Study and investigation of the various reactions of Mazandaran Province shoreline against wind waves

Determining of beach states and study of manner sediment transmission in beach profile, involves the evaluating the actions of hydrodynamic forces dominated over the beaches, in this research through determining the beach states by the help of Hanson and short method, different reactions of Mazandaran’s shoreline against wind waves was studied and investigated. For this reason, First, the kind of hydrodynamic forces dominated over the beaches of this province was studied and beaches of the this province was distinguished as wave–dominated beaches, afterwards eight stations are chosen throughout the shoreline and the waves qualities and the sediments regarding to different depth was evaluated in these stations by using software and laboratory actions. In this way the parameter of dimensionless fall velocity each station was calculated and the beach states and their changes according to time was studied. Finally, the gained information is located in the software area of Arc GIS, and the waves dynamics and the way of erosion and accretion was evaluated in each station. In this research by study of air photographs during a thirty years period we found that was no remarkable changes at shoreline in western and central parts and each type of change depends upon the delta, while eastern part of coast at the location of breakwaters in neighbouring of Farahabad Station, accretion features is quiet evident. In the main results of this research, it became obvious that the beach state in the stations Neca, Farahabad, Larim, Naftchal, Mazandaran university, Babolsar, Noor is dissipative and the beach in Nashtarood station is in intermediate (ridge and runnel) state to the extend that in the dissipation beaches from east to west, the degree of dissipation of the beaches is decreased continuously.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Its relationship with perinatal bereavement: definitions, reactions, adjustments, and grief.

A small percentage of women present with diagnosed PTSD post childbirth; however, though this an area of increasing research and clinical interest generally, little is known about PTSD in relation to perinatal bereavement. Health professionals must however be aware of the mechanisms and models of loss following perinatal bereavement in order to identify potential mental health phenomena which may be implicated in the development of PTSD symptomology. Understanding the predictive factors which may give early warning signs is an important component of the clinical evidence base. This chapter discusses mechanisms, models, and risk factors in relation to perinatal bereavement and the development of PTSD.

Greener Alternatives to Selected Organic Oxidation Reactions

The study of green chemistry is dedicated to eliminating or reducing toxic waste. One route to accomplish this goal is to explore alternative reaction conditions and parameters resulting in the development of more benign synthetic routes and reagents. The primary focus of this research is to find optimal reaction conditions for the oxidation of a primary alcohol to an aldehyde. As a case study, the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, a common industrial process, was examined. Traditionally carried out using the Jones Reagent, commonly referred to as chromium (IV) oxide or chromium trioxide (CrO3) in sulphuric acid, a great deal of research went into utilizing less toxic reagents, such as MnO2 or KMnO4 supported on a clay base. This research has led to an improvement on these alternatives, using a lithium chloride (LiCl) catalyst in a montmorillonite K10 clay solid phase, together with the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide, as even greener alternatives to these traditional oxidizing agents. Experiments were carried out to determine the lifetime of this LiCl/clay system as compared to MnO2 and KMnO4, to investigate its ability to catalyze the oxidation of other aromatic alcohols (such as 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol and diphenylmethanol), and to further improve the system’s adherence to green chemistry principles. Green solvent alternatives were examined by replacing the toluene solvent with dimethylcarbonate (DMC), and reaction conditions were optimized to improve product yield. It was determined that the LiCl/H2O2 system was, in most cases, equally as effective at catalyzing the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. Although the catalyst and oxidizing agent eliminated the toxic waste generated from chromium reagents, it offered significant challenges in product isolation, because of an aqueous-organic phase separation.

Conditional moment closure for chemical reactions in laminar chaotic flows

We implement conditional moment closure (CMC) for simulation of chemical reactions in laminar chaotic flows. The CMC approach predicts the expected concentration of reactive species, conditional upon the concentration of a corresponding nonreactive scalar. Closure is obtained by neglecting the difference between the local concentration of the reactive scalar and its conditional average. We first use a Monte Carlo method to calculate the evolution of the moments of a conserved scalar; we then reconstruct the corresponding probability density function and dissipation rate. Finally, the concentrations of the reactive scalars are determined. The results are compared (and show excellent agreement) with full numerical simulations of the reaction processes in a chaotic laminar flow. This is a preprint of an article published in AlChE Journal copyright (2007) American Institute of Chemical Engineers: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/

Addressing Inpatient Admissions and Readmissions Due to Adverse Drug Reactions in the Oldest Old

Adverse drugs reactions (ADRs) in the older population are a major healthcare problem resulting in significant morbidity, healthcare consumption and high costs.

Conditions for observing IR chemiluminescence and the role of condensation in metal oxidation reactions

Infrared chemiluminescence (IRCL) studies of cw metal oxidation reactions wherein metal atoms entrained in a carrier gas were mixed with an oxidizer by means of a nozzle system are described. One goal of the work was to determine the vibrational distribution of the product molecule produced by the chemical reaction. In order to observe IRCL it was important to operate the system at the appropriate P-T point in the phase diagram of both the metal and metal salt, otherwise rapid condensation quenched any IRCL that was present. If the nucleation rate was greater 1010 3 than ~ cm-sec-I, then only "black body" radiation could be seen from the reaction. Most of the studies were on the Li/I2 system which is unique in that the phase diagrams of Li and LiI in the P-T ranges of interest are almost identical. This property permitted a relatively easy control with respect to condensation and the measurement of IRCL in the 10-28 um range for the excited LiI molecule.

Role of Platinum Deposited on TiO2 in Photocatalytic Methanol Oxidation and Dehydrogenation Reactions

Titania modified nanoparticles have been prepared by the photodeposition method employing platinum particles on the commercially available titanium dioxide (Hombikat UV 100). The properties of the prepared photocatalysts were investigated by means of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV-visible diffuse spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). XRD was employed to determine the crystallographic phase and particle size of both bare and platinised titanium dioxide. The results indicated that the particle size was decreased with the increasing of platinum loading. AFM analysis showed that one particle consists of about 9 to 11 crystals. UV-vis absorbance analysis showed that the absorption edge shifted to longer wavelength for 0.5% Pt loading compared with bare titanium dioxide. The photocatalytic activity of pure and Pt-loaded TiO2 was investigated employing the photocatalytic oxidation and dehydrogenation of methanol. The results of the photocatalytic activity indicate that the platinized titanium dioxide samples are always more active than the corresponding bare TiO2 for both methanol oxidation and dehydrogenation processes. The loading with various platinum amounts resulted in a significant improvement of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. This beneficial effect was attributed to an increased separation of the photogenerated electron-hole charge carriers.

Some reactions of carbon disulphide /

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, Oct., 1923.

Hydroalumination of Thioacetylenes: A Versatile Generation and Reactions of -Aluminate Sulfides Intermediates

Hydroalumination of thioacetylenes using DIBAL-H and lithium di-(isobutyl)-n-(butyl)-aluminate hydride (Zweifel's reagent), followed by addition of water, furnished exclusively the (Z)- and (E)-vinyl sulfides, respectively. The regio- and stereochemistry of the intermediates generated, (Z)- and (E)-phenylthio vinyl alanates, were determined by capture with iodine, which afforded the corresponding (E)- and (Z)-1-iodo-1-phenylthio-2-organoyl ethenes. Reactions of the (E)-iodo(thio)ketene acetals with n-BuLi followed by addition of hexanal afforded the (Z)-phenylthio allylic alcohol, while the (Z)-iodo(thio)ketene acetals under similar reactions conditions gave the (E)-phenylthio allylic alcohol exclusively.

Hydroalumination of seleno acetylenes: a versatile generation and reactions of alpha-aluminate vinyl selenide intermediates in the highly regio and stereoselective synthesis of telluro(seleno)ketene acetals

The hydroalumination of butylseleno acetylenes with DIBAL-H followed by addition of n-butyllithium generated in situ the (Z)-butylseleno vinyl alanates intermediates which were captured with C(4)H(9)TeBr furnishing the (E)-telluro(seleno)ketene acetals exclusively. The isomers with opposite stereochemistry (Z)-telluro(seleno)ketene acetals were obtained by the reduction of phenylseleno acetylenes with lithium di-(isobutyl)-n-butyl aluminate hydride (Zweifel's reagent) followed by reaction of (E)-phenylseleno vinyl alanates intermediates with C(4)H(9)TeBr. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stability of membrane bound reactions

We present a novel approach to the dynamics of reactions of diffusing chemical species with species fixed in space e.g. by binding to a membrane. The non-diffusing reaction partners are clustered in areas with a diameter smaller than the diffusion length of the diffusing partner. The activated fraction of the fixed species determines the size of an active sub-region of the cluster. Linear stability analysis reveals that diffusion is one of the ma jor determinants of the stability of the dynamics. We illustrate the model concept with Ca²⁺ dynamics in living cells, which has release channels as fixed reaction partners. Our results suggest that spatial and temporal structures in intracellular Ca²⁺ dynamics are caused by fluctuations due to the small number of channels per cluster.

Diversity in Catalytic Reactions of Propargylic Diazoesters

Abstract Title of Document: Diversity in Catalytic Reactions of Propargylic Diazoesters Huang Qiu, Doctor of Philosophy, 2016 Directed By: Professor Michael P. Doyle, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Propargylic aryldiazoesters, which possess multiple reactive functional groups in a single molecule, were expected to undergo divergent reaction pathways as a function of catalysts. A variety of transition metal complexes including rhodium(II), palladium(II), silver(I), mercury(II), copper(I and II), and cationic gold (I) complexes have been examined to be effective in the catalytic domino reactions of propargylic aryldiazoesters. An unexpected Lewis acid catalyzed pathway was also discovered by using FeCl3 as the catalyst. Under the catalysis of selected gold catalysts, propargylic aryldiazoesters exist in equilibrium with 1-aryl-1,2-dien-1-yl diazoacetate allenes that are rapidly formed at room temperature through 1,3-acyloxy migration. The newly formed allenes further undergo a metal-free rearrangement in which the terminal nitrogen of the diazo functional group adds to the central carbon of the allene initiating a sequence of bond forming reactions resulting in the production of 1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ones in good yields. These 1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ones undergo intramolecular 1,3-acyl migration to form an equilibrium mixture or quantitatively transfer the acyl group to an external nucleophile with formation of 4-hydroxypyrazoles. In the presence of a pyridine-N-oxide, both E- and Z-1,3-dienyl aryldiazoacetates are formed in high combined yields by Au(I)-catalyzed rearrangement of propargyl arylyldiazoacetates at short reaction times. Under thermal reactions the E-isomers form the products from intramolecular [4+2]-cycloaddition with H‡298 = 15.6 kcal/mol and S‡298= -27.3 cal/ (mol•degree). The Z-isomer is inert to [4+2]-cycloaddition under these conditions. The Hammett relationships from aryl-substituted diazo esters ( = +0.89) and aryl-substituted dienes ( = -1.65) are consistent with the dipolar nature of this transformation. An unexpected reaction for the synthesis of seven-membered conjugated 1,4-diketones from propargylic diazoesters with unsaturated imines was disclosed. To undergo this process vinyl gold carbene intermediates generated by 1,2-acyloxy migration of propargylic aryldiazoesters undergo a formal [4+3]-cycloaddition, and the resulting aryldiazoesters tethered dihydroazepines undergo an intricate metal-free process to form observed seven-membered conjugated 1,4-diketones with moderate to high yields.

Electron microprobe investigations of metamorphic reactions and mineral growth histories, Kwoiek area, British Columbia

The Kwoiek Area of British Columbia contains a pendant or screen of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks almost entirely surrounded by a portion of the Coast Range Batholith, and intruded by several dozen stocks. The major metamorphic effects were produced by the quartz diorite batholithic rocks, with minor and later effects by the quartz diorite stocks. The sequence of important metamorphic reactions in the metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, ranging in grade from chlorite to sillimanite, is:

1. chlorite + carbonate + muscovite → epidote + biotite

2. chlorite + carbonate → actinolite + epidote

3. chlorite + muscovite → garnet + biotite

4. chlorite + epidote → garnet + hornblende

5. chlorite + muscovite → garnet + staurolite + biotite

6. chlorite + muscovite → aluminum silicate + biotite

7. muscovite + staurolite → garnet + aluminum silicate + biotite

8. staurolite → garnet + aluminum silicate

Continuous reactions, occurring between reactions 5 and 7, are:

A. chlorite + (high Ti) biotite + Al₂O₃ (from plagioclase?)→ garnet + staurolite + (low Ti) biotite + O₂

B. muscovite (phengitic) → garnet + staurolite +muscovite (less phengitic) + O₂ (?)

Detailed electron microprobe work on garnet, staurolite, biotite, and chlorite shows that:

(1) The garnet porphyroblasts are zoned according to a depletion model, called the Rayleigh depletion model, which assumes equilibrium between the edge of a growing garnet and the minerals which are unzoned, notably biotite, chlorite, and muscovite, but which assumes disequilibrium within the garnet.

(2) The staurolite porphyroblasts are also zoned, and from their zoning patterns reactions A, B, and 5 are documented. Progressive reduction of iron with increasing grade of metamorphism is also inferred from the staurolite zoning patterns.

(3) During a late period of falling temperature garnet continued to grow and the biotite and chlorite reequilibrated. The biotite, chlorite, and garnet edge compositions can vary from point to point in a given thin section, indicating that the volume of equilibrium at the final stage of metamorphism was only a few cubic microns.

(4) The horizon within the garnet that grew at maximum temperature can be identified. The Mg/Fe ratio of this horizon, if the garnet composition is a limiting composition in the Al₂O₃ - K₂O - FeO - MgO tetrahedron, increases systematically with increasing metamorphic grade. Biotite and chlorite compositions also show a general increase in Mg/Fe ratio with increasing metamorphic grade, but staurolite appears to show the reverse effect.

(5) The Mg/Fe ratio at the maximum temperature horizon of the garnet porphyroblasts is a function of its Mn content as evidenced from the study of five garnet-bearing rocks, collected from one outcrop area, with the same assemblage but with differing proportions of minerals.

An important implication of zoned minerals is that the effective composition of a system in a phase lies on the join between the homogeneous minerals (if there are two) and not within three-or- four-phase fields when a zoned mineral, such as garnet or staurolite, is present in the assemblage.

Study of the three aluminum silicates found in the Kwoiek Area showed that a constant pressure change in polymorphs from andalusite to kyanite to sillimanite took place with increasing temperature. This transition series is best explained by the metastable formation of andalusite.

Photographic materials on pages 15, 121, 160, 162, and 164 are essential and will not reproduce clearly on Xerox copies. Photographic copies should be ordered.