with a $u$ or $d$ valence quark from the colliding protons, whereas the same cannot happen for a $b$ quark. This thesis presents the analysis performed to determine the production asymmetries of $B^0$ and $B^0_s$. The analysis relies on data samples collected by the LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) during the 2011 and 2012 data takings at two different values of the centre of mass energy $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV and at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV, corresponding respectively to an integrated luminosity of 1 fb$^{-1}$ and of 2 fb$^{-1}$. The production asymmetry is one of the key ingredients to perform measurements of $CP$ violation in b-hadron decays at the LHC, since $CP$ asymmetries must be disentangled from other sources. The measurements of the production asymmetries are performed in bins of $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$ of the $B$-meson. The values of the production asymmetries, integrated in the ranges $4 < p_\mathrm{T} < 30$ GeV/c and $2.5<\eta<4.5$, are determined to be: \begin{equation} A_\mathrm{P}(\B^0)= (-1.00\pm0.48\pm0.29)\%,\nonumber \end{equation} \begin{equation} A_\mathrm{P}(\B^0_s)= (\phantom{-}1.09\pm2.61\pm0.61)\%,\nonumber \end{equation} where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The measurement of $A_\mathrm{P}(B^0)$ is performed using the full statistics collected by LHCb so far, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb$^{-1}$, while the measurement of $A_\mathrm{P}(B^0_s)$ is realized with the first 1 fb$^{-1}$, leaving room for improvement. No clear evidence of dependences on the values of $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$ is observed. The results presented in this thesis are the most precise measurements available up to date.

The XENON1T experiment: Monte Carlo background estimation and sensitivity curves study

Despite the scientific achievement of the last decades in the astrophysical and cosmological fields, the majority of the Universe energy content is still unknown. A potential solution to the “missing mass problem” is the existence of dark matter in the form of WIMPs. Due to the very small cross section for WIMP-nuleon interactions, the number of expected events is very limited (about 1 ev/tonne/year), thus requiring detectors with large target mass and low background level. The aim of the XENON1T experiment, the first tonne-scale LXe based detector, is to be sensitive to WIMP-nucleon cross section as low as 10^-47 cm^2. To investigate the possibility of such a detector to reach its goal, Monte Carlo simulations are mandatory to estimate the background. To this aim, the GEANT4 toolkit has been used to implement the detector geometry and to simulate the decays from the various background sources: electromagnetic and nuclear. From the analysis of the simulations, the level of background has been found totally acceptable for the experiment purposes: about 1 background event in a 2 tonne-years exposure. Indeed, using the Maximum Gap method, the XENON1T sensitivity has been evaluated and the minimum for the WIMP-nucleon cross sections has been found at 1.87 x 10^-47 cm^2, at 90% CL, for a WIMP mass of 45 GeV/c^2. The results have been independently cross checked by using the Likelihood Ratio method that confirmed such results with an agreement within less than a factor two. Such a result is completely acceptable considering the intrinsic differences between the two statistical methods. Thus, in the PhD thesis it has been proven that the XENON1T detector will be able to reach the designed sensitivity, thus lowering the limits on the WIMP-nucleon cross section by about 2 orders of magnitude with respect to the current experiments.

Feasibility studies for accessing nucleon structure observables with the PANDA experiment at the future FAIR facility

The availability of a high-intensity antiproton beam with momentum up to 15,GeV/c at the future FAIR will open a unique opportunity to investigate wide areas of nuclear physics with the $overline{P}$ANDA (anti{$overline{P}$}roton ANnihilations at DArmstadt) detector. Part of these investigations concern the Electromagnetic Form Factors of the proton in the time-like region and the study of the Transition Distribution Amplitudes, for which feasibility studies have been performed in this Thesis. rnMoreover, simulations to study the efficiency and the energy resolution of the backward endcap of the electromagnetic calorimeter of $overline{P}$ANDA are presented. This detector is crucial especially for the reconstruction of processes like $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^- pi^0$, investigated in this work. Different arrangements of dead material were studied. The results show that both, the efficiency and the energy resolution of the backward endcap of the electromagnetic calorimeter fullfill the requirements for the detection of backward particles, and that this detector is necessary for the reconstruction of the channels of interest. rnrnThe study of the annihilation channel $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^-$ will improve the knowledge of the Electromagnetic Form Factors in the time-like region, and will help to understand their connection with the Electromagnetic Form Factors in the space-like region. In this Thesis the feasibility of a measurement of the $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^-$ cross section with $overline{P}$ANDA is studied using Monte-Carlo simulations. The major background channel $bar pprightarrow pi^+ pi^-$ is taken into account. The results show a $10^9$ background suppression factor, which assure a sufficiently clean signal with less than 0.1% background contamination. The signal can be measured with an efficiency greater than 30% up to $s=14$,(GeV/c)$^2$. The Electromagnetic Form Factors are extracted from the reconstructed signal and corrected angular distribution. Above this $s$ limit, the low cross section will not allow the direct extraction of the Electromagnetic Form Factors. However, the total cross section can still be measured and an extraction of the Electromagnetic Form Factors is possible considering certain assumptions on the ratio between the electric and magnetic contributions.rnrnThe Transition Distribution Amplitudes are new non-perturbative objects describing the transition between a baryon and a meson. They are accessible in hard exclusive processes like $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^- pi^0$. The study of this process with $overline{P}$ANDA will test the Transition Distribution Amplitudes approach. This work includes a feasibility study for measuring this channel with $overline{P}$ANDA. The main background reaction is here $bar pprightarrow pi^+ pi^- pi^0$. A background suppression factor of $10^8$ has been achieved while keeping a signal efficiency above 20%.rnrnrnPart of this work has been published in the European Physics Journal A 44, 373-384 (2010).rn

Aufbau und Inbetriebnahme eines hochsensitiven 3-He-Magnetometers für ein zukünftiges Experiment zur Bestimmung eines elektrischen Dipolmoments des freien Neutrons

Die Messung eines möglichen elektrischen Dipolmoments des freien Neutrons erfordert genaustmögliche Kenntnis und Überwachung des magnetischen Feldes im Inneren der n2EDM-Spektrometerkammer. Die freie Spinpräzession von hyperpolarisiertem ³He kann verbunden mit einer Signalauslese mittels optisch gepumpter Cs-Magnetometer dazu genutzt werden, Messempfindlichkeit auf Magnetfeldschwankungen im Bereich weniger Femto-Tesla zu erhalten. Am Institut für Physik der Universität Mainz wurde eine ³He/Cs-Testanlage aufgebaut, um die Möglichkeiten der Signalauslese der ³He-Spinpräzession mittels eines lampengepumpten Cs-Magnetometers zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurde eine ultrakompakte und transportable Polarisationseinheit entwickelt und installiert, welche ermöglicht, eine ³He-Hyperpolarisation von bis zu 55 Prozent zu erreichen. Im Anschluss wird das polarisierte 3He-Gas automatisiert komprimiert und in zwei Magnetometerzellen in Sandwichanordnung innerhalb der n2EDM-Spektrometerkammer gefüllt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der ersten im Januar 2012 erfolgreich durchgeführten Messungen vorgestellt. Bei diesen Messungen wurde ³He-Gas in der ultrakompakten Polarisationseinheit hyperpolarisiert und über Führungsfelder eines Transfersystems in eine vierlagige Mumetall-Abschirmung transferiert. Im Anschluss konnte im Inneren der magnetischen Abschirmung die freie ³He-Spinpräzession mittels eines lampengepumpten Cs-Magnetometer eindeutig nachgewiesen werden.

Razionalizzazione del flusso delle merci e delle informazioni in un terminal container : il caso terminal container Ravenna

Studio dell'attività, dei flussi e delle procedure di un terminal container. Identificazione di problematiche e riprogettazione del gate-in del terminal. Integrazione di nuove tecnologie ed automazione. Valutazione tecnico economica del progetto.

Analisi FEM 3D d'interazione terreno-struttura: effetti dello scavo di una galleria sotto edifici in muratura

La presente tesi ha riguardato lo studio numerico con un modello 3D dell' interazione tra lo scavo di una galleria urbana e un edificio esistente in muratura, la Stazione di Ferrara Porta Reno (risalente ai primi del '900). A tale scopo è stato utilizzato il programma di calcolo agli elementi finiti Plaxis 3D. Nello studio numerico, per il terreno è stato adottato un modello costitutivo avanzato elasto-plastico con incrudimento isotropo, l’Hardening soil model with small strain stiffness, mentre per la muratura e stato utilizzato il criterio di Mohr-Coulomb. Inoltre, lo scavo della galleria è stato simulato con una procedura per passi, tenendo in conto i principali aspetti del processo. La subsidenza in superficie è stata controllata applicando una contrazione fittizia lungo lo scudo. E’ stata svolta un'analisi numerica in condizione di campo libero, ossia in assenza di strutture, al fine di valutare i movimenti del terreno indotti dal processo di scavo; successivamente sono state eseguite diverse analisi accoppiate, in condizioni di simmetria e con eccentricità della costruzione rispetto all'asse della galleria, per studiare il complesso fenomeno di interazione galleria-terreno-struttura. I risultati di tali analisi accoppiate sono stati utilizzati per effettuare una stima del livello di danno atteso per l'edificio. Le analisi numeriche condotte hanno messo in luce, confermando quanto già noto in letteratura, che la presenza di un edificio a piano campagna interagente con l’opera di scavo modifica la forma del profilo dei cedimenti relativa alle condizioni di campo libero. Tale modifica, che dipende dalle specifiche caratteristiche di rigidezza e peso della struttura presa in esame, generalmente si traduce in una riduzione del cedimento differenziale che può influenzare in modo significativo la stima del danno sull’edificio. Ciò è tanto più evidente, quanto maggiore è la perdita di volume indotta dallo scavo della galleria.

Supersymmetry searches in dilepton final states with the ATLAS experiment

One of the main goals of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva is the search for new physics beyond the Standard Model. In 2011, proton-proton collisions were performed at the LHC at a center of mass energy of 7 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb^{-1} was recorded. This dataset can be tested for one of the most promising theories beyond limits achieved thus far: supersymmetry. Final states in supersymmetry events at the LHC contain highly energetic jets and sizeable missing transverse energy. The additional requirement of events with highly energetic leptons simplifies the control of the backgrounds. This work presents results of a search for supersymmetry in the inclusive dilepton channel. Special emphasis is put on the search within the Gauge-Mediated Symmetry Breaking (GMSB) scenario in which the supersymmetry breaking is mediated via gauge fields. Statistically independent Control Regionsrnfor the dominant Standard Model backgrounds as well as Signal Regions for a discovery of a possible supersymmetry signal are defined and optimized. A simultaneous fit of the background normalizations in the Control Regions via the profile likelihood method allows for a precise prediction of the backgrounds in the Signal Regions and thus increases the sensitivity to several supersymmetry models. Systematic uncertainties on the background prediction are constrained via the jet multiplicity distribution in the Control Regions driven by data. The observed data are consistent with the Standard Model expectation. New limits within the GMSB and the minimal Supergravity (mSUGRA) scenario as well as for several simplified supersymmetry models are set or extended.

Study of a new method for high energy top tagging at the ATLAS experiment

Since its discovery, top quark has represented one of the most investigated field in particle physics. The aim of this thesis is the reconstruction of hadronic top with high transverse momentum (boosted) with the Template Overlap Method (TOM). Because of the high energy, the decay products of boosted tops are partially or totally overlapped and thus they are contained in a single large radius jet (fat-jet). TOM compares the internal energy distributions of the candidate fat-jet to a sample of tops obtained by a MC simulation (template). The algorithm is based on the definition of an overlap function, which quantifies the level of agreement between the fat-jet and the template, allowing an efficient discrimination of signal from the background contributions. A working point has been decided in order to obtain a signal efficiency close to 90% and a corresponding background rejection at 70%. TOM performances have been tested on MC samples in the muon channel and compared with the previous methods present in literature. All the methods will be merged in a multivariate analysis to give a global top tagging which will be included in ttbar production differential cross section performed on the data acquired in 2012 at sqrt(s)=8 TeV in high phase space region, where new physics processes could be possible. Due to its peculiarity to increase the pT, the Template Overlap Method will play a crucial role in the next data taking at sqrt(s)=13 TeV, where the almost totality of the tops will be produced at high energy, making the standard reconstruction methods inefficient.

Multivariate analysis methods in the search for the Higgs boson produced in association with top pairs at the ATLAS experiment at LHC.

The Large Hadron Collider, located at the CERN laboratories in Geneva, is the largest particle accelerator in the world. One of the main research fields at LHC is the study of the Higgs boson, the latest particle discovered at the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Due to the small production cross section for the Higgs boson, only a substantial statistics can offer the chance to study this particle properties. In order to perform these searches it is desirable to avoid the contamination of the signal signature by the number and variety of the background processes produced in pp collisions at LHC. Much account assumes the study of multivariate methods which, compared to the standard cut-based analysis, can enhance the signal selection of a Higgs boson produced in association with a top quark pair through a dileptonic final state (ttH channel). The statistics collected up to 2012 is not sufficient to supply a significant number of ttH events; however, the methods applied in this thesis will provide a powerful tool for the increasing statistics that will be collected during the next LHC data taking.

Search for a spin-dependent short-range force between nucleons with a 3 He, 129 Xe clock-comparison experiment

Light pseudoscalar bosons, such as the axion that was originally proposed as a solution of the strong CP problem, would cause a new spin-dependent short-range interaction. In this thesis, an experiment is presented to search for axion mediated short-range interaction between a nucleon and the spin of a polarized bound neutron. This interaction cause a shift in the precession frequency of nuclear spin-polarized gases in the presence of an unpolarized mass. To get rid of magnetic field drifts co-located, nuclear spin polarized 3He and 129Xe atoms were used. The free nuclear spin precession frequencies were measured in a homogeneous magnetic guiding field of about 350nT using LTc SQUID detectors. The whole setup was housed in a magnetically shielded room at the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Berlin. With this setup long nuclear spin-coherence times, respectively, transverse relaxation times of 5h for 129Xe and 53h for 3He could be achieved. The results of the last run in September 2010 are presented which give new upper limits on the scalar-pseudoscalar coupling of axion-like particles in the axion-mass window from 10^(-2) eV to 10^(-6) eV. The laboratory upper bounds were improved by up to 4 orders of magnitude.

Measurement of the top quark mass in multijet events with the CMS experiment at LHC

La massa del quark top è qui misurata per mezzo dei dati raccolti dall’esperimento CMS in collisioni protone-protone ad LHC, con energia nel centro di massa pari ad 8 TeV. Il campione di dati raccolto corrisponde ad una luminosità integrata pari a 18.2 /fb. La misura è effettuata su eventi con un numero di jet almeno pari a 6, di cui almeno due b-taggati (ovvero identificati come prodotto dell’adronizzazione di due quark bottom). Il valore di massa trovato è di (173.95 +- 0.43 (stat)) GeV/c2, in accordo con la media mondiale. The top quark mass is here measured by using the data that have been collected with the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at the LHC, at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The dataset which was used, corresponds to an integrated luminosiy of 18.2 /fb. The mass measurement is carried out by using events characterized by six or more jets, two of which identified as being originated by the hadronization of bottom quarks. The result of the measurement of the top quark mass performed here is: (173.95 +- 0.43 (stat)) GeV/c2, in accordance with the recently published world average.

Search for supersymmetry in final states with jets, missing transverse energy and one charged lepton with the ATLAS-experiment

Im Jahr 2011 wurde am Large Hadron Collider mit dem ATLAS Experiment ein Datensatz von 4.7 inversen Femtobarn bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 7 TeV aufgezeichnet. Teil des umfangreichen Physikprogrammes des ATLAS Experiments ist die Suche nach Physik jenseits des Standardmodells. Supersymmetrie - eine neue Symmetrie zwischen Bosonen und Fermionen - wird als aussichtsreichester Kandidat für neue Physik angesehen, und zahlreiche direkte und indirekte Suchen nach Supersymmetrie wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten bereits durchgeführt. In der folgenden Arbeit wird eine direkte Suche nach Supersymmetrie in Endzuständen mit Jets, fehlender Transversalenergie und genau einem Elektron oder Myon durchgeführt. Der analysierte Datensatz von 4.7 inversen Femtobarn umfasst die gesamte Datenmenge, welche am ATLAS Experiment bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 7 TeV aufgezeichnet wurde. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse werden mit verschiedenen anderen leptonischen Suchkanälen kombiniert, um die Sensitivität auf diversen supersymmetrischen Produktions- und Zerfallsmodi zu maximieren. Die gemessenen Daten sind kompatibel mit der Standardmodellerwartung, und neue Ausschlussgrenzen in verschiedenen supersymmetrischen Modellen werden berechnet.