Aspectos psicopedagógicos da competição esportiva escolar

A escola é uma instituição qual a competição esta instalada intrinsecamente, e esta pedagogia se tornou atualmente muito controversa, pois esta gera diversas dúvidas para sua prática bem aplicada, e acaba, portanto, sendo simplesmente negada por diversos educadores. O fato é que a competição, como elemento fundamental do esporte, e, por sua vez, caracterizado dentro da cultura corporal, a faz elemento fundamental a ser executado dentro das aulas de Educação Física. Esta que passou historicamente por diferentes visões e vertentes, desde o militarismo até a utilização dos PCNs como principal ferramenta norteadora das aulas, tem estas mudanças temporalmente abruptas contribuintes para com a polarização veemente de opiniões acerca da competição esportiva na escola. O que acontece atualmente, seja por falta de preparo do professor, estudos sobre o assunto ou mesmo sobre essa constante negatória competitiva, faz com que ela seja erroneamente utilizada dentro das aulas de Educação Física e, uma ferramenta como esta, mal utilizada, acaba meramente espelhando os desportos perfomances de alto nível, onde se tem a vitória como principal foco ativo, o que acaba levando à exclusão de certos alunos menos habilidosos. Temos então de estudar esta potente ferramenta pedagógica que é a competição esportiva escolar, para que possamos utilizá-la de maneira correta, focando o processo educativo qual empreende esta competição e o desporto, se pautando em objetivos claros para que seja possível se obter uma competição com faces educativas fortes. Seria muito cômodo para nós educadores simplesmente ignorar esta face competitiva inerente à escola, inviabilizando, por conseguinte, um elemento rico e vasto de conteúdos e pedagogias em nossa área. Temos então de aceitar essa competição como um desafio, onde se estudam formas para recriá-la da melhor maneira pedagógica possível, se maximizando os efeitos benéficos desta...

Inovação, competição internacional e transição hegemônica: a política científico-tecnológica dos Estados Unidos para evitar o declínio no século XXI

Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP - UNICAMP - PUC-SP) - FFC

Segmentação de imagens utilizando competição e cooperação entre partículas

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de extensão do modelo de aprendizado semi-supervisionado conhecido como Competição e Cooperação entre Partículas para a realização de tarefas de segmentação de imagens. Resultados preliminares mostram que esta é uma abordagem promissora.

Segmentação interativa de imagens utilizando competição e cooperação entre partículas

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Computação - IBILCE

Concordância espaço-temporal e intensidade de competição em grupos de baleia jubarte: evidências de uma série temporal de 10 anos

The theory of sexual selection states that individuals more capable of attracting, selecting and competing for partners are more successful on reproduction than the less fit individuals. Competition for sexual partners can be observed in different populations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). These large cetaceans migrate seasonally from feeding areas, in high latitudes, to breeding areas, in low latitudes, where they spend the winter. During the breeding season females with and without calves are escorted by transient competitive groups of males. Seeking reproductive success in the same group, various males exhibit aggressive behaviors searching for proximity to the disputed female. Breeding areas are usually located in warm and shallow waters that provide greater security to newborn calves. The Abrolhos Bank, in the Bahia State, is the main breeding area of the species in Brazil. In this study, we used data collected in this region between 2003 and 2012. We tested the hypothesis that there is temporal fluctuation in the abundance of competitive groups and, thus, there is variation in the levels of competition among males during the breeding season. We expected to find higher competition at the beginning of the season since there are a large number of males competing for a small number of females available for mating, because some of them would still be pregnant with calves conceived on the previous year. As the pregnant females give birth to their calves and can again get into heat, the competition among males would be softened, represented by a smaller number of individuals in competitive groups and a larger number of groups sighted. To test this hypothesis we compared the number of individuals per group and number of groups sighted (response variables) between the beginning and the end of the reproductive season (explanatory variable) by using generalized linear models. We used the Living Planet Index (LPI),...

Concordância espaço-temporal e intensidade de competição em grupos de baleia jubarte: evidências de uma série temporal de 10 anos

The theory of sexual selection states that individuals more capable of attracting, selecting and competing for partners are more successful on reproduction than the less fit individuals. Competition for sexual partners can be observed in different populations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). These large cetaceans migrate seasonally from feeding areas, in high latitudes, to breeding areas, in low latitudes, where they spend the winter. During the breeding season females with and without calves are escorted by transient competitive groups of males. Seeking reproductive success in the same group, various males exhibit aggressive behaviors searching for proximity to the disputed female. Breeding areas are usually located in warm and shallow waters that provide greater security to newborn calves. The Abrolhos Bank, in the Bahia State, is the main breeding area of the species in Brazil. In this study, we used data collected in this region between 2003 and 2012. We tested the hypothesis that there is temporal fluctuation in the abundance of competitive groups and, thus, there is variation in the levels of competition among males during the breeding season. We expected to find higher competition at the beginning of the season since there are a large number of males competing for a small number of females available for mating, because some of them would still be pregnant with calves conceived on the previous year. As the pregnant females give birth to their calves and can again get into heat, the competition among males would be softened, represented by a smaller number of individuals in competitive groups and a larger number of groups sighted. To test this hypothesis we compared the number of individuals per group and number of groups sighted (response variables) between the beginning and the end of the reproductive season (explanatory variable) by using generalized linear models. We used the Living Planet Index (LPI),...

O comportamento de instrução dos trinadores de jovens de futebol em competição

[POR] O objetivo deste estudo centra-se na análise do comportamento de instrução dos treinadores de jovens em competição. O segundo objetivo é efetuar a comparação entre treinadores que orientam equipas na etapa direção (n=6) e especialização (n=3) da formação de jovens jogadores. Os nove treinadores observados, dirigiam equipas de juniores “A” (17-18 anos), “B” (15-16 anos) e “C” (13-14 anos).

O conhecimento e ações do treinador em situações de competição: o estudo da percepção dos treinadores da superliga brasileira de voleibol

[POR] Apesar da projeção do voleibol a nível mundial ter atraído a atenção para o estudo do processo do treino e do treinador, o número de estudos empíricos que investiguem a percepção destes profissionais no que respeita à intervenção em diferentes domínios de ação é ainda reduzida. Nesse sentido, com base no coaching model, a presente investigação procurou analisar, junto dos 24 treinadores da Superliga Brasileira de Voleibol, o seu conhecimento e ações, em situações de competição.

Micro and Macro essays in Applied Fiscal Policy

This thesis analysis micro and macro aspect of applied fiscal policy issues. The first chapter investigates the extent to which local budget spending composition reacts to fiscal rules variations. I consider the budget of Italian municipalities and exploit specific changes in the Domestic Stability Pact’s rules, to perform a difference-in-discontinuities analysis. The results show that imposing a cap on the total amount of consumption and investment is not as binding as two caps, one for consumption and a different one for investment. More specifically, consumption is triggered by changes in wages and services spending, while investment relies on infrastructure movements. In addition, there is evidence that when an increase in investment is achieved, there is also a higher budget deficit level. The second chapter intends to analyze the extent to which fiscal policy shocks are able to affect macrovariables during business cycle fluctuations, differentiating among three intervention channels: public taxation, consumption and investment. The econometric methodology implemented is a Panel Vector Autoregressive model with a structural characterization. The results show that fiscal shocks have different multipliers in relation to expansion or contraction periods: output does not react during good times while there are significant effects in bad ones. The third chapter evaluates the effects of fiscal policy announcements by the Italian government on the long-term sovereign bond spread of Italy relative to Germany. After collecting data on relevant fiscal policy announcements, we perform an econometric comparative analysis between the three cabinets that followed one another during the period 2009-2013. The results suggest that only fiscal policy announcements made by members of Monti’s cabinet have been effective in influencing significantly the Italian spread in the expected direction, revealing a remarkable credibility gap between Berlusconi’s and Letta’s governments with respect to Monti’s administration.

Fiscal Constitutions: An Empirical Approach

The overarching question of this dissertation is: “why does the public debt grow, and why are fiscal (debt) crises repetitive and so widespread?” A special focus in answering this question is given to a fiscal constitution, which contains a country-specific set of laws, rules and regulations, and guides decision making in the area of fiscal policy. By shaping incentives and limiting arbitrariness, the fiscal constitution determines the course of fiscal policy and fiscal outcomes in the long term. This dissertation does not give, however, an exhaustive response to the overarching question. Instead it asks much narrower questions, which are selected after reviewing and identifying the main weaknesses and gaps in the modern literature on fiscal constitutions.