Clinical and laboratory findings of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Colombia, 2001

A descriptive study was carried out in 104 patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria, from the region of Turbo (Antioquia, Colombia). Clinical features and levels of hemoglobin, glycemia, serum bilirubin, alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), creatinine and complete blood cell profile were established. 65% of the studied individuals were men and their mean age was 23. Of all individuals 59% had lived in the region for > 1 year and 91% were resident in the rural area. 42% were farmers and 35% had a history of malaria. The mean parasitaemia was 5865 parasites/mm³. The evolution of the disease was short (average of 4.0 days). Fever, headache and chills were observed simultaneously in 91% of the cases while the most frequent signs were palmar pallor (46%), jaundice (15%), hepatomegaly (17%), and spleen enlargement (12%). Anemia was found in 39% of the women and in 51% of the men, 8% of individuals had thrombocytopaenia and 41% had hypoglycemia.

Fatal septicemia caused by Chromobacterium violaceum in a child from Colombia

A 4-year old child living in Colombia presented with a history of fever and severe abdominal pain for four days. The patient developed pneumonia, septic shock, multiple organ failure and died on the fifth day of hospitalization. Chromobacterium violaceum was isolated from admission blood cultures and was resistant to ampicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems and aminoglycosides.

Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006

Giardia intestinalis infection is prevalent throughout the world and widely distributed in developing countries. In general, children display serious consequences to their state of health, including slow height-weight development; therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the association between Giardia infection and the nutritional status of children who participate in the program of complementary feeding (Mejoramiento Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia (MANA) - Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF)). A cross-sectional study examining the association of giardiasis with nutritional status was conducted. A total of 2035 children aged eight months to six years-old were studied. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis of blood and stool samples. Analysis of the results showed that 27.6% of children were infected with G. intestinalis, while 8.1% and 1.9% were mildly and significantly underweight, respectively, and 14.1% presented stunting. Giardiasis was statistically identified as a strong predictor of stunting in this study population.

Thermoterapy effective and safer than miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia

In Colombia, pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine are the drugs of choice for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis; however, their toxicity, treatment duration, (treatment adherence problems), cost, and decreased parasite sensitivity make the search for alternative treatments of American cutaneous leishmaniasis necessary. Based on the results found in a controlled, open, randomized, phase III clinical trial, the efficacy and safety of miltefosine was compared to that of thermotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Adult patients from the Colombian army participated in the study; they received either 50 mg of miltefosine three times per day for 28 days by the oral route (n = 145) or a thermotherapy (Thermomed®) application of 50 °C for 30 seconds over the lesion and surrounding area (n = 149). Both groups were comparable with respect to their sociodemographic, clinical, and parasitological characteristics. The efficacy of miltefosine by protocol and by intention to treat was 70% (85/122 patients) and 69% (85/145 patients), respectively. The adverse effects were primarily gastrointestinal for miltefosine and pain at the lesion site after treatment for thermotherapy. No statistically significant difference was found in the efficacy analysis (intention to treat and protocol) between the two treatments. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00471705.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO RICKETTSIOSES RESEARCH IN COLOMBIA (1917-1943), LUIS B. PATIÑO CAMARGO

Colombian physician Luis Benigno Patiño Camargo was one of the pioneers in the study of rickettsioses in South America, demonstrating for the first time in Colombia the presence of Rickettsia rickettsii as the etiological agent of a highly deadly exanthematic febrile syndrome in the 1930s. However, Patiño-Camargo performed other investigations from 1917-1943, which represent the first descriptions and scientific evidence of the presence ofR. prowazekii and R. typhi in Colombia. Almost 60 years after the latest research conducted by Dr. Patiño-Camargo, rickettsioses were again a matter of interest and research. In the last decade over 20 research studies have been published, showing new endemic areas forR. rickettsii, as well as the description of new rickettsial species in Colombia.

Serological and parasitological study and report of the first case of human babesiosis in Colombia

A study on the presence of Babesia in humans was performed in Puerto Berrío (Latitude 6.50deg. Longitude: -74.38deg. River: Magdalena. Area: 74.410km², Colombia-South America). Indirect immunofluorescence, thin and thick blood smears were used to study 194 individuals. Patients were grouped according to their risk-factors for Babesia infection: (group 1) individuals with fever, chills, sweating and other malaria-type symptoms; (group 2) symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals from local cattle ranches, which were enrolled in an active form, and (group 3) workers from the local slaughterhouse. Seven individuals were serologically positive for Babesia: Three individuals presented IgM antibodies against B. bovis, while one had IgG against this species; one individual had IgM against B. bigemina, another had IgG and a third both IgM and IgG against this species. Only one individual was parasitologically positive for Babesiaand serologically positive for Babesia bovis (IgM 1:64)

Platelet profile is associated with clinical complications in patients with vivax and falciparum malaria in Colombia

Introduction Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in malaria patients. The relationship between abnormal platelet profile and clinical status in malaria patients is unclear. In low and unstable endemic regions where vivax malaria predominates, the hematologic profiles of malaria patients and their clinical utility are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the thrombograms of malaria patients from Colombia, where Plasmodium vivax infection is common, and to explore the relationship between thrombograms and clinical status. Methods Eight hundred sixty-two malaria patients were enrolled, including 533 (61.8%) patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 311 (36.1%) patients infected with Plasmodium vivax and 18 (2.1%) patients with mixed infections. Results The most frequently observed changes were low platelet count (PC) and high platelet distribution width (PDW), which were observed in 65% of patients; thrombocytopenia with <50,000 platelets/µL was identified in 11% of patients. Patients with complications had lower PC and plateletcrit (PT) and higher PDW values. A higher risk of thrombocytopenia was identified in patients with severe anemia, neurologic complications, pulmonary complications, liver dysfunction, renal impairment and severe hypoglycemia. The presence of thrombocytopenia (<150,000 platelets/µL) was associated with a higher probability of liver dysfunction. Conclusions Young age, longer duration of illness and higher parasitemia are associated with severe thrombocytopenia. Our study showed that thrombocytopenia is related to malaria complications, especially liver dysfunction. High PDW in patients with severe malaria may explain the mechanisms of thrombocytopenia that is common in this group of patients.

Dengue in Brazil and Colombia: a study of knowledge, attitudes, and practices

Introduction This study was conducted in Brazil and Colombia,where dengue is endemic and vector control programs use chemical insecticides. Methods We identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices about dengue and determined the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti in one Brazilian and four Colombian communities. Results The surveys show knowledge of the vector, but little knowledge about diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Vector infestation indices show Brazil to have good relative control, while Colombia presents a high transmission risk. Conclusions Given the multidimensionality of dengue control, vertical control strategies are inadequate because they deny contextualized methods, alternative solutions, and local empowerment.

Cryptococcosis in Atlántico, Colombia: an approximation of the prevalence of this mycosis and the distribution of the etiological agent in the environment

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Cryptococcosis is an invasive disease acquired by inhalation of infectious propagules from the environment. Currently, compulsory notification of the spread of this disease is not required in Colombia. However, reporting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome cases to the National Surveillance System has suggested that there is a growing population at risk of contracting cryptococcosis. Few studies have described the occurrence of cryptococcosis in Colombia. Therefore, in this study, we examined the pathology of this disease in Atlántico, Colombia and determined the distributions of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in the environment.METHODS:Clinical samples/isolates were gathered from cases of cryptococcosis previously diagnosed at health institutions in Atlántico, and surveys were completed by clinicians. The environmental study considered 32 sampling points and three tree species, i.e., Quickstick ( Gliricidia sepium ), Almond ( Terminalia catappa ), and Pink trumpet ( Tabebuia rosea ). Environmental and clinical samples/isolates were analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic confirmation.RESULTS:From 1997-2014, 41 cases of cryptococcosis were reported. The mean patient age was 40.5 years (range: 18-63 years); 76% were men, and 78% were HIV positive. Isolation was possible in 38 cases ( C. neoformans , molecular type VNI in 37 cases and C. gattii , molecular type VGI in one case). In 2012-2014, 2,068 environmental samples were analyzed with a positivity of 0.4% ( C. neoformans , molecular type VNI) in Almond and Pink trumpet trees.CONCLUSIONS:Cryptococcus neoformans , molecular type VNI had a higher prevalence than C. gattii and was associated with human exposure and the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis in this geographical region.

El régimen de la prescripción liberatoria en el derecho privado y la seguridad jurídica

Se examinará con un criterio sistemático e integrativo la regulación de la prescripción liberatoria en el derecho privado argentino, tanto a nivel legal como jurisprudencial, tanto en los códigos generales como en las leyes especiales, con el objeto de verificar si el sistema es simple o complejo, genera seguridad jurídica o se muestra desordenado e inseguro, es compatible con parámetros de justicia o conduce a resultados axiológicamente inaceptables, considera debidamente la situación de los débiles jurídicos o no los tiene en cuenta y da lugar a espacios de desprotección. Se realizará este estudio considerando los diferentes aspectos técnicos implicados (plazos, cómputo de plazos, interrupción, suspensión, requisitos, etc.), trazando un panorama general del sistema. Si del estudio realizado surge la imperfección o deficiencia del sistema, por resultar demasiado complejo, inseguro, injusto o insuficientemente tuitivo de los débiles jurídicos, se propondrán los criterios adecuados para maximizar su simplicidad, la satisfacción de la seguridad jurídica y la justicia y la adecuada tutela de los débiles, proyectando en caso de considerarse pertinente las reformas legales respectivas, con su respectiva fundamentación general y en particular.

Proyecto de Legislación Procesal del derecho del consumidor para la Provincia de Córdoba

Se trabajará sobre la redacción de normas procesales que permitan vehiculizar la aplicación de la ley nacional 24.240 de defensa del consumidor en la provincia de Córdoba. Se pretende investigar sobre el estado de la ciencia del derecho en la materia, realizar análisis teóricos y prácticos, buscar legislación comparada sobre la materia y, sobre esa base, confeccionar un proyecto de ley con su respectiva exposición de motivos. Los objetivos se centran en el desarrollo de normas procesales que vengan a paliar una situación de hecho en la cual la ausencia de una regulación procedimental adecuada conspira contra la efectividad y vigencia del sistema tutelar de los derechos de consumidores.

Régimen jurídico de los sepulcros. Una proyección desde el Derecho Romano hasta la Legislación Argentina actual

El tema del sepulcro es algo que preocupa al hombre desde el inicio mismo de la Historia, no en vano dos de las siete maravillas del mundo antiguo son sepulturas, las pirámides y la tumba de Mausolo. Es algo sobre cuyo régimen no se ha escrito demasiado, quizás porque resulta incómodo; el hombre se encuentra enfrentado a su propia finitud, lo que a veces perturba. Sin embargo, es riquísimo como veta de investigación. Conocer acerca del régimen de los sepulcros nos enseña mucho, no solamente acerca de la formativa al respecto, sino también sobre las costumbres sociales. El culto privado (los dioses manes, o sean los antepasados), el régimen de las cosas (por definición fuera del patrimonio, también del comercio), las costumbres acerca de la manera en que se disponía de los restos fúnebres (enterramiento o incineración), nos pueden decir mucho acerca de un pueblo. Para estudiar la cuestión (que abordaremos partiendo del Derecho romano, y desechando, no por falta de valor, el precedente anterior) es, entonces, necesario abordarla desde un buen número de vertientes diferentes. En primer lugar, el culto privado y las creencias religiosas (curiosamente, si se las analiza a fondo, hallaremos que la religión cristiana y lo que ella enseña no es original, sino un desarrollo natural del pensamiento romano). Para continuar, debemos ir a la vertiente social, los usos y costumbres vigentes en Roma, la contraposición entre “enterradores” e “incineradotes”, que entran en un conflicto recién zanjado por Justiniano cuando dispone que “enterrar es más piadoso”. No olvidemos la vinculación con los derechos reales, los sepulcros son res “extra patrimonium”, y también fuera del comercio (aunque esta clasificación no se haya explicitado jamás en Derecho Romano). Sin embargo, y aunque no se pueda hablar de “dominium” en relación a los mismos, hay sí un derecho específico, el “ius sepulcrum”, que confiere implícitamente una servidumbre, el “iter ad sepulcrum”. La violación de sepulturas era cuestión que daba acción para perseguir al violador, la que correspondía al sepulcro violado, el hecho de ser violador de sepulturas, conforme la regulación justinianea constituía causal de divorcio. En fin, el tema es materia de regulación por parte del derecho público, dado que el enterramiento dentro de los límites del “poemerium” estaba prohibido. ¿Ecología incipiente, como han dicho algunos? ¿Superstición? Recordemos que no era siquiera lícito pronunciar la palabra “muerte”. Cicerón, cuando refiere al pueblo que los cómplices de Catilina fueron ejecutados, se cuida mucho de emplear ese vocablo, simplemente se limita a proclamar “ya han vivido”. ¿O quizás un motivo meramente económico, que buscaba evitar que los fundos urbanos saliesen del comercio? Luego debemos por fuerza analizar las Leyes de Partidas, para ver cómo se transfunde esto en el derecho español, base del nuestro. Para culminar con la legislación argentina actual. Los cementerios, ¿son públicos o privados? Hoy no hay duda, existen de ambas naturalezas pero, entonces, ¿cuál es el régimen jurídico? ¿Están dentro del patrimonio? ¿Son un activo más, apto para figurar en un balance? ¿No lo son? Existe un régimen especial para los cementerios privados. Más aún, ¿debería haberlo? En su caso, ¿cuál? ¿De qué interés jurídicamente protegido estaríamos hablando? ¿De propiedad privada, de creencias religiosas, y la forma de resguardarlas? En definitiva, ¿qué es un cadáver, jurídicamente hablando? ¿A quién pertenece? Al hombre que fuera en vida, indudablemente no. ¿A sus sucesores? En su caso, ¿porqué? Tal el tema a investigar.

Protección jurídica del débil: estado actual del derecho privado y posibles reformas

Se examinará con un criterio sistemático e integrativo el sistema vigente del derecho civil argentino, con la finalidad de establecer cuál es la situación de los débiles en esta rama del derecho, a fin de determinar si gozan o no gozan de una protección adecuada. Se individualizará las normas o grupo de normas, instituciones o teorías legales, doctrinarias o jurisprudenciales que dispensan algún tipo de protección a los débiles, y las normas o grupo de normas, instituciones o teorías legales, doctrinarias o jurisprudenciales que no consideran la situación del débil jurídico, o lo hacen deficientemente, o lo dejan desprotegido. Si del estudio realizado surge la imperfección o deficiencia del sistema, la necesidad de modificar normas o introducir nuevas figuras o instituciones, se estudiará la manera más adecuada de hacerlo, proyectando las reformas legales respectivas, con su respectiva fundamentación en general y en particular