Is the raised volume rapid thoracic compression technique ready for use in clinical trials in infants with cystic fibrosis?

The European Cystic Fibrosis Society Clinical Trial Network (ECFS-CTN) has established a Standardization Committee to undertake a rigorous evaluation of promising outcome measures with regard to use in multicentre clinical trials in cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this article is to present a review of literature on clinimetric properties of the infant raised-volume rapid thoracic compression (RVRTC) technique in the context of CF, to summarise the consensus amongst the group on feasibility and answer key questions regarding the promotion of this technique to surrogate endpoint status.

METHODS: A literature search (from 1985 onwards) identified 20 papers that met inclusion criteria of RVRTC use in infants with CF. Data were extracted and tabulated regarding repeatability, validity, correlation with other outcome measures, responsiveness and reference values. A working group discussed the tables and answered 4 key questions.

RESULTS: Overall, RVRTC in particular forced expiratory volume in 0.5s, showed good clinimetric properties despite presence of individual variability. Few studies showed a relationship between RVRTC and inflammation and infection, and to date, data remains limited regarding the responsiveness of RVRTC after an intervention. Concerns were raised regarding feasibility in multi-centre studies and availability of reference values.

CONCLUSION: The ECFS-CTN Working Group considers that RVRTC cannot be used as a primary outcome in clinical trials in infants with CF before universal standardization of this measurement is achieved and implementation of inter-institutional networking is in place. We advise its use currently in phase I/II trials and as a secondary endpoint in phase III studies. We emphasise the need for (1) more short-term variability and longitudinal 'natural history' studies, and (2) robust reference values for commercially available devices.

A laser driven pulsed X-ray backscatter technique for enhanced penetrative imaging

X-ray backscatter imaging can be used for a wide range of imaging applications, in particular for industrial inspection and portal security. Currently, the application of this imaging technique to the detection of landmines is limited due to the surrounding sand or soil strongly attenuating the 10s to 100s of keV X-rays required for backscatter imaging. Here, we introduce a new approach involving a 140 MeV short-pulse (< 100 fs) electron beam generated by laser wakefield acceleration to probe the sample, which produces Bremsstrahlung X-rays within the sample enabling greater depths to be imaged. A variety of detector and scintillator configurations are examined, with the best time response seen from an absorptive coated BaF₂ scintillator with a bandpass filter to remove the slow scintillation emission components. An X-ray backscatter image of an array of different density and atomic number items is demonstrated. The use of a compact laser wakefield accelerator to generate the electron source, combined with the rapid development of more compact, efficient and higher repetition rate high power laser systems will make this system feasible for applications in the field.

Effect of technique on intraocular pressure after combined cataract and glaucoma surgery: An evidence-based review.

TOPIC:

To analyze the literature pertaining to the techniques used in combined cataract and glaucoma surgery, including the technique of cataract extraction, the timing of the surgery (staged procedure versus combined procedure), the anatomic location of the operation, and the use of antifibrosis agents.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE:

Cataract and glaucoma are both common conditions and are often present in the same patient. There is no agreement concerning the optimal surgical management of these disorders when they coexist.

METHODS/LITERATURE REVIEWED:

Electronic searches of English language articles published since 1964 were conducted in Pub MED and CENTRAL, the Cochrane Collaboration's database. These were augmented by a hand search of six ophthalmology journals and the reference lists of a sample of studies included in the literature review. Evidence grades (A, strong; B, moderate; C, weak; I, insufficient) were assigned to the evidence that involved a direct comparison of alternative techniques.

RESULTS:

The preponderance of evidence from the literature suggests a small (2-4 mmHg) benefit from the use of mitomycin-C (MMC), but not 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), in combined cataract and glaucoma surgery (evidence grade B). Two-site surgery provides slightly lower (1-3 mmHg) intraocular pressure (IOP) than one-site surgery (evidence grade C), and IOP is lowered more (1-3 mmHg) by phacoemulsification than by nuclear expression in combined procedures (evidence grade C). There is insufficient evidence to conclude either that staged or combined procedures give better results or that alternative glaucoma procedures are superior to trabeculectomy in combined procedures.

CONCLUSIONS:

In the literature on surgical techniques and adjuvants used in the management of coexisting cataract and glaucoma, the strongest evidence of efficacy exists for using MMC, separating the incisions for cataract and glaucoma surgery, and removing the nucleus by phacoemulsification.

Validation of a high-throughput immunobead array technique for multiplex detection of three foodborne pathogens in chicken products

This study rigorously evaluated a previously developed immunobead array method to simultaneously detect three important foodborne pathogens, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp., for its actual application in routine food testing. Due to the limitation of the detection limit of the developed method, an enrichment step was included in this study by using Campylobacter Enrichment Broth for C. jejuni and Universal Pre-enrichment Broth for L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp.. The findings show that the immunobead array method was capable of detecting as low as 1 CFU of the pathogens spiked in the culture media after being cultured for 24 hours for all three pathogens. The immunobead array method was further evaluated for its pathogen detection capabilities in ready-to-eat (RTE) and ready-to-cook (RTC) chicken samples and proven to be able to detect as low as 1 CFU of the pathogens spiked in the food samples after being cultured for 24 hours in the case of Salmonella spp., and L. monocytogenes and 48 hours in the case of C. jejuni. The method was subsequently validated with three types of chicken products (RTE, n=30; RTC, n=20; raw chicken, n=20) and was found to give the same results as the conventional plating method. Our findings demonstrated that the previously developed immunobead array method could be used for actual food testing with minimal enrichment period of only 52 hours, whereas the conventional ISO protocols for the same pathogens take 90-144 hours. The immunobead array was therefore an inexpensive, rapid and simple method for the food testing.

Novel precipitated zirconia-based DGT technique for high-resolution imaging of oxyanions in waters and sediments

Water-sediment exchange is a fundamental component of oxyanion cycling in the environment. Yet, many of the (im)mobilization processes overlay complex spatial and temporal redox regimes that occur within millimeters of the interface. Only a few methods exist that can reliably capture these porewater fluxes, with the most popular being high-resolution diffusive gradients in thin films (HR-DGT). However, functionality of HR-DGT is restricted by the availability of suitable analyte binding agents within the sampler, which must be simple to cast and homogeneously distributed in the binding layer, exhibit adequate sorption capacities, be resistive to chemical change, and possess a very fine particle size (≤10 μm). A novel binding layer was synthesized to meet these requirements by in situ precipitation of zirconia into a precast hydrogel. The particle diameter ≤0.2 μm of zirconia in this precipitated gel was uniform and at least 50-times smaller than the conventional molding approach. Further, this gel had superior binding and stability characteristics compared with the commonly used ferrihydrite HR-DGT technique and could be easily fabricated as an ultrathin gel (60 μm) for simultaneous oxygen imaging in conjunction with planar-optodes. Chemical imaging of anion and oxygen fluxes using the new sampler were evaluated on Lake Taihu sediments.

Implementation of a new atomic basis for the He i equilibrium line ratio technique for electron temperature and density diagnostic in the SOL for H-mode plasmas in DIII-D

Evaluating the ratio of selected helium lines allows for measurement of electron densities and temperatures. This technique is applied for L-mode plasmas at TEXTOR (O. Schmitz et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50 (2008) 115004). We report our first efforts to extend it to H-mode plasma diagnostics in DIII-D. This technique depends on the accuracy of the atomic data used in the collisional radiative model (CRM). We present predictions for the electron temperatures and densities by using recently calculated R-Matrix With Pseudostates (RMPS) and Convergent Close-Coupling (CCC) electron-impact excitation and ionization data. We include contributions from higher Rydberg states by means of the projection matrix. These effects become significant for high electron density conditions, which are typical in H-mode. We apply a non-equilibrium model for the time propagation of the ionization balance to predict line emission profiles from experimental H-mode data from DIII-D. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Modelling of Evaporator in Waste Heat Recovery System using Finite Volume Method and Fuzzy Technique

The evaporator is an important component in the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)-based Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) system since the effective heat transfer of this device reflects on the efficiency of the system. When the WHR system operates under supercritical conditions, the heat transfer mechanism in the evaporator is unpredictable due to the change of thermo-physical properties of the fluid with temperature. Although the conventional finite volume model can successfully capture those changes in the evaporator of the WHR process, the computation time for this method is high. To reduce the computation time, this paper develops a new fuzzy based evaporator model and compares its performance with the finite volume method. The results show that the fuzzy technique can be applied to predict the output of the supercritical evaporator in the waste heat recovery system and can significantly reduce the required computation time. The proposed model, therefore, has the potential to be used in real time control applications.

High Resolution measurement and mapping of tungstate in waters, soils and sediments using the low-disturbance DGT sampling technique.

Increasing tungsten (W) use for industrial and military applications has resulted in greater W discharge into natural waters, soils and sediments. Risk modeling of W transport and fate in the environment relies on measurement of the release/mobilization flux of W in the bulk media and the interfaces between matrix compartments. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is a promising passive sampling technique to acquire such information. DGT devices equipped with the newly developed high-resolution binding gels (precipitated zirconia, PZ, or ferrihydrite, PF, gels) or classic/conventional ferrihydrite slurry gel were comprehensively assessed for measuring W in waters. FerrihydriteDGT can measure W at various ionic strengths (0.001–0.5 mol L−1 NaNO3) and pH (4–8), while PZDGT can operate across slightly wider environmental conditions. The three DGT configurations gave comparable results for soil W measurement, showing that typically W resupply is relatively poorly sustained. 1D and 2D high-resolution W profiling across sediment—water and hotspot—bulk media interfaces from Lake Taihu were obtained using PZDGT coupled with laser ablation ICP–MS measurement, and the apparent diffusion fluxes across the interfaces were calculated using a numerical model.

Investigations of ultrafast charge dynamics in laser-irradiated targets by a self probing technique employing laser driven protons

The divergent and broadband proton beams produced by the target normal sheath acceleration mechanism provide the unique opportunity to probe, in a point-projection imaging scheme, the dynamics of the transient electric and magnetic fields produced during laser-plasma interactions. Commonly such experimental setup entails two intense laser beams, where the interaction produced by one beam is probed with the protons produced by the second. We present here experimental studies of the ultra-fast charge dynamics along a wire connected to laser irradiated target carried out by employing a ‘self’ proton probing arrangement – i.e. by connecting the wire to the target generating the probe protons. The experimental data shows that an electromagnetic pulse carrying a significant amount of charge is launched along the wire, which travels as a unified pulse of 10s of ps duration with a velocity close to speed of light. The experimental capabilities and the analysis procedure of this specific type of proton probing technique are discussed.

Manuais e transversalidade da língua portuguesa na leitura: um estudo no ensino básico

Numa Sociedade do Conhecimento como a nossa, a leitura é de importância capital para o exercício efetivo da cidadania e a Escola é um dos espaços privilegiados para a formação de leitores competentes. Conhecido o deficiente domínio da compreensão leitora evidenciado pela população portuguesa em geral e pelos estudantes em particular, é necessário repensar as práticas pedagógico-didáticas associadas ao ensino e aprendizagem da compreensão na leitura e convertê-las em instrumentos de motivação para a leitura e de aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências neste domínio e não reduzi-la a uma mera aprendizagem escolar. Enquadrado pela evolução da epistemologia científica e pelo seu impacto no desenho atual da Didática de Línguas, este estudo visa contribuir para a implementação de um ensino/aprendizagem da língua portuguesa efetivamente direcionado para o desenvolvimento de competências transversais em compreensão na leitura. Para o fundamentar teoricamente e para melhor podermos analisar e problematizar os dados a recolher, procurámos compreender as características da sociedade atual e os desafios que lança à Escola, bem como as linhas de base da atual conceção de Educação e sua relação com os atuais contextos sociais. Refletimos também sobre o estatuto e papel da língua portuguesa no contexto do sistema de ensino português, a importância da compreensão na leitura numa abordagem transversal do ensino e da aprendizagem da língua portuguesa e o papel do manual escolar na motivação para a leitura e na aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências neste domínio. Através da análise de manuais de Língua Portuguesa para os três ciclos do Ensino Básico, procurámos determinar em que medida estes vão ao encontro das diretrizes que definem um ensino/aprendizagem da língua portuguesa orientado para o desenvolvimento de competências transversais em compreensão na leitura e definir princípios que possam contribuir para a sua transformação, tornando-os mais adequados à consecução desses objetivos. Os mesmos princípios poderão promover e fundamentar uma seleção mais criteriosa dos manuais a adotar. Do ponto de vista metodológico, estamos perante um estudo de natureza qualitativa. Recorremos à análise documental, como técnica de recolha de dados, e, para a levar a cabo, construímos uma grelha, tendo em conta os princípios definidos pela literatura da especialidade e as diretrizes propostas pela política educativa portuguesa para o desenvolvimento de competências transversais em compreensão na leitura. Para o tratamento dos dados, recorremos à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, de um modo geral, os projetos editoriais analisados promovem um paradigma de ensino da compreensão na leitura que condiciona a consciência, o sentido crítico e a criatividade dos sujeitos-leitores e que não dá resposta às expectativas sociais. Para que os manuais de Língua Portuguesa contribuam efetivamente para o desenvolvimento de competências transversais em compreensão na leitura, o seu ensino explícito não deve centrar-se só nos textos literários, nem na transmissão de interpretações consagradas destes, que os alunos têm de memorizar. Deverão antes apostar mais em estratégias didáticas concretizadas através de atividades que envolvam os alunos em situações de leitura mais próximas da vida quotidiana, em que estes possam desempenhar um papel mais ativo, assumir maior responsabilidade no seu próprio processo de aprendizagem e interagir com diversos tipos de textos, para assim adquirirem estratégias de leitura adequadas e saberem mobilizá-las e utilizálas de acordo com as circunstâncias concretas em questão.

Mechanical cell lysis technique for plasmid recovery

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

L'effet du ludisme et de la propension à innover sur l'étendue de l'utilisation des systèmes de soutien a l'enseignement

Cette étude vise à identifier les caractéristiques des usagers qui les amèneraient à mieux utiliser ou à utiliser de façon plus innovatrice les technologies de l'information mises à leur disposition. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, nous étudierons, en particulier, le rôle de deux traits de personnalité (le ludisme informatique et la propension innover) comme facteurs qui influencent l’étendue de l’utilisation des logiciels de soutien à l'enseignement dans un environnement universitaire. De plus, ces traits de personnalité seront intégrés aux modèles actuels de l’acception et de l’utilisation des systèmes d’information.

Les sources de motivation au regard de la carrière des jeunes inscrits aux programmes Sport-études à l'ordre d'enseignement secondaire

Lorsqu'il est question de l'impact du sport sur le développement de jeunes adolescents' c'est généralement en fonction de leurs comportements. Toutefois, lorsqu'il s'agit d'évaluer l'influence de la pratique sportive sur le développement scolaire et professionnel des élèves-athlètes, nombreux sont les gens qui voient le sport comme une distraction notable à l'engagement et à la poursuite de leurs études. Pourtant nous remarquons, depuis quelques années, l'apparition et la multiplication de programmes d'études voulant favoriser à la fois la réussite scolaire ainsi que la réussite sportive de jeunes athlètes. Conformément aux propos de Boute, Lepert, Syndiqué et Taupin (1981), nous croyons que les programmes Sport-études concrétisent deux idées (et deux désirs) qui mûrissaient depuis longtemps: l'idée qu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'abandonner ses études pour se consacrer à un sport, et plus important, l'idée qu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'abandonner le sport pour mener à bien ses études secondaires. Selon cette perspective, il serait logique de penser que les programmes scolaires misant sur la combinaison des études et de la pratique du sport de haut niveau s'associent à des caractéristiques particulières notamment, en ce qui à trait à leur motivation au regard de leur projet professionnel. Notre étude vise donc à identifier les sources spécifiques de motivation des élèves inscrits aux programmes Sport-études et régulier à l'ordre d'enseignement secondaire et de vérifier l'existence possible de différences entre ces deux groupes de sujets. Ce mémoire se divise en trois parties. La première partie vise à exposer la problématique de notre recherche. Nous identifions d'abord notre problème de recherche en dressant un portrait général de la situation actuelle des jeunes à l'ordre d'enseignement secondaire puis nous traitons du rôle qu'occupe l'orientation quant à la motivation des élèves au regard de leurs études. À cela s'ajoute l'examen d'une littérature appropriée aux élèves-athlètes et aux sources de motivation particulières qui leur sont attribuées. Nous présentons ensuite le cadre théorique de notre recherche en analysant les concepts de motivation et de développement de carrière. Nous complétons cette partie par l'étude de certaines recherches et expériences en lien avec notre problématique et nous démontrons la pertinence de notre recherche avant d'identifier les objectifs poursuivis. En ce qui à trait à la deuxième partie de notre étude, elle concerne la méthodologie. Nous présentons dans cette section les principales démarches utilisées afin de rencontrer nos objectifs de recherche. Il s'agit entre autres de l'instrument de mesure retenu, les sujets sélectionnés, du déroulement de l'expérience, de la présentation des programmes Sport-études, des limites de notre recherche et des techniques statistiques employées pour analyser et interpréter les résultats obtenus. Quant à la troisième partie, elle contient essentiellement les données obtenues au cours de notre recherche. Dans un premier temps, nous dégageons un portrait général des sources de motivation au regard de la carrière des élèves inscrits aux programmes réguliers et Sport-études. Puis, dans un deuxième temps, nous essayons de dégager les particularités du profil motivationnel de ces élèves en fonction du programme d'études auquel ils sont inscrits. Enfin, quelques implications possibles de nos résultats pour la pratique de l'orientation professionnelle font l'objet de la conclusion de ce mémoire.

Un modèle de développement de logiciels-outils de support à l'enseignement

En tant qu'enseignant dans le programme des Techniques du génie électrique (T.G.E, anciennement Électrotechnique) nous avons pu constater qu'en moins de 10 ans, le micro-ordinateur est devenu une réalité qui concerne pratiquement tous les cours des trois années de formation, alors qu'ils n'étaient utilisés dans aucun cours avant. Cet exemple est typique de la révolution informatique que nous vivons actuellement et qui pénètre tous les secteurs d'activités de notre société. Dans ce contexte de changements importants, les enseignants ont malgré eux un rôle de pionniers car ils n'ont que peu de ressources à leur disposition pour maîtriser cette technologie et l'intégrer dans leur enseignement. Ce virage informatique, s'il est à peine commencé dans l'enseignement général, pose de nombreux problèmes aux enseignants du secteur professionnel qui doivent trouver la place et déterminer le rôle que doit jouer cette nouvelle technologie dans l'enseignement. La majorité des recherches sur les didacticiels ont pour objet les logiciels qui cherchent à assurer des tâches d'enseignement, tels que les tests, exerciseurs ou tutoriels, et auxquels s'ajoutent maintenant les applications multimédia. Une étude menée dans les collèges (Mataigne, 1992) montre cependant que ce sont d'abord les logiciels de bureautique et ensuite les logiciels de programmation et de simulation-modélisation, qui sont de loin les plus utilisés dans l'enseignement. S'il n'existe pratiquement pas de logiciels de bureautique ou de programmation conçus pour l'enseignement, les logiciels de simulation et de modélisation constituent plus des deux tiers des développements de didacticiels de ces dix dernières années pour le réseau collégial. Ces logiciels, dont la forme et le contenu se rapprochent plus de logiciels conçus pour les entreprises que de logiciels pédagogiques traditionnels, appartiennent à une catégorie où il se fait très peu de recherche didactique et où il n'existe pas de modèle de développement spécifique. Par ailleurs, nous avons constaté que la grande majorité des auteurs de didacticiels sont des enseignants qui réalisent parfois leur logiciel eux-mêmes. La conception d'un didacticiel étant une tâche particulièrement complexe, il nous a semblé utile d'analyser les différences entre les didacticiels traditionnels et les logiciels de simulation-modélisation afin de dégager la problématique du développement de ces derniers. Après avoir analysé les différents modèles de développement proposés par la recherche ou par le génie informatique, nous nous proposons, dans cette recherche, de dégager et de justifier une méthodologie de développement spécifique aux logiciels de simulation-modélisation fondée sur des éléments empruntés aux modèles du génie logiciel et de la didactique, sur notre expérience de développement et sur celle d'experts dans le domaine.

Élaboration d'une grille d'analyse des conceptions de l'apprentissage sous-jacentes à des sites Internet destinés à l'enseignement des sciences au secondaire

Les progrès récents dans le domaine des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) ouvrent de nouvelles possibilités pour l'enseignement en général et pour celui des sciences en particulier. Les efforts gouvernementaux en cette matière indiquent le caractère pour le moins irréversible de la percée des TIC en éducation et de la nécessite de se pencher sur le matériel qui est offert. Plus particulièrement, nous nous sommes intéressés à la question des conceptions de l'apprentissage qui peuvent sous-tendre l'élaboration d'un site Internet pour l'enseignement des sciences au secondaire. Cette recherche est de type développement. Elle s'intéresse à l'enseignement des sciences au secondaire et au matériel disponible dans Internet. Elle se limite aux premières étapes particulières à ce type de recherche, soit celles de l'exploration de la littérature, de la validation des énoncés par un comité d'experts et de l'élaboration d'une grille d'analyse des conceptions de l'apprentissage sous-jacentes aux sites Internet. Le but de cette recherche est de construire un outil d'analyse des conceptions de l'apprentissage sous-jacentes à des sites Internet pour l'enseignement des sciences au secondaire."--Résumé abrégé par UMI.