Frugivoria por aves em área de cerrado no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais

O consumo de frutos carnosos por vertebrados é um fenômeno importante nos trópicos, com destaque para aves e mamíferos que apresentam altas proporções de espécies frugívoras. O objetivo do estudo foi observar as principais aves frugívoras em área de Cerrado na reserva do Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó, no Município de Uberlândia, MG, durante o período de novembro de 2000 a outubro de 2001. Foram registradas 90 interações, envolvendo 22 espécies de plantas e 33 espécies de aves. Foi encontrado padrão assimétrico nas interações, no qual poucas espécies são responsáveis pela maioria das interações. As principais aves observadas consumindo frutos são de pequeno porte e onívoras. Interações frugívoras com aves de grande porte, como das famílias Cracidae e Ramphastidae, consideradas potenciais dispersores de sementes, não foram registradas. O estudo demonstrou a importância das espécies vegetais Ouratea spectabilis e Miconia theizans nas interações de frugivoria, além do destaque do gênero Elaenia no consumo de frutos e dispersão de sementes.

FRUIT MORPHOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF BABASSU PALMS IN NORTHERN MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL1

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to morphologically characterize fruits of the babassu palm tree (Attalea vitrivir) and to estimate their productivity in the north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Twenty mature fruits were collected from 10 plants in three different areas in Januária, Minas Gerais. Eighteen biometric parameters of the fruits were measured, the oil contents of the seeds was determined, the adherence to normal distribution was evaluated, distribution frequencies were evaluated and the effects of individuals and areas on the variables and the correlations between them were analyzed. The production of fruit bunches per plant and the number of fruits per bunch from 10 plants were quantified in three areas and the potential production under both natural harvesting and cultivation conditions were estimated. Significant differences were found among all of the biometric parameters examined between the different individuals and the different areas, which shows wide morphological variability in the fruits. The average oil content was 45.7%, but with significant differences among individuals. The observed variability favors the selection of productive individuals in genetic improvement programs. The potential productivity of endocarps and oil based on a density of 400/plants per hectare would be respectively 6.4 and 1.2 tons/ha, which indicates the possibility of using A. vitrivir for producing charcoal, bio fuels, and for carbon fixation.

Geotecnologias para mapear lavouras de café nos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo

O uso operacional de imagens de satélites de sensoriamento remoto para mapear lavouras de café em grandes áreas, para fins de obtenção de estatísticas agrícolas confiáveis e oportunas, ainda se encontra em desenvolvimento. Diversos são os fatores que dificultam a correta identificação e mapeamento do parque cafeeiro. Contudo, os avanços tecnológicos observados nos últimos anos em termos de aquisição de imagens com melhor qualidade e em maior quantidade, bem como o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas de análise, propiciam o desenvolvimento de um método operacional que pode contribuir na formação das estatísticas agrícolas oficiais do café no Brasil. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar a metodologia e apresentar os resultados do mapeamento das áreas cultivadas com café nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo, utilizando imagens de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de geoprocessamento. A abordagem metodológica consiste em quatro fases: a) restauração das imagens e georreferenciamento; b) classificação não supervisionada; c) interpretação visual na tela do computador para minimizar erros de omissão e inclusão, e d) determinação da área cultivada com café. Os resultados indicaram que a metodologia utilizada foi adequada para o mapeamento das lavouras de café de Minas Gerais e São Paulo.

Cadastral maps of irrigated areas by center pivots in the State of Minas Gerais, using CBERS-2B/CCD satellite imaging

Medium-resolution satellite images have been widely used for the identification and quantification of irrigated areas by center pivot. These areas, which present predominantly circular forms, can be easily identified by visual analyses of these images. In addition to identifying and quantifying areas irrigated by center pivot, other information that is associated to these areas is fundamental for producing cadastral maps. The goal of this work was to generate cadastral mapping of areas irrigated by center pivots in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with the purpose of supplying information on irrigated agriculture. Using the satellite CBERS2B/CCD, images were used to identify and quantify irrigated areas and then associate these areas with a database containing information about: irrigated area, perimeter, municipality, path row, basin in which the pivot is located, and the date of image acquisition.3,781 center pivots systems were identified. The smallest area irrigated was 4.6 hectares and the largest one was 192.6 hectares. The total estimated value of irrigated area was 254,875 hectares. The largest number of center pivots appeared in the municipalities of Unaí and Paracatu, with 495 and 459 systems, respectively. Cadastral mapping is a very useful tool to assist and enhance information on irrigated agriculture in the State of Minas Gerais.

Evaluation of an indicator for water yield in a watershed of Alto Rio Grande Region, State of Minas Gerais , Brazil

The Brazilian Law stipulates that water is a limited natural resource doted of economic value, thus it is necessary to develop mechanisms for its adequate management. Actions that encourage the farmers to apply soil conservation practices with the purpose of increase water yield from springs and to promote improvement of its quality, reducing production of sediment transportation, is being encouraged by governments, even with financial compensation for owners. From these assertions, this study aims to quantify the benefits of the conservation actions of the management units and to characterize a Water Yield Indicator (WYI) to support sustainable actions in the watershed of Alto Rio Grande region, in the state of Minas Gerais (MG). To assess the impact of actions it were identified four scenarios of land use and occupation of the watershed from Marcela stream which is located in Alto Rio Grande Region. After analyzing the results, it can be stated that the scenarios simulation has demonstrated important changes in water yield and that the definition of the Water Yield Index from the junction of the erosion potential with the water storage potential, has proved effective, as it integrate quantity and quality of water.

Evaluation of empirical methods to estimate reference evapotranspiration in Uberaba, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Evapotranspiration is the process of water loss of vegetated soil due to evaporation and transpiration, and it may be estimated by various empirical methods. This study had the objective to carry out the evaluation of the performance of the following methods: Blaney-Criddle, Jensen-Haise, Linacre, Solar Radiation, Hargreaves-Samani, Makkink, Thornthwaite, Camargo, Priestley-Taylor and Original Penman in the estimation of the potential evapotranspiration when compared to the Penman-Monteith standard method (FAO56) to the climatic conditions of Uberaba, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A set of 21 years monthly data (1990 to 2010) was used, working with the climatic elements: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and insolation. The empirical methods to estimate reference evapotranspiration were compared with the standard method using linear regression, simple statistical analysis, Willmott agreement index (d) and performance index (c). The methods Makkink and Camargo showed the best performance, with "c" values ​​of 0.75 and 0.66, respectively. The Hargreaves-Samani method presented a better linear relation with the standard method, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.88.

Estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo padrão FAO), para Minas Gerais, na ausência de alguns dados climáticos

A equação para determinar a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), método de Penman-Monteith, parametrizada pela FAO (PM-FAO56), requer dados que, muitas vezes, não estão disponíveis na maioria das estações climatológicas. Para superar o problema da disponibilidade de dados climáticos, o boletim 56 da FAO propõe vários procedimentos para estimar a ETo na ausência dos dados de radiação, umidade relativa e velocidade do vento, e posterior substituição. Baseado nisto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a ETo estimada na ausência de dados de velocidade do vento ou da umidade relativa ou radiação solar com a ETo estimada, com os dados completos para várias localidades de Minas Gerais. A comparação foi realizada utilizando o coeficiente angular da regressão, o coeficiente de determinação, o índice de concordância de Willmott e os erros associados a cada metodologia. Verificou-se que, na ausência de dados de umidade relativa e velocidade do vento, o método de Penman-Monteith apresenta pequenos erros de estimativa. Na ausência dos dados de radiação, os erros são maiores em relação às outras variáveis. Na disponibilidade apenas das temperaturas máximas e mínimas, o método de PM-FAO56 apresenta desempenho superior ao método de Hargreaves-Samani.

Central African identities and religiosity in colonial Minas Gerais

This study deals with the import of West Central African slaves and their religious practices to Minas Gerais in the eighteenth century. The captaincy of Minas Gerais in the interior of Brazil developed into the world’s largest gold producing region in the beginning of the eighteenth century. The large-scale mining of gold, and later diamonds, was only possible through massive imports of slaves from Africa to Brazil. The first part of this study discusses the Atlantic slave trade in the southern Atlantic world. The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais led to an increasing demand for slaves in Brazil, which was largely met by supplies from Angola. The study analyzes the formation of Central Africans’ identities both in their homelands and in Brazil. Slave identities or “nations” have often been seen as creations of the slave owners. By interpreting major Central African “nations” such as Angola, Congo, and Benguela as regional identities that were tied to the slaves’ origins in Africa, this study offers a new interpretation of what these identities meant for Central Africans in Minas Gerais. The second part of this study concentrates on the religious universe of Central Africans. Processes of cultural creolization affected West Central African societies after the Portuguese landed in the kingdom of Kongo in the late fifteenth century and led to the development of an Atlantic Creole culture. The spread of Catholicism in West Central Africa affected religious life especially in the kingdom of Kongo, in the city of Luanda, and in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Central African religious specialists were often denounced to the authorities in Angola for organizing healing and divination rituals. Diagnosis in these rituals was often made through spirit possession. Central Africans took these healing and divining methods to Minas Gerais, where numerous African religious specialists enjoyed great prominence. In the Brazilian mining region, it was commonplace that African healers served not only the African slave population, but also free whites. In the eighteenth century, Central African popular healers made a significant contribution to the therapeutic arts practiced in Minas Gerais and elsewhere in Brazil.

Óbito fetal em microrregião de Minas Gerais: causas e fatores associados

OBJETIVOS: estudar as causas e fatores associados ao óbito fetal. MÉTODOS: estudo epidemiológico descritivo, que incluiu 190 casos de perdas fetais entre 11.825 gestantes que parturiram nos dois únicos hospitais (Casa de Saúde Divino Espírito Santo e Hospital Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora) de Caratinga, MG, no período de 1º de janeiro de 1995 a 30 de abril de 2000. As variáveis investigadas foram: o número de gestações, a idade gestacional no momento da internação hospitalar, a época de ocorrência do decesso fetal em relação ao parto e a causa do óbito fetal. Não havendo grupo controle comparativo, utilizou-se estatística descritiva com tabelas, porcentagens e médias aritméticas. RESULTADOS: dentre as 189 gestantes com morte fetal, 77 eram primigestas e 76 tinham entre 2 e 5 gestações. A idade gestacional variou de 20 a 37 semanas. Em relação ao parto, a perda fetal ocorreu no período anteparto em 164 dos 190 casos. As causas mais freqüentes encontradas para a morte foram: DPP em 35, anomalia fetal em 12 e síndrome hipertensiva em 8 casos. Todavia, em 117 conceptos não foi possível esclarecer a etiologia do óbito. CONCLUSÕES: a morte fetal esteve presente notadamente nas primigestas (40,74%) internadas no pré-termo (59,79%), e ocorreram no período anteparto (86,31%). Dentre as causas de morte fetal, a mais encontradiça foi o DPP (18,42%) e em 61,57% dos casos ela não pôde ser determinada.

Quality Indicators of Cervical Cytopathology Tests in the Public Service in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Objective The objective of this study is to assess the performance of cytopathology laboratories providing services to the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods This descriptive study uses data obtained from the Cervical Cancer Information System from January to December 2012. Three quality indicators were analyzed to assess the quality of cervical cytopathology tests: positivity index, percentage of atypical squamous cells (ASCs) in abnormal tests, and percentage of tests compatiblewith high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs). Laboratories were classified according to their production scale in tests per year≤5,000; from 5,001 to 10,000; from 10,001 to 15,000; and 15,001. Based on the collection of variables and the classification of laboratories according to production scale, we created and analyzed a database using Microsoft Office Excel 97-2003. Results In the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, 146 laboratories provided services to the SUS in 2012 by performing a total of 1,277,018 cervical cytopathology tests. Half of these laboratories had production scales≤5,000 tests/year and accounted for 13.1% of all tests performed in the entire state; in turn, 13.7% of these laboratories presented production scales of > 15,001 tests/year and accounted for 49.2% of the total of tests performed in the entire state. The positivity indexes of most laboratories providing services to the SUS in 2012, regardless of production scale, were below or well below recommended limits. Of the 20 laboratories that performed more than 15,001 tests per year, only three presented percentages of tests compatible with HSILs above the lower limit recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Conclusion The majority of laboratories providing services to the SUS in Minas Gerais presented quality indicators outside the range recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Natural infection of calves by Anaplasma marginale in dairy herds of the Metalúrgica Region, Minas Gerais

The dynamic of natural infections by Anaplasma marginale in calves was evaluated during a period of one year on two farms located in the Metalúrgica Region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood samples were collected weekly for rickettsemia and packed cell volume (PCV) determination. The animals born from March to July suffered the infection in October and November, independently of their age, whilst calves born from September to December acquired the infection during the first days of life. These animals presented patent rickettsemia from 30 days of life. During the patent period PCV decreased after one week of infection, ranging from 20 to 23%. It was concluded, that in the region studied, the transmission of A. marginale is influenced by climatic conditions, and that calves born during the dry season are more likely to acquire the infection when they are exposed to high transmission levels during the subsequent raining season.

Sorotipagem de amostras de Streptococcus suis isoladas de suínos em granjas dos Estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paraná

Infecções causadas por Streptococcus suis são muito comuns em países onde a indústria de carne suína é desenvolvida. Estas infecções estão relacionadas a casos clínicos de broncopneumonia, meningite, artrite, pericardite, miocardite, endocardite, poliserosite fibrinosa, septicemia, rinite e aborto. Esta bactéria também foi descrita como patógeno de ruminantes e humanos. No Brasil há evidências clínicas da existência de processos infecciosos causados por S. suis afetando mais de 50% das granjas em Estados como São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paraná. No presente estudo foram isoladas 51 amostras de S. suis de granjas do Estados acima referidos, coletadas de diferentes casos clínicos como septicemia, meningite, artrite e pneumonia, tendo sido obtidas ou em cultura pura ou como patógeno de maior predominância nos tecidos de suínos. Este material foi semeado em Columbia ágar sangue adicionado de 5% de sangue bovino e incubado a 37°C por 24 horas. Para a identificação bioquímica as colônias que apresentavam a-hemólise, bem como as amostras padrão, foram submetidas a testes convencionais para a confirmação da espécie S. suis, tais como: hidrólise de arginina, teste de Voges-Proskauer, e produção de ácido a partir de vários carboidratos (inulina, salicina, trealose, lactose, sacarose, sorbitol, manitol e glicerol). As amostras também foram testadas para habilidade de crescimento em meio de TSA com 6,5% de NaCl e para a produção de amilase. Todas as amostras que fizeram parte desta pesquisa foram testadas pelo sistema Api 20 Strep para confirmação dos resultados obtidos nos testes convencionais. Para a sorotipagem foram produzidos antissoros de 1 a 8. Outras amostras não pertencentes a estes sorotipos também foram sorotipadas. O antissoro produzido em coelhos foi titulado pelo teste de aglutinação em tubo com 2-mercaptoetanol e pelo teste de reação capsular e, quando adequados, foram usados no teste de co-aglutinação, para a sorotipagem das amostras de S. suis. A sorotipagem das 51 amostras isoladas mostraram os seguintes resultados: 30 (58,8%) foram classificadas como sorotipo 2, 11 (21,6%) das amostras como sorotipo 3, sete (13,72%) como sorotipo 7, duas (3,92%) como sorotipo 1 e uma amostra como pertencente ao sorotipo14 (1,96%). Este é o primeiro relato do isolamento de um grande número de amostras de S. suis no Brasil, de casos típicos de processos infecciosos causados por esta bactéria. Também foi realizada a sorotipagem dos isolados, mostrando uma alta prevalência do sorotipo 2, quando comparada com a dos demais sorotipos encontrados.

Ultrastructure of Babesia equi trophozoites isolated in Minas Gerais, Brazil

A transmission electron microscope study was carried out on Babesia equi obtained from a splenectomized horse, from the municipality of Santa Luzia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The isolate was inoculated into two splenectomized foals (1.05 x 10(10) parasitized erythrocytes by B. equi). Trophozoites have a single membrane in direct contact with the cytoplasm of the red blood cells, a prominent nucleus, well-developed rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous free ribosomes and small food vacuoles. B. equi trophozoites have a cytostome and a long tubular feeding structure in direct contact with the blood plasma.

An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in Murrah buffaloes in Minas Gerais, Brazil

An outbreak of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) resulted in death of five female buffaloes and one domestic cow from the same farm. Four buffaloes died 10-15 days after the appearance of clinical signs, while the fifth was euthanized in extremis, after similar clinical signs. Histopathological lesions included multifocal histiolymphocytic epicarditis, myocarditis and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, which are commonly seen in cases of MCF in buffaloes. Furthermore, lymphocytic vasculitis centered in the adventitia, with occasional fibrinoid necrosis in the muscular layer, was found in the kidneys, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and brain. Nucleotide sequencing of DNA fragments from the central nervous system amplified by PCR revealed 98% similarity with known OHV-2 sequences from Genbank. Additionally, PCR analysis also revealed the presence of OHV-2 DNA in the peripheral mononuclear blood cells of two clinically healthy buffaloes. The diagnosis of MCFwas based on epidemiological, clinical, gross and histopathological findings and on the results of a semi-nested PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing.