Keeping it in the Family: Surviving Political Exile, 1870-1917

A sentence of exile was a regular feature of the Russian revolutionary’s underground career. In order to survive this punishment and continue their struggle against Tsarism, revolutionaries relied on help from their fellow exiles, their party, the Political Red Cross and, often, their families. Historians have rarely acknowledged the role of kin in supporting the revolutionary movement and very few studies have noted the attempts by families to mitigate the worst aspects of a sentence of exile. This article explores the ways in which spouses and siblings, parents and children obtained concessions from the Tsarist authorities regarding their loved ones’ sentences of exile, helped off-set the poverty to which many exiles were reduced, and, above all, combated the sense of loneliness and depression to which those in exile were exposed. This article argues that such familial support had a collective and positive impact on revolutionaries’ experience of exile. More broadly it provides an illuminating case study of the blurred space between public and private which the revolutionary occupied and highlights the way in which the movement depended on help from sympathisers and family members in order to function effectively on a daily basis.

The Reception of Byzantium in European Culture since 1500

Studies on the reception of the classical tradition are an indispensable part of classical studies. Understanding the importance of ancient civilization means also studying how it was used subsequently. This kind of approach is still relatively rare in the field of Byzantine Studies. This volume, which is the result of the range of interests in (mostly) non-English-speaking research communities, takes an important step to filling this gap by investigating the place and dimensions of ‘Byzantium after Byzantium’.
This collection of essays uses the idea of ‘reception-theory’ and expands it to show how European societies after Byzantium have responded to both the reality, and the idea of Byzantine Civilisation. The authors discuss various forms of Byzantine influence in the post-Byzantine world from architecture to literature to music to the place of Byzantium in modern political debates (e.g. in Russia). The intentional focus of the present volume is on those aspects of Byzantine reception less well-known to English-reading audiences, which accounts for the inclusion of Bulgarian, Czech, Polish and Russian perspectives. As a result this book shows that although so-called 'Byzantinism' is a pan-European phenomenon, it is made manifest in local/national versions.
The volume brings together specialists from various countries, mainly Byzantinists, whose works focus not only on Byzantine Studies (that is history, literature and culture of the Byzantine Empire), but also on the influence of Byzantine culture on the world after the Fall of Constantinople.

A new route to 1-substituted 2,2,3,3-tetracyanocyclopropanes

2,2,3,3-Tetracyanocyclorpropyl ketones were prepared by reaction of tetracyanoethylene with a-chloro ketones.

Reaction of tetracyanoethylene with alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones

Synthesis and Chemistry of simple tetracyanoalkanes is well studied. We performed tetracyanoethylation of unsaturated ketones with an active double bond in alpha-position. The reaction of tetracyanoethylene with alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones may result in four probable products depending on the character of substituents.

Discourses of Demonisation: Chechens, Russians, and the Stavropol’ Riots of 2007

In the summer of 2007, the geopolitics of Russo-North Caucasian relations were once again manifest in inter-ethnic violence. During the course of six weeks of rioting between ethnic Russian (russkii) and non-ethnic Russian (rossiiskii) citizens, three students were killed (one Chechen and two Russians) and pogroms were conducted widely. This article addresses these events through a focus on the nature and politics of the riots and those involved. I argue that a range of tensions came together to form a localised geopolitics, and that this contributes to an understanding of why these events took place. Ultimately, the riots are important as an event which reveals much about the complexity of power, space, and identity in contemporary Russia.

The nervous system of Amphilina foliacea (Platyhelminthes, Amphilinidea). An immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and spectrofluorometrical study

The nervous system of young and adult Amphilina foliacea was studied with immunocytochemical, electron microscopical and spectrofluorometrical methods. The general neuroanatomy is described in detail. New data on the structure and development of the brain were obtained. The 5-HT and GYIRFamide-immunoreactivities occur in separate sets of neurones. The innervation of the reproductive organs is described. The fine structure of 2 types of neurones in the CNS, a sensory neurone, a 'glial' cell type, the neuropile and the synapses are described. The level of 5-HT varies between 0.074 and 0.461 mug/g wet weight. This is the first detailed study of the nervous system of A. foliacea. Earlier data on the structure of the nervous system in A. foliacea published in Russian are introduced into the discussion. The study provides data that can be used when considering the phylogenetic position of Amphilinidea.