Properties of seawater and particulate matter (fluorescence) from a WETLabs Eco-FL sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set provides continuous measurements made with a WETLabs Eco-FL sensor mounted on the flowthrough system between June 4th, 2011 and March 30th, 2012. Data was recorded approximately every 10s. Two issues affected the data: 1. Periods when the water 0.2µm filtered water were used as blanks and 2. Periods where fluorescence was affected by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ, chlorophyll fluorescence is reduced when cells are exposed to light, e.g. Falkowski and Raven, 1997). Median data and their standard deviation were binned to 5min bins with period of light/dark indicated by an added variable (so that NPQ affected data could be neglected if the user so chooses). Data was first calibrated using HPLC data collected on the Tara (there were 36 data within 30min of each other). Fewer were available when there was no evident NPQ and the resulting scale factor was 0.0106 mg Chl m-3/count. To increase the calibration match-ups we used the AC-S data which provided a robust estimate of Chlorophyll (e.g. Boss et al., 2013). Scale factor computed over a much larger range of values than HPLC was 0.0088 mg Chl m-3/count (compared to 0.0079 mg Chl m-3/count based on manufacturer). In the archived data the fluorometer data is merged with the TSG, raw data is provided as well as manufacturer calibration constants, blank computed from filtered measurements and chlorophyll calibrated using the AC-S. For a full description of the processing of the Eco-FL please see Taillandier, 2015.

España: evolutionism & religion, Century XIX

From the Englightenment to the middle of the 19th century, geological time and the antiquity of human beings received ever growing attention. This was caused by a series of events, such as: *the beginnings of experimentation in Geology (Buffon, 1778) *the development of the transformism (Lamarck, 1809) *the recognition and description of extinct animals (Cuvier, 1812) *as well as the studies made in alluvial deposits, caves and gravel beds, with brought to light artefacts, human rest and bone of extinguished animals (from John Frere, 1797, to Albert Gaudry, 1859). The development towards evolutionism (Darwin, 1859) came gradually. In Spain, all these currents found their echo: Spain, e.g. was the third country where the Palaeolithic remains were discovered (Verneuil and Lartet, 1863). Also the Darwin ideas were introduced forcefully, right from the beginning. But the change in worldview, which was prerequisite to these ideas, lead to polemic controversies in the political and religious realm. The most significant evidence was the official prohibition of the teaching Darwinism in public educational centres (1875). At theological level, thanks to the advance of the geologic knowledge, went leaving the literal interpretations of Biblical texts was eventually discontinued and replaced by more liberal interpretation. In some case, the process was difficult because some political, religious and scientific authors and researchers didn’t understand the new scientific ideas.

Influencia de organizaciones en el desarrollo rural: caso de Salinas, San Luis de Potosí

La organización es considerada como elemento estratégico en el desarrollo de una localidad rural, ya que a través de ésta se obtienen mayores beneficios, permite a las personas desarrollar sus capacidades y son impulsoras de proyectos dentro de las comunidades. Sin embargo, es común que los territorios rurales cuenten con un tejido asociativo desarticulado que limita esas posibilidades. Por lo anterior se planteo conocer las causas de la escasa participación de la sociedad en grupos organizados y la problemática que enfrentan las organizaciones asentadas en un territorio, a través de un estudio de caso en el municipio de Salinas, San Luis Potosí, México, en 2009. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las causas que están originando que la organización no tenga impacto en el municipio, lo que permitirá formular una estrategia para lograr que ésta sea un motor de desarrollo en el territorio. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de las personas no participan en ningún tipo de organización aún cuando les gusta trabajar en grupo. En general, las organizaciones se enfrentan a dificultades para tomar acuerdos y cumplir los compromisos adquiridos. Las organizaciones formales en el municipio incluyen organizaciones económicas y de representación. Ambas presentan problemas internos relacionados con la falta de recursos económicos, la escasa capacitación y la falta compromiso del grupo; elementos que no han permitido su consolidación y su participación en el desarrollo del territorio.