Óleo e torta de dendê em rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão da torta e do óleo de dendê em rações para tilápia-do-nilo. Foram utilizados 312 peixes, distribuídos em 24 tanques (150 L), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2x3 - duas fontes de óleo (soja ou dendê) e três níveis de torta de dendê (0, 15 e 30%). A fonte de óleo não influenciou o desempenho zootécnico. A inclusão da torta de dendê não alterou a conversão alimentar aparente e a taxa de sobrevivência dos peixes; porém, promoveu aumento nos valores de consumo diário de ração, ganho de peso diário, taxa de crescimento específico e fator de condição. A fonte de óleo e a inclusão da torta não influenciaram o teor de gordura e o rendimento de carcaça, o índice hepatossomático, o valor produtivo da energia e o colesterol plasmático. O óleo de dendê pode substituir o óleo de soja, e a inclusão da torta de dendê melhora o desempenho zootécnico de tilápias-do-nilo, sem alterar características corporais e sanguíneas.

Parâmetros metabólicos de pacus alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar parâmetros metabólicos de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) alimentados com dietas com diferentes óleos. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório, em maio de 2009, durante 28 dias. Foram utilizados 64 pacus com peso inicial de 61 g, mantidos em tanques de 250 L. Os tratamentos foram: dieta controle mais óleo de oliva; dieta controle mais óleo de milho; dieta controle mais óleo de peixe; e dieta controle mais óleo de milho e de peixe. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 4x4 (quatro dietas e quatro tempos de coleta: 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias). Foram avaliados: níveis sanguíneos de colesterol e lipoproteínas, composição química muscular, e atividade de glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD) e enzima málica (EM). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, à comparação das médias pelo teste de Tukey, e à análise de regressão. Não houve diferença nos teores musculares de umidade e cinzas, mas foram observadas alterações na deposição lipídica e proteica, conforme os tempos de coleta, em todos os tratamentos. As dietas interferiram nos parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados. A atividade de G6PD é superior à da EM, sendo maior nos animais alimentados com óleo de oliva e milho, o que sugere maior deposição lipídica muscular nestes peixes. Portanto, o metabolismo lipídico do pacu é influenciado pela composição do lipídio da dieta.

Parâmetros zootécnicos de juvenis de pacu alimentados a diferentes frequências de arraçoamento em tanques-rede

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e as características bromatológicas e hematológicas de pacus alimentados a diferentes frequências de arraçoamento. Três mil e duzentos peixes, com peso inicial médio de 65,9±2,36 g, foram distribuídos em 16 tanques-rede de 5 m³ de volume útil. Durante 65 dias, foram avaliadas quatro frequências de arraçoamento (tratamentos): T1, às 12:00 h; T2, às 8:00 e às 17:00 h; T3, às 8:00, 12:00 e 17:00 h; e T4, às 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 e 17:00 h. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Analisaram-se parâmetros de desempenho produtivo, índices de gordura visceral e hepatossomático, composição centesimal da carcaça e parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. Quanto ao ganho de peso, as frequências T3 e T4 proporcionaram melhores resultados do que T1 e T2. Embora a proteína, o colesterol e os eritrócitos tenham apresentado diferenças entre os tratamentos, permaneceram dentro dos valores de referência para pacus cultivados em tanques-rede. A frequência de três arraçoamentos diários resultou em maior ganho de peso, em comparação aos demais tratamentos, sem interferir na saúde e na composição centesimal das carcaças dos animais.

Seasonality of cardiovascular risk factors: an analysis including over 230 000 participants in 15 countries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the seasonality of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in a large set of population-based studies. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 24 population-based studies from 15 countries, with a total sample size of 237 979 subjects. CVRFs included Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference; systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure; total, high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides and glucose levels. Within each study, all data were adjusted for age, gender and current smoking. For blood pressure, lipids and glucose levels, further adjustments on BMI and drug treatment were performed. RESULTS: In the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, CVRFs levels tended to be higher in winter and lower in summer months. These patterns were observed for most studies. In the Northern Hemisphere, the estimated seasonal variations were 0.26 kg/m(2) for BMI, 0.6 cm for waist circumference, 2.9 mm Hg for SBP, 1.4 mm Hg for DBP, 0.02 mmol/L for triglycerides, 0.10 mmol/L for total cholesterol, 0.01 mmol/L for HDL cholesterol, 0.11 mmol/L for LDL cholesterol, and 0.07 mmol/L for glycaemia. Similar results were obtained when the analysis was restricted to studies collecting fasting blood samples. Similar seasonal variations were found for most CVRFs in the Southern Hemisphere, with the exception of waist circumference, HDL, and LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: CVRFs show a seasonal pattern characterised by higher levels in winter, and lower levels in summer. This pattern could contribute to the seasonality of CV mortality.

Cholesterol regulates Syntaxin 6 trafficking at the TGN-endosomal boundaries

Inhibition of cholesterol export from late endosomes causes cellular cholesterol imbalance, including cholesterol depletion in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) mutant cell lines and human NPC1 mutant fibroblasts, we show that altered cholesterol levels at the TGN/endosome boundaries trigger Syntaxin 6 (Stx6) accumulation into VAMP3, transferrin, and Rab11-positive recycling endosomes (REs). This increases Stx6/VAMP3 interaction and interferes with the recycling of αVβ3 and α5β1 integrins and cell migration, possibly in a Stx6-dependent manner. In NPC1 mutant cells, restoration of cholesterol levels in the TGN, but not inhibition of VAMP3, restores the steady-state localization of Stx6 in the TGN. Furthermore, elevation of RE cholesterol is associated with increased amounts of Stx6 in RE. Hence, the fine-tuning of cholesterol levels at the TGN-RE boundaries together with a subset of cholesterol-sensitive SNARE proteins may play a regulatory role in cell migration and invasion.

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Body Mass Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents in a Country of the African Region.

We assessed the association between several cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) (blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and glucose) in 390 young adults aged 19-20 years in Seychelles (Indian Ocean, Africa) and body mass index (BMI) measured either at the same time (cross-sectional analysis) or at the age of 12-15 years (longitudinal analysis). BMI tracked markedly between age of 12-15 and age of 19-20. BMI was strongly associated with all considered CRFs in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, with some exceptions. Comparing overweight participants with those having a BMI below the age-specific median, the odds ratios for high blood pressure were 5.4/4.7 (male/female) cross-sectionally and 2.5/3.9 longitudinally (P < 0.05). Significant associations were also found for most other CRFs, with some exceptions. In linear regression analysis including both BMI at age of 12-15 and BMI at age of 19-20, only BMI at age of 19-20 remained significantly associated with most CRFs. We conclude that CRFs are predicted strongly by either current or past BMI levels in adolescents and young adults in this population. The observation that only current BMI remained associated with CRFs when including past and current levels together suggests that weight control at a later age may be effective in reducing CRFs in overweight children irrespective of past weight status.

Desempenho produtivo e parâmetros sanguíneos de vacas leiteiras em pastejo suplementadas com resíduos de feijão

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da alimentação suplementar de resíduos de feijão no desempenho produtivo e nos parâmetros sanguíneos de vacas leiteiras em pastejo. Foram utilizadas oito vacas mestiças, com peso médio de 500 kg, distribuídas em duplo quadrado latino 4×4, alimentadas com alimentação suplementar de 134, 240, 348 e 449 g kg-1 de resíduos de feijão na ração concentrada. Os animais receberam a suplementação após a ordenha no período da manhã e da tarde. A inclusão de resíduos de feijão não alterou os pesos corporais médios e os escores corporais; no entanto, reduziu a produção de leite. Os teores de gordura, proteína bruta, lactose e extrato seco total não foram alterados pela inclusão dos resíduos de feijão. A concentração sanguínea de glicose e colesterol não foi alterada pela adição do resíduo antes do fornecimento de ração concentrada e nem quatro e seis horas após essa alimentação. A inclusão dos resíduos de feijão na ração concentrada de vacas leiteiras em pastejo, com produção média diária de 13 kg, reduz a produção de leite. Todavia, a utilização desses resíduos pouco influencia a composição do leite e os parâmetros sanguíneos.

Lu pour vous: Prévention cardiovasculaire: efficacité des statines chez les plus de 70 ans

Résumé de: Glynn RJ et al. Rosuvastatin for primary prevention in older persons with elevated C-reactive protein and low to average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: exploratory analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Apr 20;152(8):488-96, PMID: 20404379.

Detección Precoz de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en los Centros de Atención Primaria de Cataluña Central

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son actualmente la principal causa de muerte prematura, por lo que es necesario controlar los factores que podrían reducir el riesgo cardiovascular. El presente estudio se centra en la ejecución de los protocolos de prevención cardiovascular en los Centros de Atención Primaria de Cataluña central, ya que se cree que una prevención adecuada podría reducir significativamente la mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Para lograr este objetivo, se propone utilizar una muestra poblacional de 100 individuos entre 45 y 65 años y realizar un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo. Basándose éste, en el control de las diferentes variables que afectan en poseer factores de riesgo cardiovascular: el alcohol, el tabaco, la obesidad, la inactividad física, la diabetes y el colesterol.

Prevalença d'hipolipidèmies en població sana treballadora

Les disminucions del perfil lipídic per sota del valor òptim es denominen hipolipidèmies. Les hipolipidèmies poden ser de causa primària, és a dir d'origen genètic, o secundàries a patologies com l’hipotiroïdisme o la caquèxia. Presentar valors per sota dels estàndards de normalitat és un factor de risc de patir desnutrició, retràs en el creixement, dèficit de vitamina E i/o A, malalties cardíaques i hepàtiques. A més, el colesterol forma part de les membranes cel·lulars, i si no es troba en les quantitats adequades les membranes perden la seva resistència i funcionalitat la qual pot produir hemorràgies cerebrals o demències. Per tant, per evitar aquest risc cal seguir una dieta vairada i equilibrada amb un percentatge lipídic adequat (<30%). Es recomana un consum adequat de lípids saludables com els monoinsaturats i els poliinsaturats, i una ingesta controlada en grasses saturades.

When cholesterol is not cholesterol: a note on the enzymatic determination of its concentration in model systems containing vegetable extracts

Background: Experimental evidences demonstrate that vegetable derived extracts inhibit cholesterol absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. To further explore the mechanisms behind, we modeled duodenal contents with several vegetable extracts. Results: By employing a widely used cholesterol quantification method based on a cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase coupled reaction we analyzed the effects on cholesterol partition. Evidenced interferences were analyzed by studying specific and unspecific inhibitors of cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase coupled reaction. Cholesterol was also quantified by LC/MS. We found a significant interference of diverse (cocoa and tea-derived) extracts over this method. The interference was strongly dependent on model matrix: while as in phosphate buffered saline, the development of unspecific fluorescence was inhibitable by catalase (but not by heat denaturation), suggesting vegetable extract derived H2O2 production, in bile-containing model systems, this interference also comprised cholesterol-oxidase inhibition. Several strategies, such as cholesterol standard addition and use of suitable blanks containing vegetable extracts were tested. When those failed, the use of a mass-spectrometry based chromatographic assay allowed quantification of cholesterol in models of duodenal contents in the presence of vegetable extracts. Conclusions: We propose that the use of cholesterol-oxidase and/or peroxidase based systems for cholesterol analyses in foodstuffs should be accurately monitored, as important interferences in all the components of the enzymatic chain were evident. The use of adequate controls, standard addition and finally, chromatographic analyses solve these issues.

Plant-derived phenolics inhibit the accrual of structurally characterised protein and lipid oxidative modifications

Epidemiological data suggest that plant-derived phenolics beneficial effects include an inhibition of LDL oxidation. After applying a screening method based on 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine- protein carbonyl reaction to 21 different plant-derived phenolic acids, we selected the most antioxidant ones. Their effect was assessed in 5 different oxidation systems, as well as in other model proteins. Mass-spectrometry was then used, evidencing a heterogeneous effect on the accumulation of the structurally characterized protein carbonyl glutamic and aminoadipic semialdehydes as well as for malondialdehyde-lysine in LDL apoprotein. After TOF based lipidomics, we identified the most abundant differential lipids in Cu++-incubated LDL as 1-palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Most of selected phenolic compounds prevented the accumulation of those phospholipids and the cellular impairment induced by oxidized LDL. Finally, to validate these effects in vivo, we evaluated the effect of the intake of a phenolic-enriched extract in plasma protein and lipid modifications in a well-established model of atherosclerosis (diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in hamsters). This showed that a dietary supplement with a phenolic-enriched extract diminished plasma protein oxidative and lipid damage. Globally, these data show structural basis of antioxidant properties of plant-derived phenolic acids in protein oxidation that may be relevant for the health-promoting effects of its dietary intake. that a dietary supplement with a phenolic-enriched extract diminished plasma protein oxidative and lipid damage. Globally, these data show structural basis of antioxidant properties of plant-derived phenolic acids in protein oxidation that may be relevant for the health-promoting effects of its dietary intake.

PPARβ/δ ameliorates fructose-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes by preventing Nrf2 activation

We studied whether PPARβ/δ deficiency modifies the effects of high fructose intake (30% fructose in drinking water) on glucose tolerance and adipose tissue dysfunction, focusing on the CD36-dependent pathway that enhances adipose tissue inflammation and impairs insulin signaling. Fructose intake for 8weeks significantly increased body and liver weight, and hepatic triglyceride accumulation in PPARβ/δ-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. Feeding PPARβ/δ-deficient mice with fructose exacerbated glucose intolerance and led to macrophage infiltration, inflammation, enhanced mRNA and protein levels of CD36, and activation of the JNK pathway in white adipose tissue compared to those of water-fed PPARβ/δ-deficient mice. Cultured adipocytes exposed to fructose also exhibited increased CD36 protein levels and this increase was prevented by the PPARβ/δ activator GW501516. Interestingly, the levels of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor reported to up-regulate Cd36 expression and to impair insulin signaling, were increased in fructose-exposed adipocytes whereas co-incubation with GW501516 abolished this increase. In agreement with Nrf2 playing a role in the fructose-induced CD36 protein level increases, the Nrf2 inhibitor trigonelline prevented the increase and the reduction in insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation caused by fructose in adipocytes. Protein levels of the well-known Nrf2 target gene NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1) were increased in water-fed PPARβ/δ-null mice, suggesting that PPARβ/δ deficiency increases Nrf2 activity; and this increase was exacerbated in fructose-fed PPARβ/δ-deficient mice. These findings indicate that the combination of high fructose intake and PPARβ/δ deficiency increases CD36 protein levels via Nrf2, a process that promotes chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

Effects of Dietary Fat Oxidation Products and Flavonols on Lipoprotein Oxidation

Various studies suggest that oxidative modifications of low density lipoprotein (LDL), and also other lipoproteins, have an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition to the oxidation products formed endogenously, oxidised triacylglycerols (TAG) and oxysterols in the diet contribute to the oxidised lipoproteins found in circulation. However, studies on both the effect of oxidised dietary lipids on lipoprotein lipid oxidation and the reactions that modify oxidised fat after ingestion have been scarce. Studies on the effects of dietary antioxidants on the lipid oxidation in vivo and the risk of atherosclerosis have been inconclusive. More clinical trials are needed to test the importance of lipoprotein oxidation as a cardiovascular risk factor in humans. In the recent years, various methods have been optimised and applied to the analysis of lipid oxidation products in vivo, and information on the molecular structures of oxidised lipids in plasma, lipoproteins and atherosclerotic plaques has started to accumulate. However, specific structures of oxidised TAG molecules present in these tissues and lipoprotein fractions have not been investigated earlier. In the orginal research in this thesis, an approach based on highperformance liquid chromatographyelectrospray ionisationmass spectrometry (HPLCESIMS) and baseline diene conjugation (BDC) methods was used in order to investigate lipid oxidation level and oxidised TAG molecular structures in pig and human lipoproteins after dietary interventions. The approach was optimised with human LDL samples, which contained various oxidation products of TAG. LDL particles of hyperlipidaemic subjects contained an elevated amount of conjugated dienes. In the pig studies, several oxidised TAG structures with hydroxy, keto, epoxy or aldehydic groups were found in chylomicrons and VLDL after diets rich in sunflower seed oil. Also, the results showed that oxidised sunflower seed oil increased the oxidation of lipoprotein lipids and their TAG molecules. TAG hydroperoxides could be detected neither in the small intestinal mucosa of the pigs fed on the oxidised oil nor in their chylomicrons or VLDL.6 In the clinical studies, dietary flavonol aglycones extracted from sea buckthorn berries did not have an effect on lipoprotein lipid oxidation and other potential risk factors of atherosclerosis, but their absorption was demonstrated. Oil supplementation seemed to increase the bioavailability of the flavonols. Oxidised TAG molecules were detected in LDL particles of the subjects after both flavonol and control diets.

Método de obtenção e análise da composição centesimal do polvilho da fruta-de -lobo(Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil)

O polvilho da fruta-de-lobo é um produto extraído da polpa da fruta-de-lobo verde (Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil), popularmente utilizado. Pouco se conhece a respeito desse polvilho, apesar de ele ser comercializado em farmácias na região de Lavras-MG, na forma de cápsulas de 300 mg. É utilizado no tratamento da diabetes e a ele são atribuídos outros efeitos terapêuticos, como a redução da obesidade e do colesterol, mas sem conhecimento científico e sem conhecer sua composição centesimal. Com o objetivo de conhecer sua composição centesimal, foram coletadas 80 frutas-de-lobo na área de pastagem do Departamento de Zootecnia, na Universidade Federal de Lavras. Foram selecionadas 61 frutas, levando em consideração o tamanho e o estádio de maturação. As frutas selecionadas foram lavadas, descascadas e picadas, as sementes retiradas, trituradas e o polvilho obtido foi filtrado, decantado, lavado com água destilada por duas vezes e seco em estufa de ventilação. A amostra foi triturada em um gral de porcelana e armazenada em um recipiente de vidro hermeticamente fechado e protegido da luz, sob temperatura ambiente. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, observando-se que, no polvilho da fruta-de-lobo, os carboidratos são os constituintes predominantes (84,99%), seguidos de fibras solúveis (1,35%), fibras insolúveis (1,60%), proteínas (0,60%), lipídeos (0,07%), cinzas (0,03%) e umidade (11,16%). Os teores de fibras alimentares encontrados no polvilho da fruta-de-lobo podem estar relacionados aos efeitos terapêuticos que são atribuídos a ele.