Changes in a benthic megafaunal community due to disturbance from bottom fishing and the establishment of a fishery closure

Trawling and dredging on Georges Bank (northwest Atlantic Ocean) have altered the cover of colonial epifauna, as surveyed through in situ photography. A total of 454 photographs were analyzed from areas with gravel substrate between 1994 and 2000 at depths of 40–50 m and 80–90 m. The cover of hydroids, bushy bryozoans, sponges, and tubeworms was generally higher at sites undisturbed by fishing than at sites classified as disturbed. The magnitude and significance of this effect depended on depth and year. Encrusting bryozoans were the only type of colonial epifauna positively affected by bottom fishing. Species richness of noncolonial epifauna declined with increased bottom fishing, but Simpson’s index of diversity typically peaked at intermediate levels of habitat disturbance. Species that were more abundant at undisturbed sites possessed characteristics that made them vulnerable to bottom fishing. These characteristics include emergent growth forms, soft body parts, low motility, use of complex microhabitats, long life spans, slow growth, and larval dispersal over short distances. After the prohibition of bottom fishing at one site, both colonial and noncolonial species increased in abundance. Populations of most taxa took two years or more to increase after the fishing closure. This finding indicates that bottom fishing needs to be reduced to infrequent intervals to sustain the benthic species composition of Georges Bank at a high level of biodiversity and abundance.

Use of genetic data to assess the uncertainty in stock assessments due to the assumed stock structure: the case of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) from the Atlantic Ocean

Stock assessments can be problematic because of uncertainties associated with the data or because of simplified assumptions made when modeling biological processes (Rosenberg and Restrepo, 1995). For example, the common assumption in stock assessments that stocks are homogeneous and discrete (i.e., there is no migration between the stocks) is not necessarily true (Kell et al., 2004a, 2004b).

Compostos de enxofre em misturas de diesel e biodiesel

É difundido na literatura especializada que o uso de misturas de biodiesel e diesel de petróleo reduz as emissões dos compostos de enxofre. Esses compostos são responsáveis por inúmeras enfermidades respiratórias, além de provocar danos ao catalisador automotivo, contribuindo desta forma para a emissão de outros poluentes. Neste trabalho fez-se uma identificação dos compostos de enxofre, antes da queima no motor, presentes no diesel e em misturas de biodiesel/diesel de diferentes fontes. A metodologia empregada foi a cromatografia de fase gasosa e inicialmente empregou-se um detector de ionização por chama de hidrogênio para ajuste das condições operacionais, por ser um detector considerado universal e capaz de identificar tanto os majoritários hidrocarbonetos como os compostos de enxofre. Em seguida aplicou-se os parâmetros operacionais obtidos a um cromatógrafo à gás acoplado a um detector seletivo para enxofre, o SCD (sulphur chemiluminescence detector) para a identificação apenas dos compostos de enxofre. Após a obtenção dos dados teóricos em laboratório, foi realizada a análise de compostos mercaptídicos produzidas pelas emissões de um ônibus do Rio de Janeiro abastecido com diesel puro e misturas diesel/biodiesel nas proporções (v/v) 2% (B2), 5% (B5), 10% (B10), and 20% (B20). Os resultados indicaram uma redução dos compostos de enxofre proporcional à adição do biodiesel tanto na teoria quanto na prática

Variation in trawl geometry due to unequal warp length

Survey standardization procedures can reduce the variability in trawl catch efficiency thus producing more precise estimates of biomass. One such procedure, towing with equal amounts of trawl warp on both sides of the net, was experimentally investigated for its importance in determining optimal trawl geometry and for evaluating the effectiveness of the recent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) national protocol on accurate measurement of trawl warps. This recent standard for measuring warp length requires that the difference between warp lengths can be no more than 4% of the distance between the otter doors measured along the bridles and footrope. Trawl performance data from repetitive towing with warp differentials of 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 20 m were analyzed for their effect on three determinants of flatfish catch efficiency: footrope distance off-bottom, bridle length in contact with the bottom, and area swept by the net. Our results indicated that the distortion of the trawl caused by asymmetry in trawl warp length could have a negative inf luence on flatfish catch efficiency. At a difference of 7 m in warp length, the NOAA 4% threshold value for the 83112 Eastern survey trawl used in our study, we found no effect on the acous-tic-based measures of door spread, wing spread, and headrope height off-bottom. However, the sensitivity of the trawl to 7 m of warp offset could be seen as footrope distances off-bottom increased slightly (particularly in the center region of the net where flatfish escapement is highest), and as the width of the bridle path responsible for flatfish herding, together with the effective net width, was reduced. For this survey trawl, a NOAA threshold value of 4% should be considered a maximum. A more conservative value (less than 4%) would likely reduce potential bias in estimates of relative abundance caused by large differences in warp length approaching 7 m.

Natural Variation In Recovery From A Short Period Of Anoxia Due To A cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in Drosophila melanogaster

[EN] Protein Kinase G (PKG) or cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) have been shown to play an important role in resistance to abiotic stressors such as high temperatures or oxygen deprivation in Drosophila melanogaster. In Drosophila, the foraging gene encodes a PKG; natural variants for this gene exist, which differ in the level of expression of PKG: rovers (forR allele) which express high PKG levels, and sitters (forS allele) which express lower PKG levels. This project explores the differences in recovery from short periods of anoxia between natural variants (focusing on forS2, flies with a sitter gene in a rover background), as well as mutants with insertions in the foraging gene and RNAi recombinants that show a reduced PKG expression. The parameters measured were time to recovery and level of activity after anoxia. The results showed lower activity after anoxia in sitters than in rovers, reflecting a worse recovery from the anoxic coma in flies with lower PKG levels.

Analysis of multivariate stochastic signals sampled by on-line particle analyzers: Application to the quantitative assessment of occupational exposure to NOAA in multisource industrial scenarios (MSIS)

In multisource industrial scenarios (MSIS) coexist NOAA generating activities with other productive sources of airborne particles, such as parallel processes of manufacturing or electrical and diesel machinery. A distinctive characteristic of MSIS is the spatially complex distribution of aerosol sources, as well as their potential differences in dynamics, due to the feasibility of multi-task configuration at a given time. Thus, the background signal is expected to challenge the aerosol analyzers at a probably wide range of concentrations and size distributions, depending of the multisource configuration at a given time. Monitoring and prediction by using statistical analysis of time series captured by on-line particle analyzers in industrial scenarios, have been proven to be feasible in predicting PNC evolution provided a given quality of net signals (difference between signal at source and background). However the analysis and modelling of non-consistent time series, influenced by low levels of SNR (Signal-Noise Ratio) could build a misleading basis for decision making. In this context, this work explores the use of stochastic models based on ARIMA methodology to monitor and predict exposure values (PNC). The study was carried out in a MSIS where an case study focused on the manufacture of perforated tablets of nano-TiO2 by cold pressing was performed

Modelagem e simulação da formação de hidrocarbonetos na combustão do gás natural

A exaustão de um veículo de motor a diesel é uma importante fonte de poluentes atmosféricos, pois forma uma matriz complexa composta de poluentes regulados e não regulados pelos órgãos governamentais. Dentre os poluentes regulados podemos citar óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) e material particulado. Os poluentes não regulados são pouco estudados até hoje e dentre estes encontra-se a classe dos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos e seus derivados nitrados (nitro-HPA). Estes são encontrados na exaustão do diesel na forma gasosa ou agregados ao material particulado. Hoje, o interesse em estudos destes compostos vem aumentando, devido às suas atividades carcinogênicas e mutagênicas às quais estão sujeitas as populações dos centros urbanos. O impacto causado pelos nitro-HPA emitidos por motores a ciclo diesel ao ambiente não está ainda completamente estabelecido. Este estudo consiste na modelagem e simulação do processo de combustão de hidrocarbonetos na faixa de C1 a C4 com o objetivo de descrever a formação de compostos aromáticos, principalmente HPA, e óxidos de nitrogênio a partir de modelos cinéticos de combustão propostos na literatura como referência e fazendo uso do software de simulação Kintecus. Este projeto tem como objetivo em longo prazo propor um modelo cinético para combustão do óleo Diesel. Foi iniciada a construção de um modelo cinético de combustão a partir de modelos de hidrocarbonetos simples de C1 a C4, com formação de aromáticos, HPA e óxidos de nitrogênio. Os modelos originais foram avaliados e modificados a fim de estudar como parâmetros do modelo afetam a concentração das espécies de interesse. Foi observado a tendência de formação de benzeno e fulveno em baixas temperaturas e a tendência de formação de antraceno, pireno, fenantreno a temperaturas mais altas. Foi avaliado que a conversão NO-NO2 ocorre em maiores proporções em reações iniciadas a baixas temperaturas, 600 K. Os resultados indicam que propano é o maior responsável por esta conversão. O modelo final obtido resultou da união dos modelos de combustão Hori e Marinov mais inclusão do GRI-Mech 3.0 e reações adicionais de NOx retiradas da base de dados NIST