Ostracoda fauna of surface sediments from the Persian Gulf

During the "Meteor"-Expedition to the Persian Gulf in March-May 1965, approximately 300 samples were collected. Most of them have been already studied by various authors in sedimentological as well as micropaleontological respects. 49 samples were selected for ostracode studies. These samples are arranged to form a long-axis section ("Laengsprofil"), and 4 shorter cross-profiles, perpendicular to the long-axis profile in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. 52 species of ostracodes in this area were specifically determined; 39 of them are described under open nomenclature. 13 species are already known from surrounding sea areas: 2 species from the Red Sea; 2 species from the east coast of Africa; 1 species from the Mediterranean Sea; and others from the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 12 species show close relationships to species from the Indopacific Ocean. The ostracode species found in the area can be grouped after the method of BRAUN-BLANQUT into 2 bioassociations. Association 1 with the following 4 characteristic species : Cytherella cf. pulchra, Loxoconcha sp. A, Neomonoceratina sp. A, Alocopocythere reticulata. Association 2 with 1 characteristic species: Ruggieria (Ruggieria) sp. B. The association 1 is widespread in the entire studied area of the Persian Gulf, where it is considered to characterize the shallow water region down to 200 m. The association 2 is restricted to the deeper water below 200 m of the inner part of the Oman Gulf. Only a few species known from the shallow water association of the Persian Gulf are present. Within the two ostracode associations mentioned above 4 zones from the total studied area could be related to the water depth. The zones A-D are characterized more or less readily by the relative abundance of certain species: Zone A : 7-30 m depth, on substrates of poorly coarse-grained clayey marl; Zone B: 30-94 m depth, on substrates of richly coarse-grained calcareous marl; Zone C: 94-1961208 m depth, on substrates of richly coarse-grained calcareous marl; Zone D: 196/208-500 m depth, on substrates of calcareous clay, poor in benthos. The regional and bathymetric distribution of the ostracode fauna in the area studied was compared in relation to 10 environmental factors: water depth, temperature, salinity, water density, O2-concentration, phosphate-silica contents, pH-values, stratification of the water body, water currents and type of sediments. The major environmental factors which appear to control the ostracode distribution are water depth (as a complex factor), O2-concentration and the type of sediment. At 3 stations (GIK01058, GIK01074 and GIK01204) species of the shallow water association were found together with a few bathyal species. These stations are situated at the outer Biaban shelf, in an area where the bottom water of the Persian Gulf flows down the slope towards the Oman Gulf. Several samples of the Zone B in the major part of the Persian Gulf show also a high species diversity containing a high percentage of subfossil ostracode carapaces. It is probable that the recent biocoenosis has been mixed with a late quarternary thanatocoenosis.

Eocene to Quaternary benthic foraminifers from the Izu-Bonin Arc

The benthic foraminifer fauna at Sumisu Rift Sites 790 and 791 indicates that a deep open-ocean (>2300 m) or a basin with open-ocean access existed between 1.1 and 0.7 Ma at the time of the initiation of rifting. The appearance of a low- to medium-oxygen fauna (1600-2300 m) between 0.7 and 0.5 Ma suggests that the open-ocean access may have been terminated at this time because of the development of volcanoes and rift flank uplifts around the basin. The occurrence of low-oxygen faunas at 0.03 Ma suggests a secondary closing of the basin. The lower bathyal benthic faunas from lower Pliocene sediments of rift margin Site 788 suggest about 0.6-1.6 km of total basement uplift. This uplift may have led to the formation of the major hiatus between 2.3 and <0.3 Ma. The faunal changes of benthic foraminifers at Sites 792 and 793 in the forearc basin document a shallowing water depth from below the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) (about 3.5 km) in the late early Oligocene to the present depths of 1800 and 2975 m, respectively. These data suggest about 1 km of total basement uplift in the inner part of the forearc basin (Site 792) and about 0.6 km total basement subsidence in the central part of the forearc basin (Site 793) since about 31 Ma. The former uplift led to a thinner sediment accumulation (800 m) and the latter subsidence to a thicker sediment accumulation (1400 m) at these sites. Faunal changes of benthic foraminifers observed in Sites 782 and 786 sequences drilled at the outer-arc high document a deepening water depth from 1.3 to 2.1 km in late Eocene to the present depth of about 3 km. These data suggest about 1.1-1.9 and 1.3-2.1 km of total basement subsidence at Sites 786 and 782, respectively. These results indicate total basement uplift in the inner part of the Bonin arc-trench system since late Oligocene and total basement subsidence in the outer part of the system since late Eocene. The last occurrence (LO) of Stilostomella spp. and Pleurostomella spp. and the first occurrence (F0) of Bulimina aculeata d'Orbigny occurred consistently at 0.7 Ma at all three arc proximal sites (790,791, and 792). This fact is taken to suggest a change of water mass, from one originating from the central part of the ocean to that originating from ocean-margin areas at that time.

Early Cretaceous palynomorphes from ODP Hole 113-692B

Detailed descriptions of in situ ?Valanginian to Albian Antarctic palynofloras are presented from Weddell Sea claystones with high percentages of organic matter ("black shales") and intercalated volcanic ash layers. The claystones were recovered from two sites (ODP Leg 113, Sites 692 and 693) on the continental margin of Dronning Maud Land. Palynological investigations of these Cretaceous sediments revealed a ?Valanginian-Hauterivian age for the Site 692 sediments and an Aptian-Albian age for Site 693. This paper is focused on the palynomorphs of Site 692. Miospores, dinoflagellate cysts, and acritarchs are listed and compared with early Cretaceous microfloras from the Antarctic Peninsula, Australia, and South America. The dinocyst assemblage of Site 692 seems to be very similar in composition to an assemblage from the South Shetlands (?Valanginian-Hauterivian-Barremian). It also agrees well with associations described from early Early Cretaceous sequences from the Perth Basin, southwestern Australia. According to the Australian miospore zonation schemes, the sporomorph flora from Site 692 belongs to the South Australian Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis Zone (early Valanginian to Hauterivian) or the lower part of the dinocyst Muderongia Superzone (Valanginian to Hauterivian).

Paleogene and early Neogene stable isotope record of foraminifera from ODP Leg 119 samples

Oxygen and carbon isotopic records of monogeneric and monospecific benthic and planktonic foraminifer samples from Sites 744 and 738 drilled on the southern end of the Kerguelen Plateau during ODP Leg 119 reveal the evolution of polar Indian Ocean water masses from the early Paleocene to the middle Miocene. Results from Site 738 are from sediments of early Paleocene to late Eocene age and those from Site 744 are late Eocene to middle Miocene. They suggest that intermediate waters at this location did not originate in the high latitudes during the early Eocene. Surface and near-surface waters cooled gradually after the maximum warming at 56 Ma, when surface waters were about 18°C. Intermediate waters cooled after 52 Ma. The highest temperatures (lowest d18O values) of the Cenozoic occurred from 56 to 52 Ma. The records of equatorial Pacific Site 577 and Weddell Sea Site 690 resemble that of the polar Indian Ocean in this interval. The well-documented d13C excursions toward positive values in the late Paleocene and negative values in the early Eocene are represented by foraminifers increases of 1.5 per mil and following decreases of about 3 per mil. Most of the cooling in the Paleogene occurred in the middle and late Eocene. A 2°C decrease of surface water at about 38.4 Ma heralded the beginning of extensive glacial conditions in Antarctica in the early Oligocene. At Site 744, the global d18O shift just above the Eocene/Oligocene boundary is 1.15 per mil, and occurred gradually in sediments dated at 36.5-35.9 Ma. Ice-rafted debris was deposited beginning at 36.1 Ma for about the next 2 m.y. This simultaneous occurrence of the global d18O shift with ice-rafted debris is evidence for early Oligocene glaciation in East Antarctica. Moreover, early and late Oligocene Cibicidoides d18O values between 2 and 2.2 per mil indicate intermediate water cooling and a small ice-volume effect. Production of cold dense bottom water in Antarctica was intensified with continental cooling and glaciation in the early Oligocene. Comparison of Oligocene and early Miocene isotopic data from high-latitude and low-latitude deepsea sites indicates that there were probably at least two sources of bottom waters at this time.

Geochemistry and accumulation rates of the early Paleogene in the Weddel Sea, Maud Rise and Kerguelen Plateau

Marine biological productivity has been invoked as a possible climate driver during the early Paleogene through its potential influence on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, the relationship of export productivity (the flux of organic carbon (C) from the surface ocean to the deep ocean) to organic C burial flux (the flux of organic C from the deep ocean that is buried in marine sediments) is not well understood. We examine the various components involved with atmosphere-to-ocean C transfer by reconstructing early Paleogene carbonate and silica production (using carbonate and silica mass accumulation rates (MARs)); export productivity (using biogenic barium (bio-Ba) MARs); organic C burial flux (using reactive phosphorus (P) MARs); redox conditions (using uranium and manganese contents); and the fraction of organic C buried relative to export productivity (using reactive P to bio-Ba ratios). Our investigations concentrate on Paleocene/Eocene sections of Sites 689/690 from Maud Rise and Site 738 from Kerguelen Plateau. In both regions, export productivity, organic C burial flux, and the fraction of organic C buried relative to export productivity decreased from the Paleocene/early Eocene to the middle Eocene. A shift is indicated from an early Paleogene two-gyre circulation in which nutrients were not efficiently recycled to the surface via upwelling in these regions, to a circulation more like the present day with efficient recycling of nutrients to the surface ocean. Export productivity was enhanced for Kerguelen Plateau relative to Maud Rise throughout the early Paleogene, possibly due to internal waves generated by the plateau regardless of gyre circulation.

Silicoflagellates in ODP Leg 108 holes

The occurrence of Cenozoic silicoflagellates at three Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Holes (660A, 662A, and 667A) was investigated to determine biostratigraphic and relative paleotemperature relations in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. This report presents the data obtained from a study of 37 samples and some preliminary comments on the data. The age of the single sparse assemblage at Hole 660A is late middle Eocene or late Eocene (Dictyocha hexacantha Zone); the sparse to common assemblages of Hole 667A are Oligocene and early Miocene and the common to abundant assemblages of Hole 662A are early Pliocene to Quaternary. Dissolution thinning of silicoflagellates is noted in most samples, even in Hole 662A, which is under the present productive Benguela Current.

Middle Eocene-Early Pliocene Subantarctic planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of ODP Site 1090 on the Agulhas Ridge, South Atlantic

The analysis of planktic foraminiferal assemblages from Site 1090 (ODP Leg 177), located in the central part of the Subantarctic Zone south of South Africa, provided a geochronology of a 330-m-thick sequence spanning the Middle Eocene to Early Pliocene. A sequence of discrete bioevents enables the calibration of the Antarctic Paleogene (AP) Zonation with lower latitude biozonal schemes for the Middle-Late Eocene interval. In spite of the poor recovery of planktic foraminiferal assemblages, a correlation with the lower latitude standard planktic foraminiferal zonations has been attempted for the whole surveyed interval. Identified bioevents have been tentatively calibrated to the geomagnetic polarity time scale following the biochronology of Berggren et al. (1995). Besides planktic foraminiferal bioevents, the disappearance of the benthic foraminifera Nuttallides truempyi has been used to approximate the Middle/Late Eocene boundary. A hiatus of at least 11.7 Myr occurs between V78 and V71 m composite depth extending from the Early Miocene to the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene. Middle Eocene assemblages exhibit a temperate affinity, while the loss of several planktic foraminiferal species by late Middle to early Late Eocene time reflects cooling. During the Late Eocene-Oligocene intense dissolution caused impoverishment of planktic foraminiferal assemblages possibly following the emplacement of cold, corrosive bottom waters. Two warming peaks are, however, observed: the late Middle Eocene is marked by the invasion of the warmer water Acarinina spinuloinflata and Hantkenina alabamensis at 40.5 Ma, while the middle Late Eocene experienced the immigration of some globigerinathekids including Globigerinatheka luterbacheri and Globigerinatheka cf. semiinvoluta at 34.3 Ma. A more continuous record is observed for the Early Miocene and the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene where planktic foraminiferal assemblages show a distinct affinity with southern mid- to high-latitude faunas.

Palynofacies analysis of sediments in the eastern Equatorial Atlantic

Analyses of the palynofacies and sporomorph thermal alteration indices (TAI) of sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 959 to 962 in the Cote d'Ivoire-Ghana Transform Margin, West Africa were undertaken to (1) determine the source and depositional conditions of the organic matter in the sediments, (2) refine a paleobathymetric curve derived from other data for Site 959, which drilled the most continuous sedimentary sequence from Pleistocene to Albian and (3) interpret the paleothermal history of the area. Twelve types of dispersed organic matter were identified: amorphous organic matter (AOM), marine palynomorphs, algae, resins, black debris, yellow-brown fragments, black-brown fragments, cuticles, plant tissue, wood, sporomorphs and fungi, The relative abundances of these organic matter components at each site were analyzed using cluster analysis, resulting in the identification of seven palynofacies assemblages at Site 959, five each at sites 960 and 961, and four at Site 962. Amorphous organic matter (which is chiefly marine derived), black debris and wood have played the most significant role in defining palynofacies assemblages. The palynofacies assemblages show some correlation with lithologic units, sediment sources and depositional environments. Previous palynofacies studies in passive margins have demonstrated that changes in the ratio of AOM to terrestrial organic matter are related primarily to proximal-distal positions of depositional environments relative to the shoreline. However, this assumption does not always hold true for a transform margin where tectonic factors play an important role in the organic matter distribution, at least in the early stages of evolution. Lithofacies, CCD paleodepths for the North Atlantic, trace fossil association, benthic foraminifera and palynofacies data were the criteria used for reconstructing a paleobathymetric curve for Site 959. A cyclicity in the organic matter distribution of the Upper Miocene to Lower Pliocene pelagic sediments could be related to fluctuations in productivity of biosiliceous and calcareous organisms, and sedimentation rates. A drastic increase in the amount of AOM and a decrease in black debris and wood in the carbonate and clastic rocks (Lithologic Unit IV) overlying the tectonized Albian sediments (Lithologic Unit V) at Sites 959 and 960 coincide with the presence of an unconformity. Qualitative color analysis of palynomorphs was undertaken for all sites, although the main focus was on Site 959 where detailed organic geochemical data were available. At Site 959, TAI values indicate an immature stage of organic maturation (<2) down to the black claystones of Lithologic Unit III at about 918.47 mbsf. Below this, samples show an increase with depth to a moderately mature stage (>2 except for the claystone samples between 1012.52 and 1036.5 mbsf, and one limestone sample at 1043.4 mbsf), reaching peak levels of 2.58 to 3.0 in the tectonized Albian sediments below the unconformity. These TAI values show a positive correlation with the Tma x values derived from Rock-Eval pyrolysis data. The highest values recorded in the basal tectonized units at all the sites (Sites 960-962 have mean values between 2.25 and 3.13) may be related to high heat flow during the intracontinental to syntransform basin stage in the region.

Auto component supply chain: a path to global India

Supply chain management works to bring the supplier, the distributor, and the customer into one cohesive process. The Supply Chain Council defined supply chain as ‘Supply Chain: The flow and transformation of raw materials into products from suppliers through production and distribution facilities to the ultimate consumer., and then Sunil Chopra and Meindl, (2001) have define Supply chain management as ‘Supply Chain Management involves the flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total profitability.’ After 1950, supply chain management got a boost with the production and manufacturing sector getting highest attention. The inventory became the responsibility of the marketing, accounting and production areas. Order processing was part of accounting and sales. Supply chain management became one of the most powerful engines of business transformation. It is the one area where operational efficiency can be gained. It reduces organizations costs and enhances customer service. With the liberalization of world trade, globalization, and emergence of the new markets, many organizations have customers and competitions throughout the world, either directly or indirectly. Business communities are aware that global competitiveness is the key to the success of a business. Competitiveness is ability to produce, distribute and provide products and services for the open market in competition with others. The supply chain, a critical link between supplier, producer and customer is emerged now as an essential business process and a strategic lever, potential value contributor a differentiator for the success of any business. Supply chain management is the management of all internal and external processes or functions to satisfy a customer’s order (from raw materials through conversion and manufacture through logistics delivery.). Goods-either in raw form or processed, whole sale or retailed distribution, business or technology services, in everyday life- in the business or household- directly or indirectly supply chain is ubiquitously associated in expanding socio-economic development. Supply chain growth competitive performance and supporting strong growth impulse at micro as well as micro economic levels. Keeping the India vision at the core of the objective, the role of supply chain is to take up social economic challenges, improve competitive advantages, develop strategies, built capabilities, enhance value propositions, adapt right technology, collaborate with stakeholders and deliver environmentally sustainable outcomes with minimum resources.

Knowledge pipeline in freight pipeline industry: competence- based model for open innovation

There is growing concern over the challenges for innovation in Freight Pipeline industry. Since the early works of Chesbrough a decade ago, we have learned a lot about the content, context and process of open innovation. However, much more research is needed in Freight Pipeline Industry. The reality is that few corporations have institutionalized open innovation practices in ways that have enabled substantial growth or industry leadership. Based on this, we pursue the following question: How does a firm’s integration into knowledge networks depend on its ability to manage knowledge? A competence-based model for freight pipeline organizations is analysed, this model should be understood by any organization in order to be successful in motivating professionals who carry out innovations and play a main role in collaborative knowledge creation processes. This paper aims to explain how can open innovation achieve its potential in most Freight Pipeline Industries.

On-Chip Thermal Monitoring: Design, Placement and Interconnection of Temperature Sensors

La temperatura es una preocupación que juega un papel protagonista en el diseño de circuitos integrados modernos. El importante aumento de las densidades de potencia que conllevan las últimas generaciones tecnológicas ha producido la aparición de gradientes térmicos y puntos calientes durante el funcionamiento normal de los chips. La temperatura tiene un impacto negativo en varios parámetros del circuito integrado como el retardo de las puertas, los gastos de disipación de calor, la fiabilidad, el consumo de energía, etc. Con el fin de luchar contra estos efectos nocivos, la técnicas de gestión dinámica de la temperatura (DTM) adaptan el comportamiento del chip en función en la información que proporciona un sistema de monitorización que mide en tiempo de ejecución la información térmica de la superficie del dado. El campo de la monitorización de la temperatura en el chip ha llamado la atención de la comunidad científica en los últimos años y es el objeto de estudio de esta tesis. Esta tesis aborda la temática de control de la temperatura en el chip desde diferentes perspectivas y niveles, ofreciendo soluciones a algunos de los temas más importantes. Los niveles físico y circuital se cubren con el diseño y la caracterización de dos nuevos sensores de temperatura especialmente diseñados para los propósitos de las técnicas DTM. El primer sensor está basado en un mecanismo que obtiene un pulso de anchura variable dependiente de la relación de las corrientes de fuga con la temperatura. De manera resumida, se carga un nodo del circuito y posteriormente se deja flotando de tal manera que se descarga a través de las corrientes de fugas de un transistor; el tiempo de descarga del nodo es la anchura del pulso. Dado que la anchura del pulso muestra una dependencia exponencial con la temperatura, la conversión a una palabra digital se realiza por medio de un contador logarítmico que realiza tanto la conversión tiempo a digital como la linealización de la salida. La estructura resultante de esta combinación de elementos se implementa en una tecnología de 0,35 _m. El sensor ocupa un área muy reducida, 10.250 nm2, y consume muy poca energía, 1.05-65.5nW a 5 muestras/s, estas cifras superaron todos los trabajos previos en el momento en que se publicó por primera vez y en el momento de la publicación de esta tesis, superan a todas las implementaciones anteriores fabricadas en el mismo nodo tecnológico. En cuanto a la precisión, el sensor ofrece una buena linealidad, incluso sin calibrar; se obtiene un error 3_ de 1,97oC, adecuado para tratar con las aplicaciones de DTM. Como se ha explicado, el sensor es completamente compatible con los procesos de fabricación CMOS, este hecho, junto con sus valores reducidos de área y consumo, lo hacen especialmente adecuado para la integración en un sistema de monitorización de DTM con un conjunto de monitores empotrados distribuidos a través del chip. Las crecientes incertidumbres de proceso asociadas a los últimos nodos tecnológicos comprometen las características de linealidad de nuestra primera propuesta de sensor. Con el objetivo de superar estos problemas, proponemos una nueva técnica para obtener la temperatura. La nueva técnica también está basada en las dependencias térmicas de las corrientes de fuga que se utilizan para descargar un nodo flotante. La novedad es que ahora la medida viene dada por el cociente de dos medidas diferentes, en una de las cuales se altera una característica del transistor de descarga |la tensión de puerta. Este cociente resulta ser muy robusto frente a variaciones de proceso y, además, la linealidad obtenida cumple ampliamente los requisitos impuestos por las políticas DTM |error 3_ de 1,17oC considerando variaciones del proceso y calibrando en dos puntos. La implementación de la parte sensora de esta nueva técnica implica varias consideraciones de diseño, tales como la generación de una referencia de tensión independiente de variaciones de proceso, que se analizan en profundidad en la tesis. Para la conversión tiempo-a-digital, se emplea la misma estructura de digitalización que en el primer sensor. Para la implementación física de la parte de digitalización, se ha construido una biblioteca de células estándar completamente nueva orientada a la reducción de área y consumo. El sensor resultante de la unión de todos los bloques se caracteriza por una energía por muestra ultra baja (48-640 pJ) y un área diminuta de 0,0016 mm2, esta cifra mejora todos los trabajos previos. Para probar esta afirmación, se realiza una comparación exhaustiva con más de 40 propuestas de sensores en la literatura científica. Subiendo el nivel de abstracción al sistema, la tercera contribución se centra en el modelado de un sistema de monitorización que consiste de un conjunto de sensores distribuidos por la superficie del chip. Todos los trabajos anteriores de la literatura tienen como objetivo maximizar la precisión del sistema con el mínimo número de monitores. Como novedad, en nuestra propuesta se introducen nuevos parámetros de calidad aparte del número de sensores, también se considera el consumo de energía, la frecuencia de muestreo, los costes de interconexión y la posibilidad de elegir diferentes tipos de monitores. El modelo se introduce en un algoritmo de recocido simulado que recibe la información térmica de un sistema, sus propiedades físicas, limitaciones de área, potencia e interconexión y una colección de tipos de monitor; el algoritmo proporciona el tipo seleccionado de monitor, el número de monitores, su posición y la velocidad de muestreo _optima. Para probar la validez del algoritmo, se presentan varios casos de estudio para el procesador Alpha 21364 considerando distintas restricciones. En comparación con otros trabajos previos en la literatura, el modelo que aquí se presenta es el más completo. Finalmente, la última contribución se dirige al nivel de red, partiendo de un conjunto de monitores de temperatura de posiciones conocidas, nos concentramos en resolver el problema de la conexión de los sensores de una forma eficiente en área y consumo. Nuestra primera propuesta en este campo es la introducción de un nuevo nivel en la jerarquía de interconexión, el nivel de trillado (o threshing en inglés), entre los monitores y los buses tradicionales de periféricos. En este nuevo nivel se aplica selectividad de datos para reducir la cantidad de información que se envía al controlador central. La idea detrás de este nuevo nivel es que en este tipo de redes la mayoría de los datos es inútil, porque desde el punto de vista del controlador sólo una pequeña cantidad de datos |normalmente sólo los valores extremos| es de interés. Para cubrir el nuevo nivel, proponemos una red de monitorización mono-conexión que se basa en un esquema de señalización en el dominio de tiempo. Este esquema reduce significativamente tanto la actividad de conmutación sobre la conexión como el consumo de energía de la red. Otra ventaja de este esquema es que los datos de los monitores llegan directamente ordenados al controlador. Si este tipo de señalización se aplica a sensores que realizan conversión tiempo-a-digital, se puede obtener compartición de recursos de digitalización tanto en tiempo como en espacio, lo que supone un importante ahorro de área y consumo. Finalmente, se presentan dos prototipos de sistemas de monitorización completos que de manera significativa superan la características de trabajos anteriores en términos de área y, especialmente, consumo de energía. Abstract Temperature is a first class design concern in modern integrated circuits. The important increase in power densities associated to recent technology evolutions has lead to the apparition of thermal gradients and hot spots during run time operation. Temperature impacts several circuit parameters such as speed, cooling budgets, reliability, power consumption, etc. In order to fight against these negative effects, dynamic thermal management (DTM) techniques adapt the behavior of the chip relying on the information of a monitoring system that provides run-time thermal information of the die surface. The field of on-chip temperature monitoring has drawn the attention of the scientific community in the recent years and is the object of study of this thesis. This thesis approaches the matter of on-chip temperature monitoring from different perspectives and levels, providing solutions to some of the most important issues. The physical and circuital levels are covered with the design and characterization of two novel temperature sensors specially tailored for DTM purposes. The first sensor is based upon a mechanism that obtains a pulse with a varying width based on the variations of the leakage currents on the temperature. In a nutshell, a circuit node is charged and subsequently left floating so that it discharges away through the subthreshold currents of a transistor; the time the node takes to discharge is the width of the pulse. Since the width of the pulse displays an exponential dependence on the temperature, the conversion into a digital word is realized by means of a logarithmic counter that performs both the timeto- digital conversion and the linearization of the output. The structure resulting from this combination of elements is implemented in a 0.35_m technology and is characterized by very reduced area, 10250 nm2, and power consumption, 1.05-65.5 nW at 5 samples/s, these figures outperformed all previous works by the time it was first published and still, by the time of the publication of this thesis, they outnumber all previous implementations in the same technology node. Concerning the accuracy, the sensor exhibits good linearity, even without calibration it displays a 3_ error of 1.97oC, appropriate to deal with DTM applications. As explained, the sensor is completely compatible with standard CMOS processes, this fact, along with its tiny area and power overhead, makes it specially suitable for the integration in a DTM monitoring system with a collection of on-chip monitors distributed across the chip. The exacerbated process fluctuations carried along with recent technology nodes jeop-ardize the linearity characteristics of the first sensor. In order to overcome these problems, a new temperature inferring technique is proposed. In this case, we also rely on the thermal dependencies of leakage currents that are used to discharge a floating node, but now, the result comes from the ratio of two different measures, in one of which we alter a characteristic of the discharging transistor |the gate voltage. This ratio proves to be very robust against process variations and displays a more than suficient linearity on the temperature |1.17oC 3_ error considering process variations and performing two-point calibration. The implementation of the sensing part based on this new technique implies several issues, such as the generation of process variations independent voltage reference, that are analyzed in depth in the thesis. In order to perform the time-to-digital conversion, we employ the same digitization structure the former sensor used. A completely new standard cell library targeting low area and power overhead is built from scratch to implement the digitization part. Putting all the pieces together, we achieve a complete sensor system that is characterized by ultra low energy per conversion of 48-640pJ and area of 0.0016mm2, this figure outperforms all previous works. To prove this statement, we perform a thorough comparison with over 40 works from the scientific literature. Moving up to the system level, the third contribution is centered on the modeling of a monitoring system consisting of set of thermal sensors distributed across the chip. All previous works from the literature target maximizing the accuracy of the system with the minimum number of monitors. In contrast, we introduce new metrics of quality apart form just the number of sensors; we consider the power consumption, the sampling frequency, the possibility to consider different types of monitors and the interconnection costs. The model is introduced in a simulated annealing algorithm that receives the thermal information of a system, its physical properties, area, power and interconnection constraints and a collection of monitor types; the algorithm yields the selected type of monitor, the number of monitors, their position and the optimum sampling rate. We test the algorithm with the Alpha 21364 processor under several constraint configurations to prove its validity. When compared to other previous works in the literature, the modeling presented here is the most complete. Finally, the last contribution targets the networking level, given an allocated set of temperature monitors, we focused on solving the problem of connecting them in an efficient way from the area and power perspectives. Our first proposal in this area is the introduction of a new interconnection hierarchy level, the threshing level, in between the monitors and the traditional peripheral buses that applies data selectivity to reduce the amount of information that is sent to the central controller. The idea behind this new level is that in this kind of networks most data are useless because from the controller viewpoint just a small amount of data |normally extreme values| is of interest. To cover the new interconnection level, we propose a single-wire monitoring network based on a time-domain signaling scheme that significantly reduces both the switching activity over the wire and the power consumption of the network. This scheme codes the information in the time domain and allows a straightforward obtention of an ordered list of values from the maximum to the minimum. If the scheme is applied to monitors that employ TDC, digitization resource sharing is achieved, producing an important saving in area and power consumption. Two prototypes of complete monitoring systems are presented, they significantly overcome previous works in terms of area and, specially, power consumption.

Proyecto para la estabilización de talud de estación de servicio en carretera nacional 525

El proyecto tiene por objeto describir los trabajos de estabilización del talud que se desean realizar en la estación de servicio sita en la Carretera Nacional 525, p.k. 534,600 en San Cibrao das Viñas, provincia de Orense. Y en base al proyecto solicitar la licencia de obras y todos los permisos necesarios para realizarlos, tales como ocupación de vía pública, retirada de escombros y residuos resultantes y existentes, etc. El motivo por el cual se desea realizar las obras de estabilización del talud es como consecuencia de los desprendimientos que se producen desde el macizo rocoso que está ubicado encima de la estación de servicio, debido al estado de meteorización en el que se encuentra la parte superficial de la roca que forma dicho macizo. Se pretende evitar posibles accidentes ya que se trata de una estación de servicio y se almacena combustible para suministro de vehículos, con las posibles consecuencias que se pueden derivar de los desprendimientos que puedan producirse sobre las descargas de combustible y el edificio auxiliar de la tienda y la integridad física de los trabajadores y clientes. Abstract The project describe the slope stabilization works to be done in the service station located on National Road 525, pk 534.600 in San Cibrao das Viñas, province of Orense . And based on the project, apply for the works permits and all permits necessary to perform them, such as occupation of public roads, removal of debris and waste arising and existing. The reason to make the slope stabilization work is as a result of landslides that occur from the rock mass which is located above the station, due to the state of weathering of the surface of the rock mass. This is to avoid accidents, because it is a service station with fuel stored for the supply of vehicles, with the consequences that may result from landslides that may occur on the discharge of fuel and the auxiliary building of the store, and the physical integrity of workers and customers.

Reversible Urban Entities. Improving public-to-private continuity.

The aim of this paper is to call into question those typologies conventionally used in developing the post-industrial urban fabric (streets, cityblocks, slabs, etc.), often catering to urban designs based on speculative interests and completely overlooking community interests. By defining the concepts of ?postpublic space? and ?reversible urban entities? and illustrating them with an exemplary case of Spanish residential architecture from the 1960s, we establish one possible way of tackling contemporary urban-residential projects. This alternative approach considers the relationship between residential systems and open space systems and promotes the continuity and/or alternation of scales between house and city in an effort to improve the urban quality of life for residents and external users.

State Convergence Theory Applied to a Delayed Teleoperation System

State convergence is a control strategy that was proposed in the early 2000s to ensure stability and transparency in a teleoperation system under specific control gains values. This control strategy has been implemented for a linear system with or without time delay. This paper represents the first attempt at demonstrating, theoretically and experimentantally, that this control strategy can also be applied to a nonlinear teleoperation system with n degrees of freedom and delay in the communication channel. It is assumed that the human operator applies a constant force on the local manipulator during the teleoperation. In addition, the interaction between the remote manipulator and the environment is considered passive. Communication between the local and remote sites is made by means of a communication channel with variable time delay. In this article the theory of Lyapunov-Krasovskii was used to demonstrate that the local-remote teleoperation system is asymptotically stable.

Idas y venidas. Los viajes de arquitectura en España entre 1920 y 1960

Esta tesis se propone indagar en las vias por las que la arquitectura española cambió en el periodo comprendido entre 1920 y 1960 y el papel que los viajes tuvieron en dicho cambio. La investigación busca demostrar que, junto a otros factores como la llegada de revistas y libros y las conferencias de arquitectos de la talla de Le Corbusier, Gropius, Mendelsohn, Neutra o Aalto, los viajes tuvieron un papel clave en el proceso de apertura de miras y que provocó que, bien a traves de lo publicado en las revistas por los “arquitectos viajeros” o por el reflejo que tuvo lo conocido fuera de nuestras fronteras en proyectos y obras concretas, un buen numero de arquitectos, que no tuvieron la posibilidad de viajar, pudieron conocer que existía una realidad muy distinta a la que los profesores en la Escuela les habían enseñado o a la que estaban acostumbrados a ver en otros arquitectos de generaciones anteriores basada, en buena medida, en la recuperación de un estilo propio nacional centrandose en los historicismos. A lo largo de la investigación trataremos de ver que efecto produjo la apertura de fronteras y que papel tuvieron los viajes en dicho proceso. También nos centraremos en comprobar hasta qué punto cambió la manera de ver la arquitectura de los protagonistas del viaje y de aquellos que recibieron la información por ellos encontrada. Veremos cómo dicha información es cuantificable, clasificable y demostrable en propuestas concretas. Será importante ver que motivó su salida, que buscaban y que encontraron así como, entre las influencias recibidas, cuales tuvieron un mayor calado: las propuestas europeas o las americanas, y dentro de las primeras, las holandesas, las alemanas o las francesas. Los objetivos que se persigue conseguir son: contribuir a un mayor conocimiento de la arquitectura entre 1920 y 1960 a través de las conexiones internacionales y el ensanchamiento de horizontes, recopilar, clasificar y analizar todo el material obtenido relacionando los viajes con las biografías de los arquitectos protagonistas, estudiar qué interesa a los arquitectos españoles cuando van fuera y porqué (será importante ver quiénes de entre los arquitectos son más abiertos a las corrientes europeas y que motivó su salida en busca de nuevos lenguajes), ordenar las reflexiones que exponen los arquitectos a la vuelta de sus viajes y ver en que propuestas y de qué forma los arquitectos plasman lo encontrado en su búsqueda en el extranjero. Para conseguir estos objetivos estructuraremos la investigación en tres bloques: En el primero de ellos nos centraremos en profundizar como era la arquitectura española a principios del siglo XX. Para poder entender mejor las transformaciones que los viajes provocaron será necesario conocer cuál era la arquitectura predominante en estos años que, como veremos, consistía en la búsqueda de un estilo nacional propio dirigiendo su mirada al pasado. También veremos cómo un grupo de arquitectos (Palacios, Flórez, Torres Balbás o Anasagasti) fueron pioneros en el deseo de mirar fuera de nuestras fronteras así como dedicaremos especial atención a cómo era la formación en la Escuela. El segundo capítulo, que abarca desde principios de los años 20 hasta la Guerra Civil, tratará de demostrar la importancia que tuvo en el proceso de permeabilidad frente a las corrientes extranjeras los viajes que los arquitectos realizaron y que, sumados a la llegada de revistas y las visitas de los principales arquitectos modernos, provocaron una primera apertura como respuesta a los historicismos predominantes. Entre los arquitectos viajeros destacaremos las figuras de Fernando García Mercadal (incidiendo en su importancia como difusor de la arquitectura moderna), Rafael Bergamín, Ramón Sánchez Arcas y Luis Lacasa. También nos detendremos en ver la importancia que tuvieron las exposiciones (con especial atención a la de Artes Decorativas de París de 1925 y la de la Deutscher Werkbund en Stuttgart en 1927) que se realizaron estos años y como llegó la información a nuestro país. El tercer y último capítulo arranca con el periodo de posguerra, una época de transición pues los viajes que se realizaron fueron escasos y en la mayoría de las ocasiones no se llevaron a cabo en busca de nuevos caminos. Veremos cómo tras la Guerra y de la mano de la dictadura se produce, de la misma forma que en la Alemania nazi, una vuelta al interés por los historicismos de principios de siglo. Para entender mejor este periodo haremos un repaso a la obra de Luis Gutiérrez Soto por ser explicativa de lo cambiante de las corrientes arquitectónicas de estos años. Tras el análisis de los sucedido en posguerra nos dedicaremos a analizar, de la misma forma que en el primer periodo, la manera en que se produjo el rechazo al estilo nacional de nuevo gracias a la llegada de libros y revistas, lo publicado por las revistas españolas, las visitas de arquitectos de prestigio así como los viajes de un grupo de arquitectos que, de manera individual, salieron al extranjero en busca de apoyo, de referencias en los que cimentar su arquitectura. De este grupo, por la importancia que los propios protagonistas dieron al hecho de viajar como complemento a su formación y por la manera en la que reflejaron lo aprendido en proyectos concretos destacamos a Francisco de Asís Cabrero, Miguel Fisac, Ramón Vázquez Molezún y Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza. De nuevo, igual que en el primer capítulo finalizaremos la investigación dedicando un apartado a las exposiciones (fundamentalmente la Interbau de Berlín de 1957) celebradas en estos años. Para finalizar estableceremos las conclusiones que nos llevarán a comprobar hasta qué punto la arquitectura española en los periodos previo y posterior a la guerra cambió y en qué medida tuvieron importancia los viajes que los arquitectos españoles realizaron al extranjero en dicho cambio… ABSTRACT This thesis aims to look at the ways which Spanish architecture changed in the period between 1920 and 1960, and the way it was effected by travelling . The research will demonstrate that, together with other factors, such as the arrival of magazines, books, conferences and architects like Le Corbusier, Gropius, Mendelsohn, Neutra or Aalto, travelling played a key role in architecture. Also, it changed the way we look at architecture. Travelling, thanks to the published journals by "travelling architects” and the influence that they had - known beyond our borders in projects and concrete works, caused the arrival of a new type of architects. Even those who were not able to travel, knew that there was a very different reality than the reality the teachers at the school had taught them. Also, the “new reality” was different from the one that they were used to seeing in other architects of earlier generations, based mainly on the recovery of a national style focused on historicism. Throughout the investigation I will try to show the effect that the opening of borders and travelling had on this process. We will also focus on checking how it changed the way we see the architecture, from the point of view of the protagonists of the travels and those who received the information . We will see how that information is quantifiable and demonstrably classifiable into concrete proposals. It will be important to see which led to their departure. They sought and found among the influences, which had a major impact: the proposed European or American, and within the first, Dutch, German or French. The objectives to be achieved are: To contribute to a better understanding of architecture between 1920 to 1960 by the international connections, and widening the horizon. To collect, classify and analyze all obtained materials related to travelling with biographies of architects protagonists. To study what the interests of the Spanish architects were when they went abroad and why ( it will be important to see who among those architects were more open to European trends and prompted their departures for new languages). To order reflections exhibited by architects around his travels and to see what proposals and how architects reflected what they found in their search abroad. To achieve these objectives we will structure this research in three areas: In the first one, we will focus on how the Spanish architecture in the early twentieth century was. To better understand the changes that travelling caused it is necessary to understand that the predominant architecture in these years was in pursuit of its own national style, directing its gaze to the past, like we shall see. We will also see how a group of architects (Palacios, Flórez, Torres Balbás or Anasagasti) pioneered by looking beyond our borders and devote special attention to how the training was in the School. The second chapter, ranging from early 20s to the Civil War, will try to demonstrate the importance that travelling had in the process of diffusion currents. That, together with the arrival of magazines and visits by leading modern architects, led to a first opening in architecture, in response to the prevailing historicism. Among the travelers we highlight architects like Fernando García Mercadal (stressing his importance as a disseminator of modern architecture), Rafael Bergamín, Ramón Sánchez Arcas and Luis Lacasa. We will also stop to see the importance of exhibitions (with special attention to the Decorative Arts in Paris in 1925 and the Deutscher Werkbund in Stuttgart in 1927) that were held over the years and how the information came to our country . The third and final chapter starts with the post war period, a time of transition for the travels, which were scarce and in most cases were not conducted on new roads. We will see that after the war and with the dictatorship, a return to interest in historicism of the century occurred, just as in Nazi Germany. For better understanding of this period we will review the work of Luis Gutiérrez Soto. His work is explanatory of the changing of architectural trends over these years. After analyzing the case in post war, we turn to analyze, in the same way as in the first period, the manner in which rejection occurred in national style again with the arrival of books and magazines. Visits by prestigious architects and group travels of architects who, individually, went abroad in search of support, references on which to base their architecture. In this group of architects, due to the importance that the protagonists gave to the act of traveling to improve their training and the way in which they reflected what they learned in practical projects, I include Francisco de Asís Cabrero, Miguel Fisac, Ramon Vazquez Molezún and Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza. Again, as in the first chapter, we will conclude the investigation dedicating a section to the exhibitions held in these years (mainly Interbau Berlin, 1957). Finally establishing conclusions lead us to see how far the Spanish architecture in the pre- and post -war periods changed and how much the trips were important to Spanish architects who performed abroad on the change...