Aggression after traumatic brain injury: Analysing socially desirable responses and the nature of aggressive traits.

Primary objective: To compare patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) with controls on sub-types of aggression and explore the role of social desirability.
Design: Quasi-experimental, matched-participants design.
Methods and procedures: Sixty-nine participants were included in the study. The sample comprised a TBI group (n = 24), a spinal cord injury (SCI) group (n = 21) and an uninjured (UI) group of matched healthy volunteers (n = 24). Participants were given self-report measures of aggression, social desirability and impulsivity. Sixty-one independent ‘other-raters’ were nominated, who rated participant pre-morbid and post-morbid aggression.
Main outcomes and results: Using standardized norms, 25–39% of participants with TBI were classified as high average–very high on anger and 35–38% as high average–very high on verbal aggression. Other-raters rated participants with TBI as significantly higher on verbal aggression than SCI and UI participants. There were no differences between the groups on physical aggression. The TBI group also had higher levels of impulsivity than SCI and UI groups. Social desirability was a highly significant predictor of self-reported aggression for the entire sample.
Conclusions: Impulsive verbal aggression and anger are the principal aggressive traits after brain injury. Physical aggression may present in extreme cases after TBI, but appears less prominent overall in this population. Social desirability, previously overlooked in research examining TBI aggression, emerged as an influential variable that should be considered in future TBI research.

Exploring eye movement analysis as a measure of selective visual attention in brain injured individuals

Primary Objective: To investigate the utility of using a new method of assessment for deficits in selective visual attention (SVA). Methods and Procedures: An independent groups design compared six participants with brain injuries with six participants from a non-brain injured control group. The Sensomotoric Instruments Eye Movement system with remote eye-tracking device (eye camera), and 2 sets of eight stimuli were employed to determine if the camera would be a sensitive discriminator of SVA in these groups. Main Outcomes and Results: The attention profile displayed by the brain injured group showed that they were slower, made more errors, were less accurate, and more indecisive than the control group. Conclusions: The utility of eye movement analysis as an assessment method was established, with implications for rehabilitation requiring further development. Key words: selective visual attention, eye movement analysis, brain injury

Reduced community integration in persons following traumatic brain injury, as measured on the Community Integration Measure: An exploratory analysis

Objective: To explore the community integration of individuals who had suffered a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and compare this to members of the general public. Design: Independent groups design. Setting: All participants were resident in Northern Ireland (NI). The brain injured participants were drawn from a Belfast-based social skills programme. Participants: Thirty participants, ten survivors of TBI, ten male and ten female controls from the general public. Main Outcome Measure: The Community Integration Measure (CIM) Results: Analysis of variance showed no significant differences between males and females or between males and brain injured individuals. A significant difference was found between females and brain injured individuals (F(1,18)=4.51, P=0.048). Conclusion: Females were more integrated into their communities than males, who were more integrated than brain injured individuals. It would appear that brain injury survivors are doubly disadvantaged. Their gender (mainly male), and the injury itself, conspires to reduce their integration with the wider community.

Violent, caring, unpredictable: Public views on survivors of brain injury

The purpose of the present work was to investigate how members of the public perceived survivors of brain injury. A twenty-item list of attributes that could be used to describe characteristics of survivors of brain injury were given to three hundred and twenty-three participants. One hundred and sixty-nine psychology students and one hundred and fifty-four members of the public agreed to take part in the study. The effects of group (student and public), gender and socioeconomic status (low, moderate and high) on the attributes were assessed. Multivariate analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups with students holding more positive perceptions on 15 out of the 20 attributes. No effects of gender or socioeconomic status were found. The research suggests that members of the public hold less positive views on survivors of brain injury in respect to intellectual competency, ability to care and trustworthiness when compared to students.

Attitudes of children towards peers with acquired brain injury (ABI).

Research objective: Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) can experience severe problems in establishing peer relationships. The attitudes peers hold toward a child with an ABI can significantly impact on their willingness to befriend. The present work sought to investigate the attitudes peers hold toward a fictional child with ABI. Methods and procedures: Fifty children from a primary school were compared against a similar number from a secondary school. Gender was evenly split across both groups. A vignette describing a young boy acquiring a brain injury, and his subsequent change in behaviour, was presented to the children. The Friendship Activity Scale (FAS) was then used to judge how likely the children were to befriend the fictional character. Outcomes and results: Results showed a statistically significant interaction between gender and age [F(1, 96) 6.285, p = 0.014] with older males expressing more positive attitudes than younger males. Conclusion: The study suggests that children with ABI are more likely to experience negative attitudes in primary school, and concludes in calling for additional research to more fully explore the social experience of children with ABI. Keywords: Children; acquired brain injury; peers; attitudes