The force, power, and energy of the 100 meter sprint

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Usain Bolt broke the world record for the 100 m sprint. Just one year later, at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin he broke it again. A few months after Beijing, Eriksen [Am. J. Phys. 77, 224-228 (2009)] studied Bolt's performance and predicted that Bolt could have run about one-tenth of a second faster, which was confirmed in Berlin. In this paper we extend the analysis of Eriksen to model Bolt's velocity time dependence for the Beijing 2008 and Berlin 2009 records. We deduce the maximum force, the maximum power, and the total mechanical energy produced by Bolt in both races. Surprisingly, we conclude that all of these values were smaller in 2009 than in 2008.

Relationship between attack and skipping in taekwondo contests

Santos, VGF, Franchini, E, and Lima-Silva, AE. Relationship between attack and skipping in Taekwondo contests. J Strength Cond Res 25(6): 1743-1751, 2011-The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between attack time (AT) and skipping time (ST) during the 2007 Taekwondo World Championship and 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A total of 22 matches (65 rounds, 13 semifinals, and 8 finals) from the World Championship and 23 matches (63 rounds, 22 rounds with 16 athletes each and 1 quarterfinal round) from the Olympic Games, both in the male category, were assessed using time-motion analysis. The AT was considered as the total time during which the athlete attacked or tried to attack, whereas ST was the total time without attempting to attack. The ratio of AT to ST was similar to 1:7 based on the data pooled from the 2 competitions. The AT/ST ratio was significantly lower for the World Championship than for the Olympic Games (p <= 0.05). In the Olympic Games, no consistent differences across weight divisions were found. However, during the World Championship, the heavier weight divisions (>78 kg) exhibited a lower average AT, lower summed AT, lower attack numbers (ANs) and higher average ST than lighter weight divisions (<58 kg, p <= 0.05). For both competitions, the ST was lower, and the ANs and AT/ST ratio were higher in round 3 than in round 1 or 2. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that matches in the Olympic Games were less cadenced than in the World Championship, but that in both competitions, the intensity of the match increased in round 3. Practically, these data suggest that coaches need to structure Taekwondo training sessions in a manner that allows the work/pause ratio to mirror the physical demand imposed during competitions.

A new approach to the granulation of beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are annular oligosaccharides containing 6-12 glucose unities joined together by alpha-1,4 bonds. They have a conical-truncated shape with a lipophilic cavity in which different molecules can be included resulting in a stable inclusion complex. The cyclodextrins have been widely applied in pharmaceutical technology with the objective of increasing the solubility, stability and bioavailability of drugs in different pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as tablets. In order to obtain beta-CD tablets, liquid dispersions of drug/beta-CD are usually submitted to different drying processes, like spray-drying, freeze-drying or slow evaporation, being this dry material added to a number of excipients. However, such drying processes can generate particulate materials showing problems of flow and compressibility, needing their conversion into granulates by means of wetting with granulation liquid followed by additional drying. In this work, the main objective was to evaluate the preparation of tablets without the need of this additional drying step. For this purpose an aqueous dispersion containing acetaminophen/beta-CD complex and cornstarch was dried using a spouted bed and the obtained granules were compressed in tablets. Acetaminophen was used as model drug due to its low water solubility and the inexpensive and widely available cornstarch was chosen as excipient. Acetaminophen powder was added into a beta-cyclodextrin solution prepared in distilled water at 70 degrees C. Stirring was kept until this dispersion cooled to room temperature. Then cornstarch was added and the resulting dispersion was dried in spouted bed equipment. This material was compressed into tablets using an Erweka Korsh EKO tablet machine. This innovative approach allowed the tablets preparation process to be carried out with fewer steps and represents a technological reliable strategy to produce beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes tablets. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.

Changes in estimated coronary risk in the 1980s: data from 38 populations in the WHO MONICA Project

The World Health Organization (WHO) MONICA Project is a 10-year study monitoring trends and determinants of cardiovascular disease in geographically defined populations. Data were collected from over 100 000 randomly selected participants in two risk factor surveys conducted approximately 5 years apart in 38 populations using standardized protocols. The net effects of changes in the risk factor levels were estimated using risk scores derived from longitudinal studies in the Nordic countries. The prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased among men in most populations, but the trends for women varied. The prevalence of hypertension declined in two-thirds of the populations. Changes in the prevalence of raised total cholesterol were small but highly correlated between the genders (r = 0.8). The prevalence of obesity increased in three-quarters of the populations for men and in more than half of the populations for women. In almost half of the populations there were statistically significant declines in the estimated coronary risk for both men and women, although for Beijing the risk score increased significantly for both genders. The net effect of the changes in the risk factor levels in the 1980s in most of the study populations of the WHO MONICA Project is that the rates of coronary disease are predicted to decline in the 1990s.

Changes in cigarette smoking among adults in 35 populations in the mid-1980s

Objective-To examine changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking in 35 study populations of the World Health Organisation's MONICA Project. Design-Data from two independent, community-based surveys conducted, on average, five years apart. Setting-Geographically defined populations in 21 countries mainly in eastern and western Europe. Subjects-Randomly selected men and women aged 25-64 years. Numbers of participants in each study population ranged from 586 to 2817 in each survey. Main outcome measures-Changes in proportions of current smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers by age and sex using data collected by standardised methods. Results-Among men, smoking prevalence decreased in most populations, by three to four percentage points over five years. In Beijing, however, it increased in all age groups-overall by 11 percentage points. Among women there were increases in smoking in about half the populations. The increases were mainly in the age group 35-54 years and often in those populations where smoking prevalence among women has been relatively low. Conclusions-Smoking initiation by middle-aged women in parts of southern and eastern Europe and among men of all ages in Beijing is a matter of concern. The various public health measures that have helped to reduce smoking among men in developed countries should be vigorously extended to these other groups now at growing risk of smoking-related disease.

Trends in cigarette smoking in 36 populations from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s: Findings from the WHO MONICA Project

Objectives. This report analyzes cigarette smoking over 10 years in populations in the World Health Organization (WHO) MONICA Project (to monitor trends and determinants of cardiovascular disease). Methods. Over 300 000 randomly selected subjects aged 25 to 64 years participated in surveys conducted in geographically defined populations. Results. For men, smoking prevalence decreased by more than 5% in 16 of the 36 study populations, remained static in most others, but increased in Beijing. Where prevalence decreased, this was largely due to higher proportions of never smokers in the younger age groups rather than to smokers quitting. Among women, smoking prevalence increased by more than 5% in 6 populations and decreased by more than 5% in 9 populations. For women, smoking tended to increase in populations with low prevalence and decrease in populations with higher prevalence; for men, the reverse pattern was observed. Conclusions. These data illustrate the evolution of the smoking epidemic in populations and provide the basis for targeted public health interventions to support the WHO priority for tobacco control.

China and Southeast Asia

In the new millennium, no issue in international relations will be more important than how to accommodate the rising power of China. Many analysts, especially in the United States, see China as a significant threat to American interests in Asia. Washington has treaty commitments in both Northeast and Southeast Asia and retains a substantial military presence in the region. Beijing claims it does not seek to replace the United States reigning global hegemony, but seeks to promote a multi-polar world in which six states (the US, China, the EU, Russia, Japan, and India) would have pre-eminent status.

Australia, the United States and a 'China growing strong': managing conflict avoidance

How to deal with a rising China constitutes one of the most seminal challenges facing the ANZUS alliance since its inception a half a century ago. Australia must reconcile its geography and economic interests in Asia with its post-war strategic and historic cultural orientation towards the United States. It must succeed in this policy task without alienating either Beijing or Washington in the process. The extent to which this is achieved will shape Australia's national security posture for decades to come. Three specific components of the 'Sino-American-Australian' triangle are assessed here: the future of Taiwan, the American development of a National Missile Defence (NMD), and the interplay between Sino-American power balancing and multilateral security politics. The policy stakes for Australia and for the continued viability of ANZUS are high in all three policy areas as a new US Administration takes office in early 2001. The article concludes that Australia's best interest is served by applying deliberate modes of decisionmaking in its own relations with both China and the US and by facilitating consistent and systematic dialogue and consultations with both of those great powers on key strategic issues.

Sistema Integrado de Planejamento, Or??amento e Finan??as do Minist??rio da Educa????o (Simec)

O desenvolvimento do Simec (Sistema Integrado de Planejamento, Or??amento e Finan??as do Minist??rio da Educa????o) permitiu melhoria significativa da efici??ncia, efic??cia e efetividade das iniciativas do MEC por meio de sua metodologia, marco institucional e plataforma tecnol??gica, com a integra????o dos processos de planejamento e gest??o das pol??ticas e programas educacionais do governo federal. Desenvolvido em software livre, mediante parceria com diversos ??rg??os de governo, utilizando modernas t??cnicas de mapeamento de processos e ampla participa????o das equipes de trabalho de diferentes secretarias e ??rg??os do MEC, o Simec implicou profundas mudan??as culturais e organizacionais das pr??ticas de governan??a do Minist??rio, bem como de sua forma de relacionamento com parceiros governamentais (estados, munic??pios e outros ??rg??os do governo federal) e da sociedade brasileira. Hoje, 12 ??rg??os, entre minist??rios e governos estaduais, celebraram ou negociam esta formaliza????o de termos de cess??o do sistema com o MEC

Gerenciamento da rede de supervis??o da Eletronorte (GerenteSage)

Como solu????o unificadora da opera????o, em tempo real, de seus sistemas el??tricos, a Eletronorte utiliza, desde 1998, o Sistema Aberto de Gerenciamento de Energia (Sage), que habilita seus centros de opera????o a serem centros estrat??gicos de tratamento de informa????o. A import??ncia do Sage para a empresa reflete-se na relev??ncia da rede que comporta seus dados. Para garantir elevados graus de disponibilidade dos servi??os de supervis??o, foi implementada a ferramenta GerenteSage, que gerencia os recursos da rede e facilita o controle deles pelos administradores. Para essa ferramenta, foi definida uma interface web, a qual condiz com caracter??sticas atuais do mundo da inform??tica: a descentraliza????o do acesso ??s informa????es e a independ??ncia de plataforma para o usu??rio. Outro aspecto importante da metodologia de concep????o ?? a utiliza????o de sistemas e fontes livres. Como resultado, houve melhora na qualidade dos servi??os de rede e aumento da disponibilidade das informa????es de supervis??o

Moderniza????o tecnol??gica

O Banco do Nordeste chegara ?? metade da presente d??cada eivado dos v??cios da grande maioria das empresas ent??o contempor??neas: uma estrutura cl??ssica de gest??o, organizada de modo fortemente centralizado, uma ??nfase negocial em administra????o e redu????o de custos e um modelo tecnol??gico voltado para controle, administra????o e contabiliza????o. Esse ??ltimo aspecto refletia uma s??rie de desvios. Nesse contexto, o Projeto Moderniza????o Tecnol??gica foi concebido para implementa????o de a????es e solu????es de tecnologia da informa????o para dar suporte aos neg??cios e gest??o da informa????o do Banco, provendo-o de moderna infra-estrutura, de nova plataforma de softwares b??sicos e aplicativos em ambiente cliente-servidor. A partir de ent??o, incorporou-se ?? cultura da empresa uma forte e sempre constante tend??ncia ?? inova????o, consolidado um novo perfil que destaca o Banco do Nordeste, inexoravelmente, entre as empresas l??deres no uso da tecnologia da informa????o, tanto no setor p??blico quanto no setor privado. O esfor??o empreendido implicou direta ou indiretamente melhorias de todos os processos de trabalho da empresa, resultando em benef??cios concretos no atendimento aos clientes

Estrat??gia de monitoramento anal??tico do Plano Brasil Sem Mis??ria e programas do MDS

A Estrat??gia de Monitoramento Anal??tico do Plano Brasil sem Mis??ria e dos Programas do MDS ?? um sistema de indicadores organizado de forma sintetizada e mais adequada ao uso anal??tico pelos diferentes gestores dos tr??s n??veis de governo. Vale-se de diferentes fontes de dados de registros administrativos de programas e pesquisas do Sistema Estat??stico Nacional, e de variados procedimentos estat??sticos e de integra????o de dados para manter um sistema com um conjunto amplo de indicadores que permitem o acompanhamento das a????es do plano, com grande detalhe tem??tico e geogr??fico. A estrat??gia ?? inovadora por se tratar de uma rotina de trabalho voltada ?? constru????o de indicadores e ??s suas aplica????es, em forma de pain??is, tabula????es ou boletins, evitando o reducionismo da atividade de monitoramento apenas ?? disponibiliza????o da informa????o. Em termos pr??ticos, ?? a sistematiza????o de indicadores multitem??ticos e de diferentes fontes de dados em uma mesma plataforma de monitoramento

A estrat??gia de Lisboa e as suas implica????es para a reforma institucional da Uni??o Europ??ia

Como manter a estrat??gia europ??ia de desenvolvimento atualizada, e ?? luz dos valores europeus, para reagir aos novos desafios decorrentes da globaliza????o, da mudan??a tecnol??gica e do envelhecimento das popula????es? Um novo paradigma emerge, em que o conhecimento e a inova????o s??o as principais fontes de riqueza e tamb??m de diferen??as entre as na????es, as empresas e as pessoas. Era preciso definir a via europ??ia de transi????o para essa economia baseada na inova????o e no conhecimento, com marcas distintas que v??o da salvaguarda da coes??o social e da diversidade cultural ??s pr??prias escolhas tecnol??gicas. Criar uma nova plataforma competitiva ?? fundamental para sustentar o modelo social europeu, que tamb??m dever?? ser renovado. Este artigo nos traz o debate dos pa??ses membros da Uni??o Europ??ia que precedeu a Cimeira de Lisboa (23 e 24 de Mar??o de 2000).

7?? Encontro Nacional das Escolas de Governo

Foi apresentada a atual situa????o do Mapeamento da Oferta de Capacita????o nas Escolas de Governo que consiste na coleta, organiza????o e sistematiza????o das informa????es sobre a oferta de capacita????o e sobre cada escola, por meio de uma comunidade virtual na plataforma Moodle, com foco na Rede Nacional de Escolas de Governo. Foram apresentados tamb??m os resultados alcan??ados pela Rede de Escolas no ??ltimo ano. Com a Comunidade Virtual e os Cursos a Dist??ncia foi poss??vel reduzir o isolamento e ampliar as capacidades das escolas de governo federais, estaduais e municipais, por meio do compartilhamento de conhecimento e experi??ncias, al??m do incentivo ?? forma????o de parcerias. Destacou-se a import??ncia da coopera????o internacional estabelecida com a Canada School of Public Service (CSPS) e com o Centro de Educa????o a Dist??ncia para Desenvolvimento Econ??mico e Tecnol??gico (CEDDET), da Espanha, que resultaram em in??meros eventos de aprendizagem. Durante o encontro, foram desenhadas a????es comuns ??s institui????es, projetando-as para 2010, bem como escolhida a Escola Nacional de Sa??de P??blica (ENSP), da Funda????o Oswaldo Cruz, no Rio de Janeiro, como sede do 3?? Encontro Nacional de Educa????o a Dist??ncia.