AN ALGEBRAIC METHOD TO ESTIMATE GENERAL TYPE OF PHASES OF STRUCTURE FACTORS

The algebraic formulas of 1.5 and 2.5 rank are given for four space groups P2(1), Pn, Pna2(1), P2(1)2(1)2(1). It is better that the results of applying them to estimating general type of phases for four correspondent crystal structures. And a method of transforming algebraic formulas from 1.5(2.5) rank is proposed.

Analysis of three marine fish cell lines by RAPD assay

We tested the applicability of the random amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) analysis for identification of three marine fish cell lines FG. SPH, and RSBK and as a possible tool to detect cross-contamination. Sixth commercial 10-mer RAPD primers were tested on the cell lines and on samples collected from individual fish. The results obtained showed that the cell lines could be identified to the correspondent species on the basis of identical Patterns produced by 35-48% of the primers tested. the total mean similarity indices for cell lines versus correspondent species of individual fish ranged from 0.825 to 0.851. indicating the existence of genetic variation in these cell lines in relation to the species of their origin. Also, four primers, which gave a monomorphic hand pattern within species/line, but different among the species/line, were obtained. These primers can be useful for identification of these cell lines and for characterization of the genetic variation of these cell lines in relation to the species of their origin. This supported the use of RAPD analysis as an effective tool in species identification and cross-contamination test among different cell lines.

On the relationships between the radial tidal current field and the radial sand ridges in the southern Yellow Sea: a numerical simulation

The ori-in of the radial sand ridges (RSRs) in the southern Yellow Sea has been a controversial problem since they were discovered in the early 1960s. To resolve the problem, two key questions need to be answered: (1) was the radial tidal current field in the RSR area generated by the submarine topography, or (2) did it exist before the RSRs occurred? In this study, the M-2 tide and tidal currents in the RSR area were simulated with a two-dimensional tidal model using a flat bottom and a shelving slope topography, the results being then compared with the field data. It is demonstrated that the radial tidal current field in the southern Yellow Sea is independent of bottom topography, and may thus be the controlling factor generating the RSRs. The radial tidal current field probably existed before the RSRs were formed.

The effects of random surface waves on the steady Ekman current solutions

The response of near-surface current profiles to wind and random surface waves are studied based on the approach of Jenkins [1989. The use of a wave prediction model for driving a near surface current model. Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z. 42,134-149] and Tang et al. [2007. Observation and modeling of surface currents on the Grand Banks: a study of the wave effects on surface currents. J. Geophys. Res. 112, C10025, doi:10.1029/2006JC004028]. Analytic steady solutions are presented for wave-modified Ekman equations resulting from Stokes drift, wind input and wave dissipation for a depth-independent constant eddy viscosity coefficient and one that varies linearly with depth. The parameters involved in the solutions can be determined by the two-dimensional wavenumber spectrum of ocean waves, wind speed, the Coriolis parameter and the densities of air and water, and the solutions reduce to those of Lewis and Belcher [2004. Time-dependent, coupled, Ekman boundary layer solutions incorporating Stokes drift. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans. 37, 313-351] when only the effects of Stokes drift are included. As illustrative examples, for a fully developed wind-generated sea with different wind speeds, wave-modified current profiles are calculated and compared with the classical Ekman theory and Lewis and Belcher's [2004. Time-dependent, coupled, Ekman boundary layer solutions incorporating Stokes drift. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 37, 313-351] modification by using the Donelan and Pierson [1987. Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind-generated waves with application to scatterometry. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 4971-5029] wavenumber spectrum, the WAM wave model formulation for wind input energy to waves, and wave energy dissipation converted to currents. Illustrative examples for a fully developed sea and the comparisons between observations and the theoretical predictions demonstrate that the effects of the random surface waves on the classical Ekman current are important, as they change qualitatively the nature of the Ekman layer. But the effects of the wind input and wave dissipation on surface current are small, relative to the impact of the Stokes drift. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The role of Qiongzhou Strait in the seasonal variation of the South China Sea circulation

An analysis of the water level and current data taken in Qiongzhou Strait in the South China Sea (SCS) over the last 37 years (1963 to 1999) was made to examine the characteristics of tidal waves and residual flow through the strait and their roles in the seasonal variation of the SCS circulation. The observations reveal that Qiongzhou Strait is an area where opposing tidal waves interact and a source of water transport to the Gulf of Beibu (Gulf of Tonkin), SCS. A year-round westward mean flow with a maximum speed of 10-40 cm s(-1) is found in Qiongzhou Strait. This accounts for water transport of 0.2-0.4 Sv and 0.1-0.2 Sv into the Gulf of Beibu in winter-spring and summer-autumn, respectively. The outflow from Qiongzhou Strait may cause up to 44% of the gulf water to be refreshed each season, suggesting that it has a significant impact on the seasonal circulation in the Gulf of Beibu. This finding is in contrast to our current understanding that the seasonal circulation patterns in the South China Sea are primarily driven by seasonal winds. Several numerical experiments were conducted to examine the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of the westward mean flow in Qiongzhou Strait. The model provides a reasonable simulation of semidiurnal and diurnal tidal waves in the strait and the predicted residual flow generally agrees with the observed mean flow. An analysis of the momentum equations indicates that the strong westward flow is driven mainly by tidal rectification over variable bottom topography. Both observations and modeling suggest that the coastal physical processes associated with tidal rectification and buoyancy input must be taken into account when the mass balance of the SCS circulation is investigated, especially for the regional circulation in the Gulf of Beibu.

非线性未建模不确定系统的自适应控制

讨论了非线性未建模不确定系统的自适应镇定问题。通过边界层次分析的方法，提出一和种简单的间接自适应控制方法。该方法克服了现有非线性自适应控制方法容易产生过渡控制的缺点。

东南极格罗夫山地区的土壤特征及其环境研究

The Grove Mountains, including 64 nunataks, is situated on an area about 3200km2 in the inland ice cap of east Antarctica in Princess Elizabeth land (72o20'-73°101S, 73°50'-75o40'E), between Zhongshan station and Dome A, about 450km away from Zhongshan station (69°22'S, 76°22'E). Many workers thought there was no pedogenesis in the areas because of the less precipitation and extreme lower temperature. However, during the austral summer in 1999-2000, the Chinaer 16 Antarctic expedition teams entered the inland East Antarctica and found three soil spots in the Southern Mount Harding, Grove Mountains, East Antarctica. It is the first case that soils are discovered in the inland in East Antarctica. Interestingly, the soils in this area show clay fraction migration, which is different from other cold desert soils. In addition, several moraine banks are discovered around the Mount Harding. The soil properties are discussed as below. Desert pavement commonly occurs on the three soil site surfaces, which is composed of pebbles and fragments formed slowly in typical desert zone. Many pebbles are subround and variegated. These pebbles are formed by abrasion caused by not only wind and wind selective transportation, but also salt weathering and thaw-freezing action on rocks. The wind blows the boulders and bedrocks with snow grains and small sands. This results in rock disintegration, paved on the soil surface, forming desert pavement, which protects the underground soil from wind-blow. The desert pavement is the typical feature in ice free zone in Antarctica. There developed desert varnish and ventifacts in this area. Rubification is a dominant process in cold desert Antarctic soils. In cold desert soils, rubification results in relatively high concentrations of Fed in soil profile. Stained depth increases progressively with time. The content of Fed is increasing up to surface in each profile. The reddish thin film is observed around the margin of mafic minerals such as biotite, hornblende, and magnetite in parent materials with the microscope analyzing on some soil profiles. So the Fed originates from the weathering of mafic minerals in soils. Accumulations of water-soluble salts, either as discrete horizons or dispersed within the soil, occur in the soil profiles, and the salt encrustations accumulate just beneath surface stones in this area. The results of X-ray diffraction analyses show that the crystalline salts consist of pentahydrite (MgSO4-5H2O), hexahydrite (MgSO4-6H2O), hurlbutite (CaBe2(PO4)2), bloedite (Na2Mg(S04)2-4H2O), et al., being mainly sulfate. The dominant cations in 1:5 soil-water extracts are Mg2+ and Na+, as well as Ca2+ and K+, while the dominant anion is SO42-, then NO3-, Cl- and HCO3-. There are white and yellowish sponge materials covered the stone underside surface, of which the main compounds are quartz (SiO2, 40.75%), rozenite (FeSOKkO, 37.39%), guyanaite (Cr2O3-1.5H2O, 9.30%), and starkeyite (MgSO4-4H2O, 12.56%). 4) The distribution of the clay fraction is related to the maximum content of moisture and salts. Clay fraction migration occurs in the soils, which is different from that of other cold desert soils. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the main clay minerals are illite, smectite, then illite-smectite, little kaolinite and veirniculite. Mica was changed to illite, even to vermiculite by hydration. Illite formed in the initial stage of weathering. The appearance of smectite suggests that it enriched in magnesium, but no strong eluviation, which belongs to cold and arid acid environment. 5) Three soil sites have different moisture. The effect moisture is in the form of little ice in site 1. There is no ice in site 2, and ice-cement horizon is 12 cm below the soil surface in site 3. Salt horizon is 5-10 cm up to the surface in Site 1 and Site 2, while about 26cm in site 3. The differentiation of the active layer and the permafrost are not distinct because of arid climate. The depth of active layer is about 10 cm in this area. Soils and Environment: On the basis of the characteristics of surface rocks, soil colors, horizon differentiation, salt in soils and soil depth, the soils age of the Grove Mountains is 0.5-3.5Ma. No remnants of glaciations are found on the soil sites of Mount Harding, which suggests that the Antarctic glaciations have not reached the soil sites since at least 0.5Ma, and the ice cap was not much higher than present, even during the Last Glacial Maximum. The average altitude of the contact line of level of blue ice and outcrop is 2050m, and the altitude of soil area is 2160m. The relative height deviation is about 110m, so the soils have developed and preserved until today. The parental material of the soils originated from alluvial sedimentary of baserocks nearby. Sporepollen were extracted from the soils, arbor pollen grains are dominant by Pinus and Betula, as well as a small amount Quercus, Juglans, Tilia and Artemisia etc. Judging from the shape and colour, the sporepollen group is likely attributed to Neogene or Pliocene in age. This indicates that there had been a warm period during the Neogene in the Grove Mountains, East Antarctica.

流动单元四维模型和剩余油预测以濮城油田为例

This study is aimed to reveal macroscopic and microscopic anisotropism by using new theories, new methods and new technology. In order to reveal the forming mechanism and distribution pattern of remaining oil, flow units 4-dimension model and realistic model was established according the data over 20 years development of the Pucheng Oil field. Based on theories of multi-discipline subject, methods and technologies, by using correspondent 4-D data body and computer, combining quantity and quality study, static and development data, macroscopic and microscopic data, the two different geneses' reservoir, eg., braided delta and lake delta, are studied. The two different geneses' reservoir flow units models were established. Main achievement of this thesis are summarized as following: The standard of parameter optimization, identification and appreciation of two different geneses' reservoir were established. Based on the standard, the reservoir were classed into four flow units class as G,E,F and P. The flow unit static models of two different geneses' reservoir were established, and the relation of geometric shape, space distribution and macroscopic remaining oil was revealed. the flow units microscopic model were established, which tells that the changes of all the microscopic factor in the development. (4) Accordig BP arithmetic method, an adapt arithmetic method were designed, and the reservoir flow units were simulated based on the new method. (5) Reservoir realistic model of flow unit were established. Based on the model the microscopic development is simulated, which reveals the oil and water seepage in the reservoir and the mechanism of the microscopic oil formation. (6) The spatial residual oil distribution patterns were summarized. The remaided oil is mainly in the places as not being affected by the injected water, high part of the structures and the place near the sealed faults. There are 3 kinds and 9 distribution modes of microscopic remaining oil. The forming mechanism and distribution rule were pointed out. The study has developed a set of theories, technology and methods for flow units study, including flow units description, characterization and prediction. The study is also an improvement of the development geology theory in continental fault depression lake basin.

水库滑坡复活机理及其发展趋势预测研究

Various numbers of ancient landslides of various scales are frequently distributed on both banks of reservoirs, especially large reservoirs, both in China and abroad. During inundation and operation of theses reservoirs, some of the landslides are reactivated, which caused losses of people's lives and properties to various extents, some even disasters. Systematic studies are, however, very few on the reservoir-induced reactivation mechanism and development tendency prediction. Based on investigation of reservoir-induced reactivation phenomena of ancient landslides and relevant existing research problems, a systematic study is carried out on the field identification, induced reactivation mechanism, development tendency prediction, risk decision-making and treatment of reservoir-related ancient landslides, through analysis of large numbers of engineering geological investigation results, scientific experimental and research results, in combination with prevention and treatment practices of reservoir-related landslides both in China and abroad, and a series of research results have been obtained. 1. On the basis of study of the distribution features, genesis mechanism of ancient landslides on river banks, a set of scientific methods are summarized on field identification of ancient landslides, and a significant method named "lithologic sequence method" or "indicator layer method", is proposed, which is proved to be very useful. 2. A detail study is made on the reservoir-induced hydraulic effects and material mechanic effects (or softening effects) on the ancient landslide through model and case studies, which concludes that the magnitude and properties of reservoir-induced hydraulic effects are related to the shapes of sliding planes, water content and permeability of landslide materials and variation rate and magnitude of reservoir levels; the magnitude of material mechanic effects are related to the material composition (including mineral composition and grain size), natural water content and saturation state of sliding zones. Also a sensitive analysis is made on the factors that are related to the stabilities of the landslides, which indicate that the stability of a landslide is more sensitive to the groundwater head h_w in the slides and the inner friction angleψof sliding zones than others. 3. The joint inducing mechanism of rainfall and reservoir is also discussed in the paper through model analysis and case study, which proves that reservoir inundation increases firstly the sensitivity of a landslides to rainfall through reduction of its stability or cracking deformation which will increase the rainfall infiltration to the slide body, and then rainfall triggers reactivation or intensifies the reservoir-induced deformation of a landslide. 4. Based on rheologic test results of sliding zones of several reservoir-related ancient landslides, the rheologic characteristics of sliding zones have been discussed in detail and several typical rheologic models have been set up, which well explains the dynamic process of slide deformation. The response types to reservoir inundation and development tendency of reservoir -related ancient landslide are discussed in the paper based on field investigation results. And prediction methods for reservoir-related landslides have been studied based on the Mate-Synthetic principle of quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as combination of computation and internal mechanism analysis, and a rheologic analytical method is proposed which is proved very useful for prediction of the landslide development tendency. 6. In disaster-prevention and treatment of reservoir-related landslides, risk decision-making has been proved very significant both in engineering and economics. Based on the practices in disaster-prevention and treatment of reservoir-related landslides both in China and abroad, the disaster-prevention risk decision-making for reservoir-related landslides has been proposed in terms of philosophy, methods and procedures, and well put into practice. A summary is also made through case study of the experiences of treatment of reservoir-related landslides both in China and abroad in terms of principle, methods and technical lines. 7 A detail study is made as a case study of the reactivated Maoping ancient landslide on the left bank of the Geheyan Reservoir on Qingjiang river in Hubei province, China, including its field identification features, reservoir-induced reactivation characteristics and mechanism, development tendency prediction and proposed counter measures based on risk analysis.

三峡库区滑坡的时空分布、成因及其预报模式

Landslides are widely distributed along the main stream banks of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Especially with the acceleration of the human economic activities in the recent 30 years, the occurrence of landslide hazards in the local area trends to be more serious. Because of the special geological, topographic and climatic conditions of the Three Gorges areas, many Paleo-landslides are found along the gentle slope terrain of the population relocation sites. Under the natural condition, the Paleo-landslides usually keep stable. The Paleo-landslides might revive while they are influenced under the strong rainfall, water storage and migration engineering disturbance. Therefore, the prediction and prevention of landslide hazards have become the important problem involving with the safety of migration engineering of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.The past research on the landslides of the Three Gorges area is mainly concentrated on the stability analysis of individual landslide, and importance was little attached to the knowledge on the geological environment background of the formation of regional landslides. So, the relationship between distribution and evolution of landslides and globe dynamic processes was very scarce in the past research. With further study, it becomes difficult to explain the reasons for the magnitude and frequency of major geological hazards in terms of single endogenic or exogenic processes. It is possible to resolve the causes of major landslides in the Three Gorges area through the systematic research of regional tectonics and river evolution history.In present paper, based on the view of coupling of earth's endogenic and exogenic processes, the author researches the temporal and spacial distribution and formation evolution of major landslides(Volume^lOOX 104m3) in the Three Gorges Reservoir area through integration of first-hand sources statistics, .geological evolution history, isotope dating and numerical simulation method etc. And considering the main formation factors of landslides (topography, geology and rainfall condition), the author discusses the occurrence probability and prediction model of rainfall induced landslides.The distribution and magnitude of Paleo-landslides in the Three Gorges area is mainly controlled by lithology, geological structure, bank slope shape and geostress field etc. The major Paleo-landslides are concentrated on the periods 2.7-15.0 X 104aB.R, which conrresponds to the warm and wettest Paleoclimate stages. In the same time, the Three Gorges area experiences with the quickest crust uplift phase since 15.0X 104aB.P. It is indicated that the dynamic factor of polyphase major Paleo-landslides is the coupling processes of neotectonic movement and Quaternary climate changes. Based on the numerical simulation results of the formation evolution of Baota landslide, the quick crust uplift makes the deep river incision and the geostress relief causes the rock body of banks flexible. Under the strong rainfall condition, the pore-water pressure resulted from rain penetration and high flood level can have the shear strength of weak structural plane decrease to a great degree. Therefore, the bank slope is easy to slide at the slope bottom where shear stress concentrates. Finally, it forms the composite draught-traction type landslide of dip stratified rocks.The susceptibility idea for the rainfall induced landslide is put forward in this paper and the degree of susceptibility is graded in terms of the topography and geological conditions of landslides. Base on the integration with geological environment factors and rainfall condition, the author gives a new probabilistic prediction model for rainfall induced landslides. As an example from Chongqing City of the Three Gorges area, selecting the 5 factors of topography, lithology combination, slope shape, rock structure and hydrogeology and 21 kinds of status as prediction variables, the susceptibility zonation is carried out by information methods. The prediction criterion of landslides is established by two factors: the maximum 24 hour rainfall and the antecedent effective precipitation of 15 days. The new prediction model is possible to actualize the real-time regional landslide prediction and improve accuracy of landslide forecast.

中美大学生归因偏差的跨文化研究

This research systematically compared Chinese undergraduates with American undergraduates on four kinds of attributional bias: correspondent bias, siuational overattribution, intergroup attributional bias and self-serving attributional bias, and examined the effect of the implicit theories reflecting the cultures on attributional bias. First is analyzed three pairs of opposite implicit theories: dispositionalist theory and situationalist theory, generality and particularity, stressing the positive evaluation of self and despising the positive evaluation of self. It developed the Modern Implicit Theories Inventory and Traditional Implicit Theories Inventory to measure these implicit theories, and the results showed these inventories had satisfactory validity and reliability, and they were suitable for the group comparison of Chinese implicit theories with European-American. At the same time through the test it found Chinese undergraduates agreed all these opposite implicit theories more than American undergraduates. Second, it studied Chinese and American undergraduates' attributional accuracy on locus of causality. The results showed: Chinese and American undergraduates both had the correspondent bias under the different salient situational constraints, and the degree of Chinese and American undergraduates' correspondent bias under the different salient situational constraints had no significant difference' Chinese and American undergraduates both showed the situational overattribution; Chinese undergraduates had more the correspondent bias and situational overattribution than American undergraduates. Third, on the research of Chinese and American undergraduates' intergroup attributional bias, it found Chinese and American undergraduates both had no intergroup attributional bias among kin, friends and strangers, while they both show some favorable outcome effects for these three group actors. The favorable outcome effects were significant on the attributional dimensions of locus of causality and controllability for strangers' behavior, and stability for kin and friends' behavior rating by Chinese undergraduates, and stability for friends' behavior rating by American undergraduates. Fourth, it explored Chinese and American undergraduates' self-serving attributional bias, and the result indicated that Chinese and American undergraduates both showed significant self-serving attributional bias: for outcome effects, Chinese undergraduates' self-serving attributional bias were reflected on the attributional dimensions of locus of causality, stability, controllability and globality, and American undergraduates were reflected on the attributional dimensions of locus of causality, stability and globality; for categorization effects, both Chinese and American undergraduates' self-serving attributional bias were reflected on attributional difference between self's negative behavior and others', but Chinese undergraduates were embodied on the attributional dimensions of locus of causality, stability and globality while American undergraduates were reflected on the attributional dimensions of stability and globality. It also found Chinese undergraduates had more self-serving attributional bias than American undergraduates. This was reflected on the attributional dimensions of locus of causality, stability and controllability for outcome effects, and for categorization effects, locus of causality, stability and globality rating for self and others' negative behavior. All studies indicated that Chinese and American undergraduates' implicit theories had no significant effects on all their four attributional bias. These findings' potentially important implications were discussed and the further research was suggested.

Information Processing and Transmission in Cellular Automata

A cellular automaton is an iterative array of very simple identical information processing machines called cells. Each cell can communicate with neighboring cells. At discrete moments of time the cells can change from one state to another as a function of the states of the cell and its neighbors. Thus on a global basis, the collection of cells is characterized by some type of behavior. The goal of this investigation was to determine just how simple the individual cells could be while the global behavior achieved some specified criterion of complexity ??ually the ability to perform a computation or to reproduce some pattern. The chief result described in this thesis is that an array of identical square cells (in two dimensions), each cell of which communicates directly with only its four nearest edge neighbors and each of which can exist in only two states, can perform any computation. This computation proceeds in a straight forward way. A configuration is a specification of the states of all the cells in some area of the iterative array. Another result described in this thesis is the existence of a self-reproducing configuration in an array of four-state cells, a reduction of four states from the previously known eight-state case. The technique of information processing in cellular arrays involves the synthesis of some basic components. Then the desired behaviors are obtained by the interconnection of these components. A chapter on components describes some sets of basic components. Possible applications of the results of this investigation, descriptions of some interesting phenomena (for vanishingly small cells), and suggestions for further study are given later.

Resumos...

Análise dos custos de produção de soja nos estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina para a safra 2007/08; Resumo das exportações do complexo da soja em 2007; Atuação da Embrapa e instituições parceiras no programa de difusão de cultivares e tecnologias associadas a cultura da soja, nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo - safra 2007/08; Desenvolvimento de cultivares de soja em pré-lançamento da parceria Embrapa e Fundação Meridional nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e São Paulo - safra 2007/2008; Caracterização dos produtores de soja da região de Unaí - MG; Resultados de produtividade de soja obtidos em unidades demonstrativas e de observação, na safra 2007/08, em Mato Grosso do Sul; Secagem de resíduo do leite de soja "Okara" em secador de cilindro rotativo assistido a microondas; Rendimento de grãos de soja em sucessão a espécies forrageiras solteiras ou consorciadas com milho safrinha; Interações entre forrageiras tropicais e a soja em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária no arenito paranaense; Plantio direto de cultivares de soja RR na renovação de cana crua em condição de argissolo; Efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo sobre o crescimento inicial de duas cultivares da soja; Influência da insolação e do horário de aplicação de glifosato sobre a fitotoxidez na soja BRS Valiosa RR; Teores de óleo e de proteína de genótipos de soja em duas épocas de plantio e dois tipos de solo em Frutal- MG; Leitura SPAD e teor de e proteína nos grãos de genótipos de soja obtidos em quatro épocas de plantio em Viçosa -MG; Influência da época e da população de plantas no rendimento de soja hortaliça; Avaliação de cultivares de soja semeadas em duas épocas em Rolim de Moura - RO; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2007/08: região do médio Paranapanema; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2006/07: região do médio Paranapanema; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2005/06: região do médio Paranapanema; Avaliação regional de cultivares de soja no estado de São Paulo em 2004/05: região do médio Paranapanema; Comparação dos níveis de danos de larvas de Liogenys fuscus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) na produção de massa seca de soja; Avaliação da eficiência de inseticidas, em tratamento de sementes, no manejo do coró Liogenys fuscus, em soja; Eficiência do tratamento de sementes com inseticidas no controle da lagarta-elasmo Elasmopalpus lignosellus, na cultura da soja; Tratamento de sementes e a população de percevejos fitófagos na fase vegetativa da soja; Impacto de fungicidas aplicados contra a ferrugem asiática da soja sobre populações da lagarta da soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner; Eficácia biológica do Chorantraniliprole & Lambdacialotrina no controle de Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) na cultura da soja no sudoeste goiano; Eficácia biológica do Chorantraniliprole & Lambdacialotrina no controle da lagarta enroladeira (Omiodes indicatus) (Lepidoptera: Cydnidae) na cultura da soja na região sudoeste do estado de Goiás; Avaliação de inseticidas no controle da lagarta falsa medideira (Pseudoplusia includens Walker, 1857) na cultura da soja; Avaliação de inseticidas/acaricidas no controle do ácaro vermelho Tetranychus desertorum (Banks, 1900) na cultura da soja; Eficiência de acaricidas no controle do ácaro rajado Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) na cultura da soja; Estudos de eficiência e praticabilidade agronômica do produto Abamectin Nortox (Abamectin), no controle de Tetranychus urticae (ácaro rajado) na cultura da soja; Avaliação da eficiência de inseticidas e acaricidas para controle do ácaro verde, em soja; Expansão de uso do inseticida teflubenzuron e de sua mistura de pronto uso com o inseticida alfacipermetrina para o controle de lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) na cultura da soja; Eficácia de inseticidas no controle de ninfas de mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn, 1889) e validação do método de amostragem; Controle químico de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B na cultura da soja em Chapadão do Sul (MS); Manejo da mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biotipo B, na cultura da soja na região dos Chapadões; Controle químico da mosca-branca, na cultura da soja, e o impacto dos inseticidas em Encarsia sp.; Estudos de seletividade de inseticidas a parasitóides de ovos, realizados para a cultura da soja; Estudos de seletividade de herbicidas e fungicidas a parasitóides de ovos, realizados para a cultura da soja; Avanços no uso do parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) na cultura da soja; Ação de alguns manejos químicos no controle de pragas na cultura da soja; Efeito de doses de herbicidas e sistemas de semeadura na incidência de retenção foliar e haste verde, em cultivares de soja, no Maranhão e Tocantins; Avaliação da reação de genótipos de soja ao nematóide das lesões radiculares (Pratylenchus brachyurus); Reação de cultivares de soja a Pratylenchus brachyurus em área naturalmente infestada; Efeito do espaçamento entrelinhas na severidade da ferrugem da soja; Curva populacional de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja, através de armadilha caça-esporos na safra 2007-08, em Costa Rica, MS; Efeito curativo de fungicidas triazóis no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja -Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow; Efeito de fungicidas triazóis no controle do oídio da soja; Efeito de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem da soja; Eficiência de controle químico de doenças da soja no Maranhão - safra 2007/08; Efeito do fungicida opera associado a adjuvantes no controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja, em Uberlândia, MG, na safra 2007-08; Efeito de adjuvantes oleosos (Assist e Adash) ao fungicida Piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole no controle da ferrugem da soja; Informações preliminares sobre lesão de causa desconhecida (LCD) em soja; Eficiência de Picoxistrobina + Ciproconazole no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja; Cultivar de soja BRS 278RR: indicação para cultivo nas regiões sul do Maranhão, sudoeste do Piauí e norte do Tocantins; Cultivar de soja BRS 279RR: indicação para cultivo nas regiões sul do Maranhão, sudoeste do Piauí e norte do Tocantins; BRS 282: nova cultivar de soja resistente a nematóides de galha; Cultivar de soja BRS 283: indicação para os estados do PR, de SP, de SC e sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; Cultivar de soja BRS 284: indicação para os estados do PR, SP, SC e sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; BRS 285: nova cultivar de soja convencional indicada para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul; Extensão da cultivar de soja CD 225RR para as regiões sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, oeste e sul do estado de São Paulo; Extensão da cultivar de soja CD 226RR para as regiões oeste e sul do estado de São Paulo; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 228 para os estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, região norte do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 229RR para o estado de Goiás, região norte do estado do Mato Grosso do sul e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 231RR para os estados do Paraná, São Paulo e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; Recomendação da cultivar de soja CD 232 para os estados do Paraná, São Paulo e região sul do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; NK7074 RR: cultivar de soja recomendada para a região centro do Brasil; NK 7059RR: cultivar de soja de excelente desempenho nos estados do sul do Brasil e nas regiões sul do MS e centro-sul de SP; Cultivar de soja BRSMG 752S; Cultivar de soja BRSMG 811CRR; Cultivar de soja BRSMG 790A; Cultivar de soja BRSGO 7960: indicação para os estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar BRSGO 7961 para os estados de Goiás, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO 7962 para os estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar BRSGO 7963 para os estados de Goiás, Distrito Federal e Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO 8060 para os estados de Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais e Mato Grosso do Sul; Cultivar de soja BRSGO 8360 indicação para os estados de Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás e Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO 7760RR para o estado de Goiás; Cultivar de soja BRS 7860: indicação para o estado de Goiás e Distrito Federal; Cultivar de soja BRS 7860RR: indicação para o estado de Minas Gerais; Cultivar de soja BRS 7860RR: indicação para os estados de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul; Cultivar de soja BRS 8160RR: indicação para o estado de Minas Gerais; Cultivar de soja BRS 8160RR: indicação para o estado de Goiás (sul e leste) e Distrito Federal; Cultivar de soja BRS 8160RR: indicação para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRS 8460RR, para os estados de Goiás e Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRS 8560RR para os estados de Goiás(região sul e leste), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja EMGOPA 313RR para os estados de Goiás e Tocantins; Cultivar de soja BRS Gisele RR: extensão de indicação para os estados da Bahia, do Tocantins e do Maranhão; Cultivar de soja BRS Juliana RR: extensão de indicação para os estados da Bahia, do Tocantins e do Maranhão; UFU capim branco: nova cultivar para o estado de Mato Grosso; Indicação da nova cultivar UFU Carajás para o estado de Mato Grosso; Extensão de indicação da cultivar UFU Imperial para o estado de Minas Gerais; Indicação da cultivar UFU Mineira para o estado de Minas Gerais; UFU Guará: nova cultivar para a região sul e leste de Mato Grosso; Indicação da cultivar UFU Tikuna para cultivo em Goiás; Eficiência de novos descritores na caracterização de soja pela análise multivariada; Agrupamento de cultivares de soja para o caráter tipo de crescimento; Avaliação de cultivares de soja na região centro-sul do estado do Tocantins - safra 2007/08; Comportamento de cultivares de soja em Palmas-TO, safra 2007/08; Produtividade de cultivares de soja sob épocas e densidades de semeadura no nordeste maranhense; Avaliação de cultivares de soja no cerrado de Rondônia nas safras 2006/07 e 2007/08; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO Luziânia RR para o estado de Goiás e o Distrito Federal; Indicação da cultivar de soja BRSGO Mineiros RR para o estado de Goiás e o Distrito; Tolerância de linhagens de soja a diferentes doses de glifosate; Produtividade e componentes de produção da soja após a aplicação de gesso agrícola incorporado e em superfície; Formas de antecipação da adubação na cultura da soja; Produção de grãos e controle de plantas daninhas em pós-emergência com a utilização de fontes de manganês junto ao glifosato em pós-emergência; Produtividade da soja em resposta a aplicação de micro nutrientes; Avaliação do efeito de aplicação foliar de soluções contendo ácidos humicos sobre a produtividade e a absorção de nutrientes pela soja; Faixas de suficiência de nutrientes em folhas de soja, em Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso, definidas pelo uso do método DRIS de diagnose do estado nutricional; Alterações na nutrição mineral da soja induzidas pela transgenia e o manejo com herbicidas; Níveis críticos de manganês, em três solos de cerrado; Efeito da população de células na nodulação e rendimento da soja; Avaliação do herbicida Spider aplicado na dessecação na cultura da soja resistente ao herbicida glifosato; Efeito do 2,4 d no controle de plantas voluntárias de soja Roundup Ready®; Controle químico de buva resistente ao glyphosate, com herbicidas aplicados na operação de manejo, em pré-semeadura da cultura da soja; Manejo de soja voluntária resistente ao glyphosate; Identificação de biótipo de picão-preto (Bidens subalternans) resistente a atrazine; Qualidade e produtividade de sementes de soja produzidas em área de cerrado de Roraima, em plantio direto sobre braquiária; Qualidade de sementes de dois genótipos de soja hortaliça cultivados em cerrado de Roraima 2007/2008; Qualidade de sementes de soja produzidas em área de cerrado de Roraima em função de manejos do solo - 2007; Qualidade e produtividade de sementes de soja em função de doses de potássio produzidas em cerrado de Roraima 2007; Qualidade de sementes de soja BRS Candeia e BRS Tracajá produzidas em cerrados de Roraima, em função do tamanho; Tamanho da semente de soja: efeito sobre o desenvolvimento e produtividade; Influência do tamanho da semente na produtividade da cultura da soja; Dano por embebição em sementes de soja em função do teor de água inicial, cultivar e local de produção; Velocidade de hidratação de sementes de soja em função de características do tegumento; Pré-condicionamento e qualidade fisiológica de lotes de semente de soja armazenados sob condições de baixa umidade relativa do ar; Qualidade da semente de soja tolerante ao glifosato; Efeito da aplicação de glyphosate como dessecante em pré-colheita em semente de soja sobre a produtividade; Efeito do teor de lignina no potencial fisiológico de sementes de diferentes cultivares de soja.

Islamic corporate financing : does it promote profit and loss sharing?

Islamic financing instruments can be categorised into profit and loss/risk sharing and non-participatory instruments. Although profit and loss sharing instruments such as musharakah are widely accepted as the ideal form of Islamic financing, prior studies suggest that alternative instruments such as murabahah are preferred by Islamic banks. Nevertheless, prior studies did not explore factors that influence the use of Islamic financing among non-financial firms. Our study fills this gap and contributes new knowledge in several ways. First, we find no evidence of widespread use of Islamic financing instruments across non-financial firms. This is because the instruments are mostly used by less profitable firms with higher leverage (i.e., risky firms). Second, we find that profit and loss sharing instruments are hardly used, whilst the use of murabahah is dominant. Consistent with the prediction of moral-hazard-risk avoidance theory, further analysis suggests that users with a lower asset base (to serve as collateral) are associated with murabahah financing. Third, we present a critical discourse on the contentious nature of murabahah as practised. The economic significance and ethical issues associated with murabahah as practised should trigger serious efforts to steer Islamic corporate financing towards risk-sharing more than the controversial rent-seeking practice.