Plastic pellets as oviposition site and means of dispersal for the ocean-skater insect Halobates

Microplastics are omnipresent in the oceans and generally have negative impacts on the biota. However, flotsam may increase the availability of hard substrates, which are considered a limiting resource for some oceanic species, e.g. as oviposition sites for the ocean insect Halobates. This study describes the use of plastic pellets as an oviposition site for Halobates micans and discusses possible effects on its abundance and dispersion. Inspection of egg masses on stranded particles on beaches revealed that a mean of 24% (from 0% to 62%) of the pellets bore eggs (mean of 5 and max. of 48 eggs per pellet). Most eggs (63%) contained embryos, while 37% were empty egg shells. This shows that even small plastic particles are used as oviposition site by H. micans, and that marine litter may have a positive effect over the abundance and dispersion of this species. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Boron uptake in normal melanocytes and melanoma cells and boron biodistribution study in mice bearing B16F10 melanoma for boron neutron capture therapy

Information on B-10 distribution in normal tissues is crucial to any further development of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The goal of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo boron biodistribution in B16F10 murine melanoma and normal tissues as a model for human melanoma treatment by a simple and rapid colorimetric method, which was validated by HR-ICP-MS. The B16F10 melanoma cell line showed higher melanin content than human melanocytes, demonstrating a greater potential for boronophenylalanine uptake. The melanocytes showed a moderate viability decrease in the first few minutes after BNCT application, stabilizing after 75 min, whereas the B16F10 melanoma showed the greatest intracellular boron concentration at 150 min after application, indicating a different boron uptake of melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes. Moreover, at this time, the increase in boron uptake in melanoma cells was approximately 1.6 times higher than that in normal melanocytes. The B-10 concentration in the blood of mice bearing B16F10 melanoma increased until 90 min after BNCT application and then decreased after 120 min, and remained low until the 240th minute. On the other hand, the B-10 concentration in tumors was increased from 90 min and maximal at 150 min after application, thus confirming the in vitro results. Therefore, the present in vitro and in vivo study of B-10 uptake in normal and tumor cells revealed important data that could enable BNCT to be possibly used as a treatment for melanoma, a chemoresistant cancer associated with high mortality.

Synthese, Evaluierung und 18 F-Markierung von neuen Liganden zur Visualisierung der Strychnin-insensitiven Bindungsstelle des NMDA-Rezeptors

Glutamat ist der wichtigste exzitatorische Neurotransmitter im Gehirn. Folglich spielen Glutamat-kontrollierte Rezeptorsysteme eine entscheidende Rolle in neurologischen Vorgängen, wie beispielsweise in Lern- und Gedächtnisprozessen. Gerade der NMDA-Rezeptor ist in eine Vielzahl solcher Vorgänge involviert und wird vor allem mit neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie Chorea Huntington, Morbus Alzheimer, Morbus Parkinson und zerebraler Ischämie in Verbindung gebracht. Folglich stellt die Visualisierung des NMDA-Rezeptorstatus eine Möglichkeit dar, den Verlauf solcher Prozesse zu untersuchen.rnDie Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) ist eine leistungsstarke Anwendung in der molekularen Bildgebung und erlaubt die in vivo-Visualisierung sowie Quantifizierung biochemischer Prozesse. Durch die Verwendung geeigneter Tracer können bestimmte pathologische und neurologische Abläufe beurteilt werden. rnZurzeit sind keine geeigneten PET-Tracer zur Untersuchung des NMDA-Rezeptors verfügbar. Bisher dargestellte PET-Liganden zeichneten sich durch nicht zufriedenstellende Affinitäten und Selektivitäten aus und führten meist auf Grund der hohen Lipophilie zu einem hohen Maß an unspezifischer Bindung. rnDie Strychnin-insensitive Glycinbindungsstelle des NMDA-Rezeptors stellt ein vielversprechendes Target dar, spezifische Liganden für diese Bindungsstelle zu synthetisieren. Hier zeichnen sich einige Verbindungsklassen durch exzellente Affinitäten und Selektivitäten sowie durch vielversprechende in vivo-Eigenschaften aus. rnAuf Grundlage dieser biologischen Daten wurden zwei Substanzen der 2-Indolcarbonsäure, nämlich die 4,6-Dichlor-3-(2-oxo-3-phenylimidazolidin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-2-carbonsäure (MDJ-114) und die (E)-4,6-Dichlor-3-(2-phenylcarbamoylvinyl)-1H-indol-2-carbonsäure (GV150526), als Leitstruktur gewählt. Ferner wurde das 7-Chlor-4-hydroxy-3-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-1H-chinolin-2-on (L-701,324) aus der Substanzklasse der 4-Hydroxy-1H-chinolin-2-one als dritte Leitstruktur gewählt.rnFür diese Substanzen wurden 19F-markierte Analogverbindungen synthetisiert, um als inaktive Referenzverbindungen auf ihre Eignung überprüft zu werden. Hierzu wurde eine Fluorethoxygruppierung im terminalen Phenylring der entsprechenden Leitstruktur eingeführt. Durch Variation der Fluorethoxysubstitution in ortho-, meta- und para-Stellung, konnten die besten Affinitäten in einem kompetitiven Rezeptorbindungsassay durch Verdrängung von [3H]MDL-105,519 bestimmt werden. Als Maß für die Lipophilie wurden die entsprechenden log D-Werte über die HPLC-Methode bestimmt. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Evaluierung wurden zwei Derivate identifiziert, welche zur 18F-Markierung genutzt werden sollten (GV150526-Derivat 34: log D = 0,23 ± 0,03, IC50 = 0,20 ± 0,25 µM, Ki = 0,13 ± 0,16 µM; L701,324-Derivat 55: log D = - 0,25 ± 0,01, IC50 = 78 ± 37 µM, Ki = 51 ± 24 µM). Die 18F-Markierung erfolgte durch die Reaktion des entsprechenden Markierungsvorläufers mit dem Markierungssynthon 2-[18F]Fluorethyltosylat, welches durch die Umsetzung von Ethylenditosylat mit [18F]Fluorid hergestellt wurde. Die Radiosynthesen der beiden 18F-markierten Verbindungen [18F]34 (4,6-Dichlor-3-{2-[4-(2-[18F]fluorethoxy)-phenylcarbamoyl]-vinyl}-1H-indol-2-carbonsäure) und [18F]55 (7-Chlor-3-{3-[4-(2-[18F]fluorethoxy)-phenoxy]-phenyl}-4-hydroxy-1H-chinolin-2-on) wurden optimiert sowie semipräparative Abtrennverfahren entwickelt. Beide Tracer wurden auf ihre in vivo-Eignung im µPET-Experiment untersucht. Die Zeitaktivitätskurven lassen erkennen, dass beide Tracer entgegen der Erwartung nicht die Blut-Hirn-Schranke überwinden können. Für das GV150526-Derivat ([18F]34) wurden zusätzlich Autoradiographiestudien durchgeführt. Die erhaltenen Aufnahmen zeigten ein heterogenes Verteilungsmuster der Aktivitätsanreicherung. Ebenso wurde ein hohes Maß an unspezifischer Bindung beobachtet. Möglicherweise sind Cross-Affinitäten zu anderen Rezeptorsystemen oder der recht hohe lipophile Rest des Moleküls hierfür verantwortlich. Ein Grund für die unzureichende Hirngängigkeit der Radioliganden kann sich in der Carboxylatfunktion des GV150526-Derivats bzw. in der 4-Hydroxy-1H-chinolin-2-on-Einheit des L-701,324-Derivats wiederspiegeln. rnAuf Grundlage dieser Resultate können Versuche unternommen werden, für die Verbindungsklasse der 2-Indolcarbonsäuren entsprechende Ester als Prodrugs mit einer verbesserten Bioverfügbarkeit darzustellen. Ebenso können neue Strukturen als Grundlage für neue PET-Tracer untersucht werden.rnrn

Statistical mechanics of polymer models: rigorous results and applications

Monomer-dimer models are amongst the models in statistical mechanics which found application in many areas of science, ranging from biology to social sciences. This model describes a many-body system in which monoatomic and diatomic particles subject to hard-core interactions get deposited on a graph. In our work we provide an extension of this model to higher-order particles. The aim of our work is threefold: first we study the thermodynamic properties of the newly introduced model. We solve analytically some regular cases and find that, differently from the original, our extension admits phase transitions. Then we tackle the inverse problem, both from an analytical and numerical perspective. Finally we propose an application to aggregation phenomena in virtual messaging services.

The plasmin-antiplasmin system: structural and functional aspects

The plasmin-antiplasmin system plays a key role in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Plasmin and (2)-antiplasmin are primarily responsible for a controlled and regulated dissolution of the fibrin polymers into soluble fragments. However, besides plasmin(ogen) and (2)-antiplasmin the system contains a series of specific activators and inhibitors. The main physiological activators of plasminogen are tissue-type plasminogen activator, which is mainly involved in the dissolution of the fibrin polymers by plasmin, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which is primarily responsible for the generation of plasmin activity in the intercellular space. Both activators are multidomain serine proteases. Besides the main physiological inhibitor (2)-antiplasmin, the plasmin-antiplasmin system is also regulated by the general protease inhibitor (2)-macroglobulin, a member of the protease inhibitor I39 family. The activity of the plasminogen activators is primarily regulated by the plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2, members of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily.

T-cell recognition of chemicals, protein allergens and drugs: towards the development of in vitro assays

Chemicals can elicit T-cell-mediated diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and adverse drug reactions. Therefore, testing of chemicals, drugs and protein allergens for hazard identification and risk assessment is essential in regulatory toxicology. The seventh amendment of the EU Cosmetics Directive now prohibits the testing of cosmetic ingredients in mice, guinea pigs and other animal species to assess their sensitizing potential. In addition, the EU Chemicals Directive REACh requires the retesting of more than 30,000 chemicals for different toxicological endpoints, including sensitization, requiring vast numbers of animals. Therefore, alternative methods are urgently needed to eventually replace animal testing. Here, we summarize the outcome of an expert meeting in Rome on 7 November 2009 on the development of T-cell-based in vitro assays as tools in immunotoxicology to identify hazardous chemicals and drugs. In addition, we provide an overview of the development of the field over the last two decades.

Establishment of Regional Herbarium Leads to More Than 200 New Flora Atlas Records for New York State

Loss of small herbaria is an unfortunate global trend, and initiation of new collections at small academic institutions is an increasingly rare occurrence. In 2006, a new herbarium was established at the State University of New York College at Plattsburgh. The PLAT herbarium has since grown to more than 7,000 specimens, many of them representative of the flora of northeastern New York (especially Clinton County). Previous to 2006, this region was without a recognized herbarium, the nearest in-state collections being more than 150 miles away. Although botanists have previously worked in the region, relatively few plant species were recorded for Clinton County by the New York Flora Atlas – a resource providing species distribution records based on specimens accessioned in herbarium collections. Given the dearth of available distribution data for Clinton County (including the eastern Adirondack Mountains and the western Lake Champlain valley), this project sought to provide records of previously unreported species by comparing NY Flora Atlas maps with current holdings. 203 species will now be added to the NY Flora Atlas for Clinton County, roughly half of those considered exotic. This exercise has amplified the importance of supporting and maintaining small regional herbaria as repositories of valuable biodiversity information. Likewise, this project also highlights the enduring value of training in floristics and taxonomy.

Role of FGFRL1 and other FGF signaling proteins in early kidney development

The mammalian kidney develops from the ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. In mice, the ureteric bud invades the metanephric mesenchyme at day E10.5 and begins to branch. The tips of the ureteric bud induce the metanephric mesenchyme to condense and form the cap mesenchyme. Some cells of this cap mesenchyme undergo a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and differentiate into renal vesicles, which further develop into nephrons. The developing kidney expresses Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 20 and Fgf receptors Fgfr1 and Fgfr2. Fgf7 and Fgf10, mainly secreted by the metanephric mesenchyme, bind to Fgfr2b of the ureteric bud and induce branching. Fgfr1 and Fgfr2c are required for formation of the metanephric mesenchyme, however the two receptors can substitute for one another. Fgf8, secreted by renal vesicles, binds to Fgfr1 and supports survival of cells in the nascent nephrons. Fgf9 and Fgf20, expressed in the metanephric mesenchyme, are necessary to maintain survival of progenitor cells in the cortical region of the kidney. FgfrL1 is a novel member of the Fgfr family that lacks the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain. It is expressed in the ureteric bud and all nephrogenic structures. Targeted deletion of FgfrL1 leads to severe kidney dysgenesis due to the lack of renal vesicles. FgfrL1 is known to interact mainly with Fgf8. It is therefore conceivable that FgfrL1 restricts signaling of Fgf8 to the precise location of the nascent nephrons. It might also promote tight adhesion of cells in the condensed metanephric mesenchyme as required for the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.

Integrins and cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular diseases involve abnormal cell-cell interactions leading to the development of atherosclerotic plaque, which when ruptured causes massive platelet activation and thrombus formation. Parts of a loose thrombus may detach to form an embolus, blocking circulation at a more distant point. The integrins are a family of adhesive cell receptors interacting with adhesive proteins or with counterreceptors on other cells. There is now solid evidence that the major integrin on platelets, the fibrinogen receptor alpha IIb beta 3, has an important role in several aspects of cardiovascular diseases and that its regulated inhibition leads to a reduction in incidence and mortality due to these disorders. The development of alpha IIb beta 3 inhibitors is an important strategy of many pharmaceutical companies which foresee a large market for the treatment of acute conditions in surgery, the symptoms of chronic conditions and, it is hoped, maybe even the successful prophylaxis of these conditions. Although all the associated problems have not been solved, the undoubted improvements in patient care resulting from the first of these treatments in the clinic have stimulated further research on the role of integrins on other vascular cells in these processes and in the search for new inhibitors. Both the development of specific inhibitors and of mice with specific integrin subunit genes ablated have contributed to a better understanding of the function of integrins in development of the cardiovascular system.

Geospatial analysis of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) encroachment utilizing remotely sensed data

Utilizing remote sensing methods to assess landscape-scale ecological change are rapidly becoming a dominant force in the natural sciences. Powerful and robust non-parametric statistical methods are also actively being developed to compliment the unique characteristics of remotely sensed data. The focus of this research is to utilize these powerful, robust remote sensing and statistical approaches to shed light on woody plant encroachment into native grasslands--a troubling ecological phenomenon occurring throughout the world. Specifically, this research investigates western juniper encroachment within the sage-steppe ecosystem of the western USA. Western juniper trees are native to the intermountain west and are ecologically important by means of providing structural diversity and habitat for many species. However, after nearly 150 years of post-European settlement changes to this threatened ecosystem, natural ecological processes such as fire regimes no longer limit the range of western juniper to rocky refugia and other areas protected from short fire return intervals that are historically common to the region. Consequently, sage-steppe communities with high juniper densities exhibit negative impacts, such as reduced structural diversity, degraded wildlife habitat and ultimately the loss of biodiversity. Much of today's sage-steppe ecosystem is transitioning to juniper woodlands. Additionally, the majority of western juniper woodlands have not reached their full potential in both range and density. The first section of this research investigates the biophysical drivers responsible for juniper expansion patterns observed in the sage-steppe ecosystem. The second section is a comprehensive accuracy assessment of classification methods used to identify juniper tree cover from multispectral 1 m spatial resolution aerial imagery.

BEYOND ROOTS ALONE: NOVEL METHODOLOGIES FOR ANALYZING COMPLEX SOIL AND MINIRHIZOTRON IMAGERY USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND GIS TOOLS

Quantifying belowground dynamics is critical to our understanding of plant and ecosystem function and belowground carbon cycling, yet currently available tools for complex belowground image analyses are insufficient. We introduce novel techniques combining digital image processing tools and geographic information systems (GIS) analysis to permit semi-automated analysis of complex root and soil dynamics. We illustrate methodologies with imagery from microcosms, minirhizotrons, and a rhizotron, in upland and peatland soils. We provide guidelines for correct image capture, a method that automatically stitches together numerous minirhizotron images into one seamless image, and image analysis using image segmentation and classification in SPRING or change analysis in ArcMap. These methods facilitate spatial and temporal root and soil interaction studies, providing a framework to expand a more comprehensive understanding of belowground dynamics.

The annexins: spatial and temporal coordination of signaling events during cellular stress

Annexins are a family of structurally related, Ca2+-sensitive proteins that bind to negatively charged phospholipids and establish specific interactions with other lipids and lipid microdomains. They are present in all eukaryotic cells and share a common folding motif, the "annexin core", which incorporates Ca2+- and membrane-binding sites. Annexins participate in a variety of intracellular processes, ranging from the regulation of membrane dynamics to cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Here we focus on the role of annexins in cellular signaling during stress. A chronic stress response triggers the activation of different intracellular pathways, resulting in profound changes in Ca2+ and pH homeostasis and the production of lipid second messengers. We review the latest data on how these changes are sensed by the annexins, which have the ability to simultaneously interact with specific lipid and protein moieties at the plasma membrane, contributing to stress adaptation via regulation of various signaling pathways.