Avaliação do período de florescimento das plantas apícolas no ano de 1960, através do polem contido nos méis e dos coletados pelas abelhas (Apis Mellifera L.)

Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados da análise polínica de 11 amostras de mel e de polem coletados pelas abelhas Apis mellifera L., durante o período de março de 1960, no Apiário da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". Através dessa análise, pudemos comprovar e identificar como plantas nectaríferas e poliníferas as seguintes espécies: Eucalyptus sp., Dombeya sp., Agave sisalana, Vernonia sp., Montanoa bipinnatificada, Persea americana, Baccharis sp.. Citrus sp., e como plantas poliníferas as que seguem: Bidens piíosus, Cosmus sulphureus, Pirostegia venusta, Mel-linis minutiflora. Pudemos, assim, avaliar de modo indireto o período de florescimento das plantas apícolas nos arredores do apiário da Escola e comparar essa avaliação com as observações diretas de KERR & AMARAL (196°) sobre o período de florescimentos das plantas apícolas no planalto Paulista. Daí podermos afirmar ser a análise polínica dos méis e a análise dos polens coletados pelas abelhas um método prático de valor para estudos de fenologia das plantas apícolas. Poderemos assim aplicar a análise polínica em nossos futuros estudos sobre a fenologia das plantas apícolas em diferentes regiões do Estado de São Paulo.

Malenchus piauhyensis N. SP. (Nematoda, Tylenchidae) de solo do Brasil

Malenchus piauhyensis, espécie nova para a Ciência, é descrita e figurada, com base em duas fêmeas obtidas de solo ao redor de raízes de limão cravo (Citrus limonia) no município de Campo Maior, Estado do Piaui, Brasil.

The first record of Litargus tetraspilotus (Coleoptera, Mycetophagidae) in Brazil, with biological notes and complementary description of the species

Litargus tetraspilotus LeConte, 1856 was collected feeding on Oidium sp. (Fungi, Ascomycota, Erysiphaceae) associated with fruit trees. This is the first time L. tetraspilotus is recorded in Brazil, totaling three species of Mycetophagidae for this country. This study aims to provide a complementary description of this species based on new characters and to present information on its life cycle under laboratory conditions and fluctuation in population in the field. During the period of inventories between July 2004 and August 2006, about every fifteen days, a total of 565 specimens of L. tetraspilotus were collected, with the highest abundance found on citrus plants, with values differing significantly between the two years. The population levels differed between the seasons; spring had the greatest abundance and autumn the least. There was a significant positive correlation of L. tetraspilotus abundance with rainfall and relative humidity. Mycetophagidae, as well as other mycophagous families of Brazilian coleopterans, are barely studied, warranting further future studies of their bioecology and systematics.

Nota sôbre a dosagem iodométrica da vitamina C nos frutos cítricos

Ascorbic acid was determined in pure aquous solutions and in citrus fruit juices by iodometric, dichlorophenolindophenol and iodate methods. More constant values were obtained with iodate and Tillmans methods. Iodate is preferable owing to the stability of solution and the simplicity of the method. In the analysis of citrus juices the iodate method proposed by Ballentine is very accurate and suitable for routine work (Table I and II). Recovery experiments recorded in Table III show that the results are reproducible. The averages obtained for some fruits are shown in Table IV. Lemon: 45,4 to 67,3; orange: 28,0 to 60,8; lima: 25,2 to 38,2 and mandarine: 32,0 to 59,3. Values expressed in mg per 100 cc. of juice.

Bioactivity of neolignans from fructus Schizandrae

Fructus Schisandrae sinensis Baill, a traditional Chinese medicine, used as tonic and sedative, has been shown at the beginning of 70's to lower the elevated serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels of patients suffering from chronic viral hepatitis. Durign past 20 years, a series of neolignans have been isolated and identified as effective principles. Pharmacological studies revealed that they increased liver protein and glicogen synthesis, antagonized liver injuries from CCl4 and thioacetamide. The mechanism of SGPT lowering was considered as a hepato-protective and membrane stabilize action, although inhibition of the activity of liver GPT may also be existed. It was found that some principles of Schisandrae have an inducing effect on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzynme system P-450, thus explained their anti-toxic, anti-carcinogenic and anti-mutagenic effects. A synthetic derivative compound of Schisandrin called DDB has most of the above mentioned actions now used widely in Chine as a hepato-protective drug with high effectiveness in normalizing liver functions and very low side effects. From Schisandrin to synthesized DDB, pointed out a successful way in the development of new drugs from natural products.

Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of methadone

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is the main CYP isozyme involved in methadone metabolism. We investigated the influence of grapefruit juice, which contains inhibitors of intestinal CYP3A, on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of methadone. METHODS: For 5 days, 8 patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment received 200 mL water or grapefruit juice 30 minutes before and again together with their daily dose of methadone. Blood sampling for R-, S-, and R,S-methadone plasma determination was performed over a 24-hour period. CYP3A activity was determined by measuring the plasma 1'-hydroxymidazolam/midazolam ratio. RESULTS: A decrease in the midazolam ratio was measured in all patients after grapefruit juice (mean +/- SD before grapefruit juice, 9.3 +/- 5.9; mean +/- SD after grapefruit juice, 3.9 +/- 1.2; P <.05). Grapefruit juice led to a mean 17% increase in the area under the curve extrapolated to 24 hours for both enantiomers of methadone (range, 3% to 29% [P <.005]; range, -4% to 37% [P <.05]; and range, 1% to 32% [P <.01]; for R-, S-, and R,S-methadone, respectively). A similar increase in peak level and decrease in apparent clearance were measured with grapefruit juice, whereas time to peak level, terminal half-life, and apparent volume during the terminal phase of R-, S-, and R,S-methadone were not affected by grapefruit juice. No symptom of overmedication was either detected by the clinical staff or reported by the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Grapefruit juice administration is associated with a modest increase in methadone bioavailability, which is not expected to endanger patients. However, it cannot be excluded that a much stronger effect may occur in some patients, and thus grapefruit juice intake is not recommended during methadone maintenance treatment, in particular in patients initiating such a treatment.

Detection of parasite eggs from archaeological excavations in the Republic of Korea

Excavations at two sites dating from 2000 BC-1900 AD in southeastern areas of the Republic of Korea, revealed the remains of several structures. Examination of the contents suspected privies revealed the presence of eggs from 5 kinds of parasite: Ascaris, Trichuris, Clonorchis, and two species of unknown trematodes. Clonorchis sinensis eggs were found in a soil dating from around AD 668-935. This is the first record of C. sinensis eggs in archaeological materials in the Republic of Korea.

Consumption of vegetables, fruit and other plant foods in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohorts from 10 European countries.

OBJECTIVE To describe and compare the consumption of the main groups and sub-groups of vegetables and fruits (V&F) in men and women from the centres participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. Dietary intake was assessed by means of a 24-hour dietary recall using computerised interview software and standardised procedures. Crude and adjusted means were computed for the main groups and sub-groups of V&F by centre, separately for men and women. Adjusted means by season, day of the week and age were estimated using weights and covariance analysis. SETTING Twenty-seven centres in 10 European countries participating in the EPIC project. SUBJECTS In total, 35 955 subjects (13 031 men and 22 924 women), aged 35-74 years, randomly selected from each EPIC cohort. RESULTS The centres from southern countries had the highest consumption of V&F, while the lowest intake was seen in The Netherlands and Scandinavia for both genders. These differences were more evident for fruits, particularly citrus. However, slightly different patterns arose for some sub-groups of vegetables, such as root vegetables and cabbage. Adjustment for body mass index, physical activity, smoking habits and education did not substantially modify the mean intakes of vegetables and fruits. CONCLUSIONS Total vegetable and fruit intake follows a south-north gradient in both genders, whereas for several sub-groups of vegetables a different geographic distribution exists. Differences in mean intake of V&F by centre were not explained by lifestyle factors associated with V&F intake.

Espécies de cigarrinhas (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae) em pomares de citros da região de Bebedouro, SP, com descrição de uma espécie nova de Acrogonia Stål

Sharpshooter leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae) in citrus groves of the area of Bebedouro, SP, with description of a new species of Acrogonia Stål. Sixteen species of Cicadellidae, subfamily Cicadellinae, were collected and identified: 11 of the tribe Cicadellini and five of the tribe Proconiini. The ten most common species, together with a new species, are characterized based on external morphology and male genitalia: Acrogonia citrina Marucci & Cavichioli sp. nov.; Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg, 1879); Dilobopterus costalimai Young, 1977; Ferrariana trivittata (Signoret, 1854); Hortensia similis (Walker, 1851); Macugonalia cavifrons (Stål, 1862); M. leucomelas (Walker, 1851); Oncometopia facialis (Signoret, 1854); Plesiommata corniculata Young, 1977 and P. mollicella (Fowler, 1900). The leafhopper samples were collected in citrus groves and in adjacent habitats (woods, swamp, cultivable plain, spontaneous vegetation of the grove, coffee crop and sugarcane) at the counties of Bebedouro and Monte Azul Paulista and in the district of Turvínia. The collecting methods were: insect net, yellow sticky cards, portable suction trap and Malaise trap. Identification keys were elaborated for the 16 species. There is a great diversity of Cicadellinae species in the citric groves. In the three areas sampled, it was collected a larger number of species of the tribe Cicadellini than of the tribe Proconiini. In the Bebedouro area, the vector species of Xylella fastidiosa, A. citrina sp. nov., B. xanthophis, D. costalimai and O. facialis, were collected in the citrus groves and in all adjacent habitats.

Caracterização morfológica de adultos de Nusalala tessellata (Gerstaecker, 1888) (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae)

Morphologic characterization of adult of Nusalala tessellata (Gerstaecker, 1888) (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae). Adult of N. tessellata is redescribed based on morphological characters. 533 specimens were collected in São Paulo state in plantations of citrus (Santa Rosa de Viterbo), soybean (Nuporanga), cotton (Ribeirão Preto) and corn (Ribeirão Preto and Jaboticabal). Some other additional specimens collected on Sorghum bicolor (Lavras-MG) and Ilex paraguariensis (São Mateus do Sul, Cascavel-PR) were also studied. Illustrations obtained by SEM are given by first time.

Seleção de linhagens de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) e determinação do número de parasitóides a ser liberado para o controle de Gymnandrosoma aurantianum Lima (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

Com o objetivo de selecionar linhagens de Trichogramma para o controle de G. aurantianum, avaliaram-se as características biológicas de 13 linhagens/espécies deste parasitóide. A partir desta seleção, determinou-se o número ideal de T. pretiosum (linhagem G18) a ser liberado por ovo de G. aurantianum em testes de telado. O teste de seleção de linhagens/espécies foi realizado em câmara climatizada regulada a 25±1ºC, UR: 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14h. O número ideal de parasitóides foi estimado em gaiolas recobertas com tecido do tipo "voile". A duração do ciclo de vida das 13 linhagens/espécies de Trichogramma variou de 10,2 a 11,9 dias. A linhagem Atp (T. atopovirilia) apresentou maior capacidade de parasitismo, com uma média de 23,3 ovos parasitados e 77,5% de parasitismo em 24 horas, vindo a seguir a linhagem G18 (T. pretiosum) com média de 16,8 ovos parasitados e 56,1% de parasitismo no mesmo intervalo de tempo. As 13 linhagens/espécies tiveram desempenho semelhante quanto à emergência, longevidade de machos e razão sexual. O número de adultos emergidos por ovo foi de 1,8 para as linhagens G11 (T. pretiosum) e Br10 (T. bruni), as quais diferiram apenas da linhagem G3 (T. pretiosum), esta com 1,3 indivíduo/ovo. Para a longevidade de fêmeas foram encontrados valores distintos apenas entre as linhagens de T. pretiosum Tp e L2, com 6,3 e 9,3 dias, respectivamente. A proporção estimada de 36 parasitóides por ovo de G. aurantianum possibilitou a maior porcentagem de parasitismo por T. pretiosum (89%) nas condições de telado. Portanto, Trichogramma spp. apresentam potencial de controle de G. aurantianum, desde que liberados em grandes quantidades por unidade de área.

Morfologia, comportamento, parasitismo e mecanismos de defesa dos imaturos de Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner)(Lepidoptera, Papilionidae)

Heraclides anchisiades capys é uma espécie comum de Papilionidae, cujas larvas se alimentam de várias espécies de Citrus spp. (Rutaceae). Neste estudo são descritas a morfologia e dados sobre a história natural dos imaturos através de ilustrações, incluindo fotografias em microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

Efectos del Fenómeno «El Niño» sobre el Fitoplancton

El fenómeno «El Niño» (EN) que se caracteriza por la presencia de aguas de altas temperaturas y salinidades mayores de 35%0 o menos de 34,8%0 , de acuerdo a la masa de agua que ingresa, produce cambios significativos en la comunidad fitoplanctónica tanto en la abundancia, distribución, así como en la composición específica. La biomasa planctónica en la costa peruana normal­ mente es alta, presentando volúmenes promedios ma­ yores de 3 mi m -3, pero cuando se producen alteraciones como el fenómeno EN encontramos los volúmenes promedio bajos, menores que 1 mi m -3 . En cuanto a la distribución, el fitoplancton en épocas normales está constituido principalmente por las diatomeas, las mismas que se distribuyen a lo largo de la costa y en su mayoría hasta las 60 millas, afuera de ella el fitoplancton está representado por los dinotlagela­ dos; mientras que, en épocas consideradas como EN las diatomeas se distribuyen dentro de las 10 millas y los dinotlagelados propios de aguas calientes se acercan generalmente hasta las 10 millas de la costa. La composición del fitoplancton también varía. En años considerados normales la predominancia está dada por diatomeas como : Schroderella delicatula, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Skeletonema costatum, Asterionella japonica y Chaetoceros y los dinotlagela­ dos: Ceratiumfurca, Protoperidinium obtusum, etc. En épocas consideradas anormales se presentan otras especies como : Thalassiosira partheneia, Rhizosolenia temperei, Rh. castracanei, Streptotheca thamensis y Biddulphia sinensis ; dentro de los dinotlagelados : Cera­ tium breve, C. extensum, C. longirostrum, C. trichoceros, Ceratocorys horrida, Ornithocercus magnificus, O. qua­ dratus, O. steinii y Protoperidinium elegans.

Descrição da larva de último instar e pupa de Epacroplon cruciatum (Aurivillius) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae) e notas biológica

Descrição da larva de último instar e pupa de Epacroplon cruciatum (Aurivillius) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae) e notas biológicas. Último instar larval e pupa do Hexoplonini sul-americano Epacroplon cruciatum (Aurivillius, 1899) são descritos, ilustrados e disponibilizadas notas biológicas.

Regional diversity in the fruit sector in the European Union

This article aims to identify the key groups of regions with respectto farms oriented to fruit and citrus production.Twenty variables of fruit and citrus oriented farms corresponding toforty-one regions of the European Union were analyzed. Seven groupsemerged from cluster analysis. Only two of them showed good perspectives. Regions in the South of the Community need an important modernisation and restructuring process, which entails serious social consequences.