Beneficiary accountability in NGOs: can it be better in donor funded projects as compared to non-donor funded projects?

Prior research on NGO accountability argued that in the process of upward accountability to donors NGOs’ accountability towards beneficiaries had been compromised. With a focus on beneficiary accountability this paper undertakes a comparative examination of a donor funded project and a non-donor funded project. The study has been carried out in the context of a large Bangladeshi NGO with international operations. While the above conclusion on NGO accountability generally holds our study shows a somewhat different picture. Drawing on a comprehensive set of empirical evidence from various sources such as documentary analysis, interviews, focus groups and observations we show that beneficiary accountability can be better in donor funded projects as compared to non-donor funded projects. We theorise the circumstances under which it can happen. This finding has significant implications for the policy makers and donors in the context of recent drive for the self-sustainability of NGOs and its impact on the crucial issue of beneficiary accountability.

Promoting science literacy via science journalism: Issues and challenges

Science journalism is the source of much of the science an individual will encounter beyond formal education. Science-based media reports, which might have been associated with informal education, are increasingly becoming incorporated into formal school contexts. Unlike science textbooks, the science reported in the news is often tentative and sometimes contested. It can involve difficult socio-scientific issues. Descriptors of ‘science literacy’ generally include reading and responding critically to media reports of science. The challenge of using science-based news effectively encourages teachers to reassess their knowledge and pedagogical practices.
In addition to creating interest in science and making links beyond the classroom, news media can be used to introduce pupils to elements of science enquiry and teachers can promote basic literacy and critical reading skills through systematic and imaginative use of media reports with a science component.
This chapter explores the knowledge, skills and attitudes that underpin the use of science journalism in the classroom. The unique characteristics and constraints of science journalism that influence the way science is presented and perceived are considered, and the importance of media awareness as a foundation for critical reading of science news is argued. Finally the characteristics of teaching programmes to support critical engagement with science-based media reports are outlined and the opportunities for cross-curricular initiatives highlighted.

On-off based charging strategies for EVs connected to a Low Voltage distributon network

The development of appropriate Electric Vehicle (EV) charging strategies has been identified as an effective way to accommodate an increasing number of EVs on Low Voltage (LV) distribution networks. Most research studies to date assume that future charging facilities will be capable of regulating charge rates continuously, while very few papers consider the more realistic situation of EV chargers that support only on-off charging functionality. In this work, a distributed charging algorithm applicable to on-off based charging systems is presented. Then, a modified version of the algorithm is proposed to incorporate real power system constraints. Both algorithms are compared with uncontrolled and centralized charging strategies from the perspective of both utilities and customers. © 2013 IEEE.

Delineating human resource management practice in domestic and foreign owned multinational enterprises in Australia

To date there is an absence of any systematic and extensive data on Australian multinational enterprises (MNEs). This research paper fills the information gap and leads to a discussion of the human resource management (HRM) practices of Australian MNEs in the global arena and whether there is a distinctive national identity associated with these practices. We report on the profile of Australian-based multinational enterprises (MNEs). Drawing on a systematic database developed by the authors in 2010–11 we are able to identify the numbers of Australian MNEs and their characteristics and compare them against a representative sample of foreign-owned MNEs operating in Australia.

The Valuation Implications of Enterprise Risk Management Maturity

Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is the discipline by which enterprises monitor, analyze, and control risks from across the enterprise, with the goal of identifying underlying correlations and thus optimizing the risk-taking behavior in a portfolio context. This study analyzes the valuation implications of ERM Maturity. We use data from the industry leading Risk and Insurance Management Society Risk Maturity Model over the period from 2006 to 2011, which scores firms on a five-point maturity scale. Our results suggest that firms that have reached mature levels of ERM are exhibiting a higher firm value, as measured by Tobin's Q. We find a statistically significant positive relation to the magnitude of 25 percent. Upon decomposition of the maturity score, we find that the most important aspects of ERM from a valuation perspective relate to the level of top–down executive engagement and the resultant cascade of ERM culture throughout the firm. Firms that have successfully integrated the ERM process into both their strategic activities and everyday practices display superior ability in uncovering risk dependencies and correlations across the entire enterprise and as a consequence enhanced value when undertaking the ERM maturity journey ceteris paribus.

Quantitative evaluation of three reconfiguration strategies on FPGAs: a case study

Reconfigurable computing is becoming an important new alternative for implementing computations. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are the ideal integrated circuit technology to experiment with the potential benefits of using different strategies of circuit specialization by reconfiguration. The final form of the reconfiguration strategy is often non-trivial to determine. Consequently, in this paper, we examine strategies for reconfiguration and, based on our experience, propose general guidelines for the tradeoffs using an area-time metric called functional density. Three experiments are set up to explore different reconfiguration strategies for FPGAs applied to a systolic implementation of a scalar quantizer used as a case study. Quantitative results for each experiment are given. The regular nature of the example means that the results can be generalized to a wide class of industry-relevant problems based on arrays.

Compact high linearity switchable dual-mode microstrip bandpass filters

A compact highly linear microstrip dual-mode electronically switchable filter is presented. The key characteristics of the dual-mode switchable filter are investigated and described. A second order filter design procedure is outlined to facilitate the realisation of Butterworth and Chebyshev functions. The proposed filter was built and tested with NXP pin diode model BAP65-03. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. The measured insertion loss in the ON state was 3.0 dB the isolation in the OFF state was 45 dB at the centre frequency. An evaluation of filter distortion is presented for digitally modulated 16 QAM and QPSK signals.

A Comparative Study of a Low Doppler Shift in a Carrier Tracking Loop for GPS

This paper compares a carrier tracking scenario when a received Global Positioning System (GPS) signal has low Doppler frequency. It is shown that if the Numerically Controlled Oscillator (NCO) is quantized to 1 bit, the carrier tracking loop is unable to keep track of the incoming signal which leaves the tracking loop oscillating between the upper and lower bounds of the tracking loop bandwidth. One way of overcoming this problem is presented and compared with another existing solution, found in the literature, providing comparative results from the use of real-recorded off the air GPS L1 signals. Results show that the proposed method performs better tracking performance compared with the existing solution which it requires much less hardware complexity.

Neighbour list optimization for real LTE radio network

With the increasing complexity of current networks, it became evident the need for Self-Organizing Networks (SON), which aims to automate most of the associated radio planning and optimization tasks. Within SON, this paper aims to optimize the Neighbour Cell List (NCL) for Long Term Evolution (LTE) evolved NodeBs (eNBs). An algorithm composed by three decisions were were developed: distance-based, Radio Frequency (RF) measurement-based and Handover (HO) stats-based. The distance-based decision, proposes a new NCL taking account the eNB location and interference tiers, based in the quadrants method. The last two algorithms consider signal strength measurements and HO statistics, respectively; they also define a ranking to each eNB and neighbour relation addition/removal based on user defined constraints. The algorithms were developed and implemented over an already existent radio network optimization professional tool. Several case studies were produced using real data from a Portuguese LTE mobile operator. © 2014 IEEE.

Automated synthesis procedure of RF discrete tuning differential capacitance circuits

The paper presents a RFDSCA automated synthesis procedure. This algorithm determines several RFDSCA circuits from the top-level system specifications all with the same maximum performance. The genetic synthesis tool optimizes a fitness function proportional to the RFDSCA quality factor and uses the epsiv-concept and maximin sorting scheme to achieve a set of solutions well distributed along a non-dominated front. To confirm the results of the algorithm, three RFDSCAs were simulated in SpectreRF and one of them was implemented and tested. The design used a 0.25 mum BiCMOS process. All the results (synthesized, simulated and measured) are very close, which indicate that the genetic synthesis method is a very useful tool to design optimum performance RFDSCAs.

A eficiência energética nas redes de telecomunicações e tecnologias de informação e comunicação

A presente tese pretende fazer uma abordagem ao crescimento dos consumos de energia elétrica, que se tem verificado, nos últimos anos, no setor das telecomunicações e das tecnologias de informação; devido ao constante crescimento das redes, dos equipamentos a ela ligados e do tráfego que nelas transita. Num contexto de globalização da economia, no qual, as redes de telecomunicações e de energia elétrica são dois dos maiores contribuintes, a presente tese procura encontrar enquadramentos e soluções para um dos maiores desafios que a humanidade enfrenta atualmente, e que em parte, é consequente dessa globalização: encontrar novas fontes e formas de utilização da energia, -particularmente da energia elétrica - para que a humanidade continue a usufruir, de uma forma sustentável, dos benefícios que a mesma proporciona. Na primeira parte, procura-se fazer uma abordagem que utiliza fontes de informação e conhecimento, do mercado global, nomeadamente, entidades reguladoras e normalizadoras, operadores, fornecedores de tecnologias e consumidores, que abrangessem os três maiores mercados mundiais – União Europeia, Estados Unidos da América e Ásia-Pacífico. Considerou-se fundamental fazê-lo, por se tratar de uma dissertação no âmbito de um Mestrado com o selo de garantia EUR-ACE. Ao longo da dissertação analisou-se a temática da eficiência energética nas redes de telecomunicações e das tecnologias de informação e comunicação, um tema cada vez mais pertinente, já que o número de pessoas com ligações à Internet, já supera os 3 mil milhões, e as redes passaram a ser o meio por onde são transmitidos, a cada segundo, terabytes de sinais de voz, dados e vídeo. Procurou-se encontrar as linhas de orientação que estão a ser traçadas, para otimizar os consumos energéticos, de um complexo sistema convergente de redes e serviços, formado por entidades reguladoras e normalizadoras, operadores, fornecedores de tecnologias e consumidores, onde nem sempre as fronteiras estão perfeitamente definidas. Perante a constatação da realidade exposta, analisou-se as políticas energéticas desenvolvidas nos últimos anos, pelos vários players do mercado das telecomunicações, das tecnologias de informação e dos sistemas elétricos de energia bem como algumas métricas e objetivos comumente aceites. viii São analisados os contributos das partes interessadas, para o desenvolvimento de políticas energéticas eficazes, por forma a permitirem uma implementação, que considere o funcionamento dos equipamentos como um todo, e não de uma forma isolada como tradicionalmente o assunto era abordado. As especificidades na forma como funcionam as redes de telecomunicações e respetivos equipamentos, são expostas sobre várias óticas, comprovando-se que a temática da eficiência energética é uma das áreas mais difíceis lidar, de todas as consideradas nas políticas energéticas. Demonstrou-se que muitos dos equipamentos não estão otimizados em termos de gestão de energia, procurou-se evidenciar as consequências dessa realidade, uma vez que os equipamentos referidos, têm a necessidade de estar permanentemente a ser alimentados pela rede de energia elétrica, para garantir as funções para que foram projetados. Da pesquisa efetuada e descrita ao longo da dissertação, constatamos o empenho de toda a comunidade científica, operadores e agências de energia e de telecomunicações, em resolver o problema, já que há a consciencialização de que o ritmo de crescimento da rede e equipamentos terminais, é superior ao registado na melhoria da eficiência energética dos vários componentes e equipamentos terminais. Na segunda parte do relatório da tese, procurou-se testar a aplicabilidade das normas e recomendações dos organismos que tutelam a atividade a nível global - algumas publicadas nos últimos 2 anos - a um caso prático. Um edifício hospitalar de média dimensão. Foi elaborada uma aplicação informática, que suportada numa metodologia padronizada, seja capaz de fazer a avaliação da eficiência energética dos equipamentos serviços de telecomunicações de informação e comunicação em funcionamento do hospital. Por dificuldades de disponibilidade dos responsáveis do edifício, os resultados ficaram aquém do esperado. Conseguiu-se desenhar a aplicação, inventariar-se apenas parte dos equipamentos. Demonstrou-se que, a forma como alguns equipamentos estão a ser utilizados, não cumprem regras de utilização racional e eficiente. Procurou-se sensibilizar alguns dos responsáveis, para a necessidade de alterar comportamentos e prosseguir o processo de inventariação, por forma, a que o trabalho iniciado atinja os objetivos propostos.