The Degree of Competition in the Thai Banking Industry before and after the East Asian Crisis

This paper analyzes the influence of the East Asian crisis and the subsequent reforms on the oligopolistic nature of the Thai banking industry. Since the crisis, there have been substantial changes in competitive environment, including a decline in the family ownership of banks as well as the arrival of new entrants. How did these changes affect a banking industry in which the six largest local banks accounted for over 70 percent of market share? The estimated Lerner index from Bresnahan's [1989] conjectural variation model indicates the possibility of a decline in the degree of competition.

Imperfect Competition and Costly Screening in the Credit Market under Conditions of Asymmetric Information

This article provides an analysis of how banks determine levels of information production when they are in imperfect competition and there is a condition of information asymmetry between borrowers and banks. Specifically, the study concentrates on information production activities of banks in duopoly where they simultaneously determine intensity of pre-loan screening as well as interest rates. The preliminary model of this paper illustrates that due to strategic complementarities between banks, banking competition can result in inferior equilibrium out of multiple equilibria and insufficient information production. Policymakers must take into account the possible adverse effects of competition-enhancing policies on information production activities.

Competitiveness of the knitwear industry in Bangladesh : a study of industrial development amid global competition

This paper assesses the technical efficiency and profitability of the knitwear industry in Bangladesh taking into account the sector’s role in poverty reduction. While stochastic frontier analysis was invoked to assess technical efficiency, three alternative measures, namely the rate of return, total factor productivity and the Solow residual, were used to gauge the extent and determinants of the profitability of the industry based on firm-level data collected in 2001. The estimation results indicate the high profitability of the knitwear firms. In Bangladesh, the dynamic development of the industry has entailed great diversity in efficiency in comparison with the garment industries of other developing countries. While there is a significant scale effect in profitability and productivity, no supporting evidence was found for the positive impact on competitiveness of industrial upgrading in terms of usage of expensive machinery and vertical integration and industrial agglomeration.

Strategic trade policy and non-linear subsidy : in the case of price competition

In a strategic trade policy, it is assumed, in this paper, that a government changes disbursement or levy method so that the reaction function of home firm approaches infinitely close to that of foreign firm. In the framework of Bertrand-Nash equilibrium, Eaton and Grossman[1986] showed that export tax is preferable to export subsidy. In this paper, it is shown that export subsidy is preferable to export tax in some cases in the framework of Bertrand-Nash equilibrium, considering the uncertainty in demand. Historically, many economists mentioned non-linear subsidy or tax. However, optimum solution of it has not yet been shown. The optimum solution is shown in this paper.

Competition of the mechanisms : how Chinese home appliance firms coped with default risk of trade credit?

During the transition period from a planned economy to a market economy in 1990s of China, there was a considerable accrual of deferred payment, and default due to inferior enforcement institutions. This is a very common phenomenon in the transition economies at that time. Interviews with home electronics appliance firms revealed that firms coped with this problem by adjusting their sales mechanisms (found four types), and the benefit of institutions was limited. A theoretical analysis claim that spot and integration are inferior to contracts, a contract with a rebate on volume and prepayment against an exclusive agent can realize the lowest cost and price. The empirical part showed that mechanisms converged into a mechanism with the rebate on volume an against exclusive agent and its price level is the lowest. The competition is the driving force of the convergence of mechanisms and improvement risk management capacity.

Competition between firms in developing and developed countries

We analyze competition in emerging markets between firms in developing and developed countries from the viewpoint of the boundaries of the firm. Although indigenous firms generally face a disadvantage in technology compared with foreign firms, they have an advantage in marketing as local firms. Moreover, they have opportunities to leave weaker fields to independent specialized firms and use lower wages. On the other hand, foreign firms also have their own advantages and disadvantages for growth. Therefore, entry conditions for indigenous firms can vary greatly depending on the situation. We classify these conditions into eight cases by developing a model and showing each boundary choice for indigenous firms.

Competition may explain the fine-scale spatial patterns and genetic structure of two co-occurring plant congeners

1. The spatial distribution of individual plants within a population and the population’s genetic structure are determined by several factors, like dispersal, reproduction mode or biotic interactions. The role of interspecific interactions in shaping the spatial genetic structure of plant populations remains largely unknown. 2. Species with a common evolutionary history are known to interact more closely with each other than unrelated species due to the greater number of traits they share. We hypothesize that plant interactions may shape the fine genetic structure of closely related congeners. 3. We used spatial statistics (georeferenced design) and molecular techniques (ISSR markers) to understand how two closely related congeners, Thymus vulgaris (widespread species) and T. loscosii (narrow endemic) interact at the local scale. Specific cover, number of individuals of both study species and several community attributes were measured in a 10 × 10 m plot. 4. Both species showed similar levels of genetic variation, but differed in their spatial genetic structure. Thymus vulgaris showed spatial aggregation but no spatial genetic structure, while T. loscosii showed spatial genetic structure (positive genetic autocorrelation) at short distances. The spatial pattern of T. vulgaris’ cover showed significant dissociation with that of T. loscosii. The same was true between the spatial patterns of the cover of T. vulgaris and the abundance of T. loscosii and between the abundance of each species. Most importantly, we found a correlation between the genetic structure of T. loscosii and the abundance of T. vulgaris: T. loscosii plants were genetically more similar when they were surrounded by a similar number of T. vulgaris plants. 5. Synthesis. Our results reveal spatially complex genetic structures of both congeners at small spatial scales. The negative association among the spatial patterns of the two species and the genetic structure found for T. loscosii in relation to the abundance of T. vulgaris indicate that competition between the two species may account for the presence of adapted ecotypes of T. loscosii to the abundance of a competing congeneric species. This suggests that the presence and abundance of close congeners can influence the genetic spatial structure of plant species at fine scales.

Assessment of the effects of ozone exposure and plant competition on the reproductive ability of three therophytic clover species from Iberian pastures

Ozone (O3) phytototoxicity has been reported on a wide range of crops and wild Central European plantspecies, however no information has been provided regarding the sensitivity of plantspecies from dehesa Mediterranean therophytic grasslands in spite of their great plantspecies richness and the high O3 levels that are recorded in this area. A study was carried out in open-top chambers (OTCs) to assess the effects of O3 and competition on the reproductiveability of threecloverspecies: Trifolium cherleri, Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium striatum. A phytometer approach was followed, therefore plants of these species were grown in mesoscosms composed of monocultures of four plants of each species, of threeplants of each species competing against a Briza maxima individual or of a single plant of each cloverspecies competing with threeB. maximaplants. Three O3 treatments were adopted: charcoal filtered air (CFA), non-filtered air (NFA) and non-filtered air supplemented with 40 nl l−1 of O3 (NFA+). The different mesocosms were exposed to the different O3 treatments for 45 days and then they remained in the open. Ozoneexposure caused reductions in the flower biomass of the threecloverspecies assessed. In the case of T. cherleri and T. subterraneum this effect was found following their exposure to the different O3 treatments during their vegetative period. An attenuation of these effects was found when the plants remained in the open. Ozone-induced detrimental effects on the seed output of T. striatum were also observed. The flower biomass of the cloverplants grown in monocultures was greater than when competing with one or threeB. maxima individuals. An increased flower biomass was found in the CFA monoculture mesocosms of T. cherleri when compared with the remaining mesocosms, once the plants were exposed in the open for 60 days. The implications of these effects on the performance of dehesa acid grasslands and for the definition of O3 critical levels is discussed

Using the Journalistic Metaphor to Design User Interfaces That Explain Sensor Data

Facilitating general access to data from sensor networks (including traffic, hydrology and other domains) increases their utility. In this paper we argue that the journalistic metaphor can be effectively used to automatically generate multimedia presentations that help non-expert users analyze and understand sensor data. The journalistic layout and style are familiar to most users. Furthermore, the journalistic approach of ordering information from most general to most specific helps users obtain a high-level understanding while providing them the freedom to choose the depth of analysis to which they want to go. We describe the general characteristics and architectural requirements for an interactive intelligent user interface for exploring sensor data that uses the journalistic metaphor. We also describe our experience in developing this interface in real-world domains (e.g., hydrology).

A User Centered Design Approach for Patient Interfaces to a Diabetes IT Platform

Improving patient self-management can have a greater impact than improving any clinical treatment (WHO). We propose here a systematic and comprehensive user centered design approach for delivering a technological platform for diabetes disease management. The system was developed under the METABO research project framework, involving patients from 3 different clinical centers in Parma, Modena and Madrid.

Using SCXML to integrate semantic sensor information into context-aware user interfaces

This paper describes a novel architecture to introduce automatic annotation and processing of semantic sensor data within context-aware applications. Based on the well-known state-charts technologies, and represented using W3C SCXML language combined with Semantic Web technologies, our architecture is able to provide enriched higher-level semantic representations of user’s context. This capability to detect and model relevant user situations allows a seamless modeling of the actual interaction situation, which can be integrated during the design of multimodal user interfaces (also based on SCXML) for them to be adequately adapted. Therefore, the final result of this contribution can be described as a flexible context-aware SCXML-based architecture, suitable for both designing a wide range of multimodal context-aware user interfaces, and implementing the automatic enrichment of sensor data, making it available to the entire Semantic Sensor Web

A prototype from the Solar Decathlon Competition becomes an educational building in sustanaible architecture

In 2008, the City Council of Rivas-Vaciamadrid (Spain) decided to promote the construction of “Rivasecopolis”, a complex of sustainable buildings in which a new prototype of a zero-energy house would become the office of the Energy Agency. According to the initiative of the City Council, it was decided to recreate the dwelling prototype “Magic-box” which entered the 2005 Solar Decathlon Competition. The original project has been adapted to a new necessities programme, by adding the necessary spaces that allows it to work as an office. A team from university has designed and carried out the direction of the construction site. The new Solar House is conceived as a “testing building”. It is going to become the space for attending citizens in all questions about saving energy, energy efficiency and sustainable construction, having a permanent small exhibition space additional to the working places for the information purpose. At the same time, the building includes the use of experimental passive architecture systems and a monitoring and control system. Collected data will be sent to University to allow developing research work about the experimental strategies included in the building. This paper will describe and analyze the experience of transforming a prototype into a real durable building and the benefits for both university and citizens in learning about sustainability with the building

Generador de interfaces de usuario como periódicos gráficos interactivos

El proyecto se encuadra en el ámbito de la generación automática de interfaces de usuario, orientados a entornos web y con contenido multimedia, por otro lado dicha generación de interfaces, encaja en la disciplina de simulación del periodismo de datos, concretamente en el área de presentación y difusión. Sobre la generación automática de interfaces de usuario, en este proyecto se considera un tipo de interfaz de usuario a modo de periódico virtual, que permita al usuario visualizar de forma clara la información de diferentes noticias y permita la interacción entre los diferentes elementos de dicha presentación. Dicho interfaz de usuario se diseña usando la metáfora periodística, es decir, con un esquema de organización similar al del periódico clásico, para así facilitar la comprensión de las noticias, gracias a un interfaz sencillo y claro. OBJETIVOS El objetivo principal de este proyecto consiste en dar solución a la problemática de generar presentaciones multimedia de manera automática. Dichas presentaciones deben mostrar de una manera clara y sencilla la información a partir de planes de presentación de noticias y un sistema de base de datos. Para dicho fin se pretende desarrollar una herramienta, que genere presentaciones, a modo de periódico virtual. Las presentaciones de las noticias permiten al usuario interactuar de manera directa con los diferentes elementos de la presentación, ya sean texto, imágenes, animaciones, gráficos, mapas, etc. lo que facilita la comprensión de la información que se quiere ofrecer al usuario. De manera más detallada se presentan los objetivos concretos para el desarrollo del presente proyecto fin de carrera: • Análisis del problema. Se realiza un estudio de la problemática que se pretende solucionar con el sistema. Se revisan las técnicas y estado de la técnica en el campo Generador de interfaces de usuario como periódicos gráficos interactivos 4 de la generación automática de interfaces de usuario y su adaptación para ofrecer la difusión de la información a través de internet mediante aplicaciones web. Se identifica y estudia el contexto del sistema, el cual se orienta a la simulación del periodismo de datos. • Diseño del sistema. Se pretende diseñar un sistema informático completo, desde la capa de datos hasta la capa de presentación, que cumpla con los objetivos o requisitos propuestos. El diseño es general dado que un objetivo es permitir que el sistema pueda operar en dominios de naturaleza variada. • Implementación. Se aborda la fase de implementación con el objetivo de realizar un código modular, que sea fácil de mantener y aumentar, ya que esta herramienta pretende ofrecer servicio a diferentes sistemas de dominios variados y por lo tanto pueden surgir nuevas necesidades según el ámbito donde opere. Otro objetivo en esta parte del desarrollo, es que el sistema sea eficiente y capaz de manejar grandes volúmenes de datos así como realizar una adecuada generación automática de la presentación multimedia con texto y gráficos. • Validación. Para verificar el buen funcionamiento del sistema se desarrollan pruebas específicas que prueban las funcionalidades del sistema de manera unitaria. Para probar la generalidad del sistema se plantean diversos ejemplos de noticias en diferentes escenarios o dominios de datos, lo que nos permite comprobar la versatilidad del sistema. Para probar la robustez y solidez del sistema se pretende introducir este generador de interfaces de usuario dentro de un sistema generador automático de noticias de información hidrológica en tiempo real. El sistema generador de interfaces de usuario debe recoger cada plan de noticia, realizar automáticamente la presentación de cada noticia y organizar toda la colección de dichas noticias en un periódico virtual adaptado a las noticias que va a presentar. ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA MEMORIA La memoria se estructura de la siguiente manera; en primer lugar se presenta el estado de la técnica, con los avances y últimos desarrollos en la temática de la generación automática de interfaces de usuario, las aplicaciones web como solución de interfaz de usuario y de difusión a través de internet y los avances en simulación de periodismo dirigido por datos. Seguidamente se presenta la descripción del software, con una explicación de las diferentes fases del proceso de desarrollo software, como análisis, diseño e implementación, así como la ubicación que ocupa este sistema en un sistema de simulación de periodismo de datos. En esta parte se muestran los detalles concretos a tecnologías, lenguajes y bibliotecas utilizadas. En el siguiente capítulo se trata la validación del producto, se detallan las características del sistema automático de información hidrológica (SAIH), con el cual se ha podido probar completamente el sistema de generación automática de interfaces de usuario. Seguidamente se detallan las conclusiones a las que se ha llegado después de la realización de este proyecto, haciendo un repaso de los objetivos planteados así como las líneas futuras sobre estas técnicas. Por último se adjunta el manual de usuario de la herramienta y una colección de ejemplos mostrando las entradas y salidas procesadas por el software.