Innovation, the diesel engine and vehicle markets: Evidence from OECD engine patents

This paper uses a patent data set to identify factors fostering innovation of diesel engines between 1974 and 2010 in the OECD region. The propensity of engine producers to innovate grew by 1.9 standard deviations after the expansion of the car market, by 0.7 standard deviations following a shift in the EU fuel economy standard, and by 0.23 standard deviations. The propensity to develop emissions control techniques was positively influenced by pollution control laws introduced in Japan, in the US, and in the EU, but not with the expansion of the car market. Furthermore, a decline in loan rates stimulated the propensity to develop emissions control techniques, which were simultaneously crowded out by increases in publicly-funded transport research and development. Innovation activities in engine efficiency are explained by market size, loan rates and by (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) diesel prices, inclusive of taxes. Price effects on innovation, outweigh that of the US corporate average fuel economy standards. Innovation is also positively influenced by past transport research and development. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

A condensation particle counter insensitive to volatile particles

A High Temperature Condensation Particle Counter (HT-CPC) is described that operates at an elevated temperature of up to ca. 300. °C such that volatile particles from typical combustion sources are not counted. The HT-CPC is functionally identical to a conventional CPC, the main challenge being to find suitable non-hazardous working fluids, with good stability, and an appropriate vapour pressure. Some key design features are described, and results of modelling which predict the HT-CPC counting efficiency. Experimental results are presented for several candidate fluids when the HT-CPC was challenged with ambient, NaCl and diesel soot particles, and the results show good agreement with modelled predictions, and confirm that counting of particles of diameters down to at least 10. nm was achievable. Possible applications are presented, including measurement of particles from a diesel car engine and comparison with a near PMP system. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of longer heavy vehicles on traffic congestion

Two-lane, "microscopic" (vehicle-by-vehicle) simulations of motorway traffic are developed using existing models and validated using measured data from the M25 motorway. An energy consumption model is also built in, which takes the logged trajectories of simulated vehicles as drive-cycles. The simulations are used to investigate the effects on motorway congestion and fuel consumption if "longer and/or heavier vehicles" (LHVs) were to be permitted in the UK. Baseline scenarios are simulated with traffic composed of cars, light goods vehicles and standard heavy goods vehicles (HGVs). A proportion of conventional articulated HGVs is then replaced by a smaller number of LHVs carrying the same total payload mass and volume. Four LHV configurations are investigated: an 18.75 m, 46 t longer semi-trailer (LST); 25.25 m, 50 t and 60 t B-doubles and a 34 m, 82 t A-double. Metrics for congestion, freight fleet energy consumption and car energy consumption are defined for comparing the scenarios. Finally, variation of take-up level and LHV engine power for the LST and A-double are investigated. It is concluded that: (a) LHVs should reduce congestion particularly in dense traffic, however, a low mean proportion of freight traffic on UK roads and low take-up levels will limit this effect to be almost negligible; (b) LHVs can significantly improve the energy efficiency of freight fleets, giving up to a 23% reduction in fleet energy consumption at high take-up levels; (c) the small reduction in congestion caused by LHVs could improve the fuel consumption of other road users by up to 3% in dense traffic, however in free-flowing traffic an opposite effect occurs due to higher vehicle speeds and aerodynamic losses; and (d) underpowered LHVs have potential to generate severe congestion, however current manufacturers' recommendations appear suitable. © 2013 IMechE.

The challenges ahead for bio-inspired 'soft' robotics

THERE ARE MANY different kinds of robots: factory automation systems that weld and assemble car engines; machines that place chocolates into boxes; medical devices that support surgeons in operations requiring high-precision manipulation; cars that drive automatically over long distances; vehicles for planetary exploration; mechanisms for powerline or oil platform inspection; toys and educational toolkits for schools and universities; service robots that deliver meals, clean floors, or mow lawns; and "companion robots" that are real partners for humans and share our daily lives. In a sense, all these robots are inspired by biological systems; it's just a matter of degree. A driverless vehicle imitates animals moving autonomously in the world.© 2012 ACM.

Presence of estrogenic activity from emission of fossil fuel combustion as detected by a recombinant yeast bioassay

Estrogenic activities of emission samples generated by fossil fuel combustion were investigated with human estrogen receptor (ER) recombinant yeast bioassay. The results showed that there were weak but clear estrogenic activities in combustion emissions of fossil fuels including coal, petroleum, and diesel. The estrogenic relative potency (RP) of fossil fuel combustion was the highest in petroleum-fired car, followed by coal-fired stove, diesel-fired agrimotor, coal-fired electric power station. On the other hand, the estrogenic relative inductive efficiency (RIE) was the highest in coal-fired stove and coal-fired electric power station, followed by petroleum-fired car and diesel-fired agrimotor. The estrogenic activities in the sub-fractions from chromatographic separation of emitted materials were also determined. The results indicated that different chemical fractions in these complex systems have different estrogenic potencies. The GC/MS analysis of the emission showed that there were many aromatic carbonyls, big molecular alcohol, PAHs and derivatives, and substituted phenolic compounds and derivatives which have been reported as environmental estrogens. The existence of estrogenic substances in fossil fuel combustion demands further investigation of their potential adverse effects on human and on the ecosystem. The magnitude of pollution due to global usage of fossil fuels makes it imperative to understand the issue of fossil fuel-derived endocrine activities and the associated health risks, particularly the aggregated risks stemmed from exposure to toxicants of multiple sources. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The research of range-gated laser night vision system on cars - art. no. 68351V

The characteristic of several night imaging and display technologies on cars are introduced. Compared with the current night vision technologies on cars, Range-gated technology can eliminate backscattered light and increase the SNR of system. The theory of range-gated image technology is described. The plan of range-gated system on cars is designed; the divergence angle of laser can be designed to change automatically, this allows overfilling of the camera field of view to effectively attenuate the laser when necessary. Safety range of the driver is calculated according to the theory analysis. Observation distance of the designed system is about 500m which is satisfied with the need of safety driver range.

A shortest path algorithm for moving objects in spatial network databases

One of the most important kinds of queries in Spatial Network Databases (SNDB) to support location-based services (LBS) is the shortest path query. Given an object in a network, e.g. a location of a car on a road network, and a set of objects of interests, e.g. hotels,gas station, and car, the shortest path query returns the shortest path from the query object to interested objects. The studies of shortest path query have two kinds of ways, online processing and preprocessing. The studies of preprocessing suppose that the interest objects are static. This paper proposes a shortest path algorithm with a set of index structures to support the situation of moving objects. This algorithm can transform a dynamic problem to a static problem. In this paper we focus on road networks. However, our algorithms do not use any domain specific information, and therefore can be applied to any network. This algorithm’s complexity is O(klog2 i), and traditional Dijkstra’s complexity is O((i + k)2).

多相多组分高分子体系相行为的Monte Carlo模拟

多相多组分高分子体系的相行为和形态结构一直是高分子科学研究的前沿领域。在这一领域的理论研究中，由于高分子间和高分子链段间相互作用的复杂性，理论结果往往是在一定的近似条件下得到的；另一方面，可用于实验研究的样品总是有限的，而改变体系中分子间的相互作用对实验来说又是极其困难的工作。而计算机模拟却可以避开这些条件的限制。目前计算机模拟不仅仅是实验和理论的补充，人们已经把它看成是"实验"和"理论"以外的第三个分支；由于Monte Carlo模拟能够在分子水平描述模型体系的信息、，进而对高分子体系的相行为和微观结构给出一些符合实际的预测，因而被广泛地应用于物理、数学、化学等一泊一二多领域中。本一沦文主要对二维的多相多组分高分子体系的相行为、形态结构等进行了Monte Carlo模拟研究。我们首先对刀B共聚物和均聚物C的共混体．系相行为进行了研究，其中链节B与C之间存在吸引的特殊相互作用。我们的模拟结果表明特殊相互作用的引入可以改善体系的共混相容性。在链二佩声B含量较低时，A/B无规共聚物和均聚物C的共混体系是相分离的，而在链节B的含量高于80％时，此共混体系是相容的；当链节B的含量较低时，链节B倾向于分布在共聚物相的界面上；另一方面，链节B的含量在O％到80%之间时共聚物的平均末端距小于均聚物的；并且，给出了温度一定时，B含量随均聚物组成变化关系的相图。在研究链结构对体系相形态的影响时，我们考虑了A/B交替共聚物、无规共聚物和嵌段共聚物分别与均聚物C的混合体系，其中，交替共聚物的链节B全部集中在均聚物相的界面上；无规共聚物的链节B大部分聚集在均聚物相的界面上；而嵌段共聚物更倾向于钻进均聚物聚集的区域。此外，我们研究了A/B二嵌段共聚物与均聚物C共混体系，在均聚物为连续相的体系中，出现了链段A聚集形成核链段B为壳的核壳结构。当链段B的含量较低时，共聚物的浓度越高，形成的核越大，核尺寸的分布也越来越宽，当链段B的含量很高时，核凡乎不随共聚物浓度的变化而变化。我们还研究了链节A、B和C之间是都是排斥作用的A／B共聚物和均聚物C共混体系的形态结构，并考虑了链结构对体系共混相容佩生佩狗影响（我们研究了交替共聚物、无规共聚物和嵌段共聚物三种链结构的共聚物）。随着共聚物分子内的链节A和B之间相互作用能的增加，共聚物和均聚物的共混相容性越好；当存在较强的分子内排斥作用时，共聚物的链结构强烈地影响此共混体系的相容性和均聚物的链构象。对于较强的分子内排斥作用的体系，交替共聚物与均聚物的共混相容性最好，并月＿形成了相容的体系，其次是无规共聚物和均聚物的共混体系，而嵌段共聚物与均聚物的共混相容性最差；当分子内的相互作用很弱时，共聚物的结构对共聚物与均聚物的共混相容性和均聚物的构象的影响均很刁、。此外，我们对高分子溶液的自组装进行了Monte Car to模拟。在我们的模拟中发现了：州B二嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中（溶剂是链段B的良溶剂）自组装成核壳结构的胶束，且随着高分子溶液浓度的增加，核不断增大。在A一B一A三嵌段共聚物溶液体系中，溶剂是链段B的良溶剂，是链段A的不良溶剂，此时我们得到了花型结构的胶束，其中花心是由链段A聚集而成，花瓣是由链段B形成的，而且在体系中也发现了有些胶束间存在着桥，并且在浓度很高时，体系出现了凝胶现象。此外，我们还研究了由特殊相互作用引起的结构变化。选取A／B嵌段共聚物和A／C无规共聚物的溶液体系，其中链节B和链节C之间存在吸引的特殊相互作用，而链节A与链节B和C之间都是排斥的，选择性溶剂是链节A的良溶剂，对于链节B和C是不良溶剂。在此条件刁（，体系形成了核壳结构，其中核主要由链节B和C以及少量的无规共聚物中的链节A组成。当链节C的含量较低时，壳由A／B嵌段共聚物的链段A和A/C无规共聚物的部分链节组成，当链节C的含量很高时，壳就几乎完全由A／B嵌段共聚物的链段A组成。此外，链节C在无规共聚物中的含量强烈影响核的密度极其分布。最后我们对一硬段一软段二嵌段共聚物进行了研究，发现随着硬段在共聚物中含量的增加和硬段的刚性程度的增加，嵌段共聚物更易形成有序结构。本论文中，我们充分考虑了高分子链结构及其分子内和分子间的相互作用对体系形态结构的影响，并且建立了核尺寸、核尺寸'分布、核密度、核密度分布以及平均末端距和平均木端距分布等计算机统计方法。所得到的结果将为高分子多相多组．分体系的相行为和形态结构以及高分子自组装超分子结构材料的研究和设计提供充分依据。

低聚物／金属配合物引发环氧树脂的潜伏性固化

对于潜伏性固化剂，研究较多的是小分子固化剂，而对低聚物做环氧树脂的潜伏性固化剂，则很少报道。本工作旨在探索低聚物作环氧树脂有效的潜伏性固化剂，同时把某种低聚物的特性引入环氧树脂固化结构中，以提高固化物的性能。为了加快反应速度，使用金属配合物水杨醛铝[Al(SA)_3]作为催化剂。我们所选择的引发体系有聚芳醚酮PEK／水杨醛铝Al(SA)_3和线型酚醛树脂／Al(SA)_3。我们用DSC研究了固化反应动力学，结果表明环氧树脂E－51／PEK／Al(SA)_3E-51／线型酚醛树脂／Al(SA)_3固化体系均具有较大的活化能，说明固化体系的室温稳定性很好。用TGA研究了固化物的热分解，结果表明，这两种体系的固化物均具有很好的热稳定性。E－51／PEK／Al(SA)_3体系随PEK含量增加，固化物分解50％的温度显著提高。力学性能的研究结果表明，这两种体系的固化物抗张强度、模量、剪切强度都很高。我们测定了固化物的几种电学性质，结果表明，这些固化物的电性能，尤其是高温电性能很好。我们还根据固化物固化前后的红外光谱研究了引发反应机理，以E－51／PEK／Al(SA)_3体系为例，认为在Al(SA)_3与PEK的配合下，固化反应中同时存在着PEK端羟基与环氧基的作用，又存在着PEK Car.do环开环与环氧树脂中羟基的加成反应。为了测定体系的潜伏期，我们用锥板粘度计测定了某一温度下固化体系粘度随时间的变化，然后利用动力学参数推算潜伏期，同时又每隔一段时间测定体系室温贮存的粘度变化，从实际上证明体系的潜伏性很好，潜伏期至少一年。

远紫外辐射对紫杉幼苗针叶膜脂过氧化及内源保护系统的影响

为了探讨远紫外辐射对植物的损伤机理和紫杉的濒杉机制，本文就远紫外辐射对紫杉幼苗针叶膜脂过氧化及内源保护物质的影响进行了模拟研究，初步得到如下结果：UV-C 辐射紫杉针叶离体叶绿体可使膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量增加，类胡萝卜素含量和光系统II（PS II）电子传递少性下降。UV-BC 辐射紫杉幼苗针叶可使叶绿体超氧离子自由基（O~-_2)，单线态氧（~O_2)，针叶有机自由基产额和H_2O_2含量有不同程度增加。针叶MDA，组织自动氧化速率及质膜相对透性也随辐射时间进程面增加。UV-BC处理初期超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量均被诱导增高，21d后SOD活性开始下降，而GSH 含量和CAT活性始终高于对照。维生素C（ASA），类胡萝卜素（Car)，叶绿素（chl），PS II 电子传递活性在处理期间始终呈下降趋势，其中ASA下降最明显。可溶性蛋白21d前变化不大，之后开始下降。外源活性氧清除剂苯甲酸钠和抗坏血酸对针叶膜脂过氧化有抑制作用；甲基紫精和DDC 对针叶膜脂过氧化有促进效果。根据上述结果推测，紫杉的UV-BC伤害可能是由于活性氧产生过剩和清除系统水平下降，而引起的膜脂过氧化损伤。

UV-B辐射和CO2浓度倍增对树木幼苗次生代谢的影响

为了揭示UV-B辐射（11.66KJ／m2.d）和CO2浓度倍增复合作用对树木幼苗次生代谢产物变化规律及其对生长发育的影响，在室外用开顶箱，对白桦、红皮云杉和红松幼苗进行了模拟研究。结果表明，三种幼苗针叶片酚类含量增幅和变化趋势均不同。白桦类黄酮含量和305nm吸收值变化不大，红皮云杉和红松后期增加明显。白桦总黄酮和邻苯二酚含量增幅大于红皮云杉和红松。白桦和红松Chl和Car含量呈下降趋势，红皮云杉后期略有增加。白桦休眠侧芽极性小的酚类物质增加明显，根系酚类略有增加，枝条酚类无变化。红松越冬侧芽酚类和邻苯二酚含量增加明显。复合处理使三种幼苗PAL活性增加。酚类物质含量与其清除O-2和OH的能力基本成量效关系。单位多酚清除OH能力，红皮云杉＞红松＞白桦；多酚与蛋白质结合能力，白桦＞红松＞红皮云杉；MDA增幅，红松＞白桦＞红皮云杉。三种幼苗SOD活性后期增加明显。邻苯二酚对Chl、SOD、CAT活性和PSII有破坏作用。白桦酚类物质对SOD和CAT活性有破坏作用。复合处理对高生长抑制的程度白桦大于红松，而对红皮云杉影响不显著，体现UV-B和CO2处理的相互抵消作用。白桦根部生物量增加。红松针叶伸长受到抑制。可见，UV-B和CO2处理诱导的次生产物与幼苗生长发育有关。

川西亚高山人工针叶林下11种植物对两种光生境的适应性研究

青藏高原东缘的亚高山针叶林是长江上游重要的生态屏障，经过近六十年的采伐后，取而代之的是大量人工种植的云杉纯林。目前，这些人工林已经表现出树种单一，结构层次简单等生态问题，其物种多样性及生态效益与同地带天然林相比差距较明显。如何丰富该地区物种多样性，完善人工林生态系统的生态功能是一个十分重要的课题。林下植物是人工林群落的重要组成部分，对维持群落的生物多样性及完善生态系统功能具有明显的作用。因此，研究该地区人工针叶林的林下植被对不同生境的适应性对于理解人工林生态系统物种多样性的形成和维持机制都具有重要的意义。 本文以青藏高原东部亚高山针叶林的主要森林类型----云杉人工林为研究对象，选择林下11种具有不同喜光特性的常见植物，分别设置人工林林冠下及成熟林窗为研究样地，通过对各种植物叶片形态与物质分配特征、叶片解剖学特征、叶片光合生理特性、植物自然分布特征等方面的比较分析，研究林下植物对不同光生境的适应策略及其适应能力，揭示不同物种对人工林生境的适应共性，为西南亚高山地区植被恢复及人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。具体研究结果如下： 在叶片形态和物质分配特征方面：在林窗光生境中，11种林下植物叶片比叶重(LMA)显著高于林下光生境的同种植物。同时，林窗下生长的植物叶片叶片厚度及栅栏细胞长度显著增加，这是影响叶片比叶重变化的直接原因。而多数植物叶重比在两种生境中无明显变化。说明在长期适应自然生境之后，植物可能更多地采取调节叶片组织细胞水平（即叶片功能细胞形态）及叶片器官水平（即单个叶片形态）特征的策略来适应各类生境，而非整株水平上的叶片总比重的增减。 在叶片解剖结构特征方面：多数阔叶物种栅栏组织厚度(PT)、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度(PT/ST)、栅栏细胞层数及近半数种的气孔密度(SD)在林窗生境中更大或更多，而叶片表皮细胞厚度(UET、LET)气孔长径(SL)及海绵组织厚度(ST)受两种生境影响不大。喜光特性相似的物种在生境适应策略上具有一定的趋同性。 在光合生理特征方面：在林窗生境中多数种植物的最大光合速率(Amax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)及喜光植物光补偿点(LCP)显著或极显著高于林内生境同种植物。且在同一生境条件下，多数深度耐荫植物比喜光及轻度喜光植物有稍低的Rd和LCP。各植物在林内低光生境中具有更大的内禀光能转化效率，并在中午12:00～14:00之间光强最大的时刻发生了的最深程度的光抑制。多数种能通过调节自身某种光合素含量或色素之间的比例来适应不同的光生境，即通过增加叶绿素含量或降低Chla/b值来适应林内弱光生境，通过提高类胡萝卜素含量或单位叶绿素的类胡萝卜素含量降低强光带来的伤害。绝大多数物种并不采取调节叶片C、N含量的策略来适应不同的光生境。总之，植物部分光合参数(Amax、Rd、LCP)受生境的影响与其自身喜光特性有关，但另一些参数（Fv/Fm日变化、色素含量及比例、叶氮相对含量）受生境影响与其自身喜光特性无明显关联。 在表型可塑性方面：在叶片各表型参数中，器官水平及细胞水平的形态特征参数平均可塑性大于整株水平形态和物质分配特征参数可塑性；叶片光合组织的可塑性大于非光合组织可塑性；反映植物光合能力的参数可塑性大于叶片色素含量参数可塑性。植物叶片形态和物质分配、解剖学特征参数平均可塑性大小与其自身喜光特性基本吻合，即喜光种及轻度耐荫种各参数可塑性最高，深度耐荫种可塑性最小，而这种规律并未在光合生理参数的可塑性大小上体现出来。但是叶片形态和物质分配参数、光合生理参数的平均可塑性水平却大于叶片解剖学参数。 在植物自然分布特征方面：喜光物种云杉幼苗及歪头菜在林内生境中分布密度明显降低，深度耐荫种疏花槭却恰恰相反，更多数物种（7种植物）在两种生境中密度变化趋势不明显。从分布格局来看，7种植物在两种生境中均为聚集分布，但聚集强度为林窗>林内；少数物种桦叶荚迷、直穗小檗、冰川茶藨、黄背勾儿茶在林窗中为聚集型，在林内生境中的分布型发生改变而成为随机型，说明光生境的差异能影响到植物种群的分布特征。但这种影响程度与植物自身的喜光特性无关，同时与各物种叶片表型平均可塑性的大小也无明显关联。 The subalpine coniferous forest area in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is important ecology-barrier of upriver Yangtze. In past sixty years, those forests had been cut down and replaced with a lot of spruce plantations. At now, there are many ecology problems presenting to us such as singleness species, simple configuration, lower species diversity and ecological benefit than natural forests at the same belt. How to restore the species diversity and enhance the eco-function of the plantations is a very important issue. The understory plants are important part of plantation community, which improved the bio-diversity and eco-function distinctly of forests. So, it is very significance to study the adaptation of understory plants to different environment in plantation, and this study would helping us to understand how plantations to develop and remain their biodiversity. This study was conducted in a 60a spruce plantation in Miyaluo located in western Sichuan, China, and spruce plantation is major types of subalpine coniferous forest in eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this paper, the leaf morphological and biomass-distributed characteristics, the anatomical characteristics, the photosynthetic characteristics and the distribution patterns characteristics of eleven different light-requirement understory species grown in two different environments (forest gaps and underneath close canopy) were studied and compared. The purpose of this study was to analyze the adaptation of this forest understory plants, to show up the commonness of these different light-requirement understory species in light acclimation, and to provide some scientific reference to manage and restore the vegetation of subalpine plantation of southwest China. The results were as follows: The leaf morphological and biomass-distributed characteristics: These eleven species in forest gaps had significantly higher dry weight per leaf area (LMA) than those under close canopy. The palisade parenchyma cells of the broad-leaved species in gaps were significantly longer than those grown under the canopy, which been a directed factor for the change of leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in different environment. But the leaf weight ratio (LWR) of most plants species were not evidently changed by the contrasted environments in our study. It was shown the morphological characteristics changing been adopted as a strategy of light acclimation for plants wasn’t on whole plant level (leaf weight ratio) but cellular level (the function cells morphological characteristics) and organic level (the leaf morphological and biomass-distributed characteristics) mostly. The leaf anatomical characteristics: Most broad-leaved plants in gaps increased palisade parenchyma thickness (PT), the palisade parenchyma cell layers and the ratio of palisade to spongy parenchyma (PT/ST). So did as almost about half species in this study in stomatal density (SD). No significant differences in thickness of leaf epidermal cells (UET, LET), stomatal length (SL) and spongy parenchyma (ST) between two environments of most species were observed. The results suggested that species with light-requirement approximately had convergent evolution on adaptation to light condition. The leaf photosynthetic characteristics: The dark respiration rate (Rd) of most plants species, the light compensation point (LCP) of light-demanding plants species in gaps were significantly increased than under close canopy in this study. In a same habitat, most deep-shade-tolerant plants had lower Rd and LCP than those light-demanding plants and slight-shade-tolerant plants. Each species has bigger inherent electron transport rate under close canopy than in gaps, and the greatest photoinhibition happened during 12 to 14 in the daytime. Most species could adapt different light environment by the way of changing their photosynthetic pigments content or the ratio of pigments content. For example, some plants under close canopy increased chlorophyll (Chl) or reduced the values of the ratio Chla/b to adapted the low light condition, some plants in gaps increased carotenoid (Car) or reduced the weight ratio CarChl to avoid been hurt in high light. For most plants, changing the content of C and N in leaf wasn’t a strategy of light acclimation. In conclusion, the variation of some leaf photosynthetic parameters in different light environment such as Fv/Fm, pigments, C and N in leaf related with the light-requirmnet of species, but the others such as Amax, Rd, LCP did not. The leaf plasticity indexes: Among those leaf plasticity indexes, the leaf morphological and biomass-distributed parameters on cellular and organic level were greater than on whole plant level for same species, and the photosynthetic parenchyma parameters were greater than non-photosynthetic parenchyma parameters in same leaf, and photosynthetic capability parameters were greater than photosynthetic pigments content parameters for same species. The average plasticity indexes of leaf morphological and biomass-distributed and anatomical parameters were accordant with plants’ light-requirement approximately: those light-demanding plants and slight-shade-tolerant plants had bigger plasticity indexes than deep-shade-tolerant plants. But this regular wasn’t observed in physiological plasticity indexes for most plants, though the average leaf plasticity indexes of leaf morphological and biomass-distributed, photosynthetic characteristics parameters was greater than the anatomical characteristics parameters. The distribution patterns characteristics: Oppositely to the deep-shade-tolerant specie Acer laxiflorum Pax., the density of light-demanding species Picea asperata Mast. and Vicia unijuga A. Br. in gaps was bigger than under close canopy. Each of the other species has the approximately density in two different environment. The spatial patterns of seven species were aggregated distribution in two environments, but the trend of aggregation of population under close canopy was decrease from in gaps. A few species such as Viburnum betulifoium Batal., Berberis dasystachya Maxim., Ribes glaciale Wall. and Berchemia flavescens Brongn. were aggregated distribution in gaps while random distribution under close canopy. It was shown that the difference between two light environments could affect the distribution pattern of plant population, and the effect didn’t relate with the light-requirement or plasticity indexes of species.

CO_2浓度升高对春小麦不同生育时期抗氧化系统的影响

利用开顶式气室研究了CO2浓度升高(550μmol/mol)对小麦(Triticum aestivumL)孕穗期和开花期抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,高浓度CO2下,小麦叶片外渗电导率和丙二醛的含量下降,说明膜脂过氧化程度有所降低;虽然O2产生速率和H2O2含量2个时期相比开花期大于孕穗期,但是两者均低于对照,说明高CO2浓度下活性氧产生减少;SOD,POD,CAT的活性与对照相比有所增加并达到显著或极显著水平;随着CO2浓度的升高,ASA和Car含量也随之增加,但是随着生育期的推移,两者含量均有不同程度的减少;最终生物量和籽粒产量分别增长18%和14%,说明CO2浓度升高有利于减轻小麦的氧化损伤,促进植物生长。

不同光强下核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝的光合生理特征

研究辽东山区次生林3种树种幼苗(核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝)对生长光环境的适应性,在生长季测定4种光强下(全光、60%透光、30%透光、15%透光,分别记为FI,II,LI和WI)树种幼苗叶片气体交换参数、净光合速率、单位叶面积叶绿素含量和比叶重(LMA)。结果表明:随着光强的减弱,3个树种的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、最大光合速率(Pmax)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、LMA、单位叶鲜质量(LFA)均呈下降趋势;全光下单位叶面积的叶绿素Chl含量均低于弱光处理。本研究结果支持水曲柳在幼苗时期具有一定耐荫性的观点。树种生理生态指标的可塑性分析表明:黄菠萝能适应更宽的光强幅度,且黄菠萝的需光性大于核桃楸。不同光环境下3个树种的生理生态变化特征对解释森林生态系统内树种的共生和演替具有重要意义。

不同海拔长白山岳桦的生理变化

通过分析长白山国家级自然保护区内不同海拔(A1:1700 m,A2:1800 m,A3:1900 m,A4:2000 m,A5:2050 m)梯度岳桦叶片中各种生理指标含量的变化,探讨了林线树木适应高山环境的生理机制。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,比叶面积(SLA)显著减小,A5与A1相比下降了35.90%,差异达到显著水平;叶绿素含量随海拔梯度升高而降低,但叶绿素a/b比值(Chla/Chlb)和Car的相对含量(Car/Chl)随海拔梯度升高而增加;在海拔1900 m左右,MDA含量和MP均处于最低水平,各种酶的活性均为最低;当海拔超过2000 m,接近森林分布的界限时,MDA含量和MP升高,并达到最大值,各种酶的活性都出现了一定程度的下降。综合本次研究表明,在海拔1900 m比较适合岳桦的生长;海拔超过2000 m,岳桦体内生理抗性下降,不利于岳桦的生长发育,因此高海拔限制了岳桦的分布。