The Poor Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective

Due to diverging levels of political influence of various income groups, political institutions likely reflect¦the policy preferences of certain groups of citizens better than others, independently of their numerical¦weight. This runs counter the egalitarian principle of 'one citizen, one vote'. The present article documents¦a general trend of underrepresentation of the preferences of relatively poor citizens both by¦parties and by governments across Western democracies, although important cross-national differences¦exist.

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Montenero, près Livourne : [vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 201

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Madona del Soccorso : [vue perspective, plan et coupe longitudinale] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 106

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Vue perspective d'un palais] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 205

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , [Vestibule d'un palais] : [plan et vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 204

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise Stradone S. Ambrogio : [vue perspective de l'atrium] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 209

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise Stradone S. Ambrogio : [vue d'ensemble, vue perspective du Ciborium] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 210

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise Stradone S. Ambrogio : [vue perspective de l'escalier du Ciborium, plan d'ensemble de l'église] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 211

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Sta Maria Novella : [vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 140

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Eglise du St Esprit : détail d'une Chapelle : [élévation intérieure, plan et vue perspective] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 134

[Voyage en Italie : 1825-1830]. , Fontaine au-dessus d'un égout : [statue d'Hercule luttant avec le Centaure par Giambologna] : [vue perspective, plan , coupe] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 154

[Voyage en Italie : 1825-1830]. , [Une habitation] : [vue perspective et plan] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, n.d

[Voyage en Italie : 1824-1830]. , Pont d'Auguste à Rimini : [vue perspective du grand cartouche ornant la partie central du parapet, avec retranscription du texte latin qui y figure, vue perspective du pont, profil de la corniche et plan du pont] : [dessin] / h. L. [Henri Labrouste]

Référence bibliographique : Weigert, 484

Development of a two-step screening ESI-TOF-MS method for rapid determination of significant stress-induced metabolome modifications in plant leaf extracts: the wound response in Arabidopsis thaliana as a case study.

To study the stress-induced effects caused by wounding under a new perspective, a metabolomic strategy based on HPLC-MS has been devised for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. To detect induced metabolites and precisely localise these compounds among the numerous constitutive metabolites, HPLC-MS analyses were performed in a two-step strategy. In a first step, rapid direct TOF-MS measurements of the crude leaf extract were performed with a ballistic gradient on a short LC-column. The HPLC-MS data were investigated by multivariate analysis as total mass spectra (TMS). Principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) on principal coordinates were combined for data treatment. PCA and HCA demonstrated a clear clustering of plant specimens selecting the highest discriminating ions given by the complete data analysis, leading to the specific detection of discrete-induced ions (m/z values). Furthermore, pool constitution with plants of homogeneous behaviour was achieved for confirmatory analysis. In this second step, long high-resolution LC profilings on an UPLC-TOF-MS system were used on pooled samples. This allowed to precisely localise the putative biological marker induced by wounding and by specific extraction of accurate m/z values detected in the screening procedure with the TMS spectra.