Studio portrait of unidentified woman with young boy Portraits Children

Digital Image

Portrait of Ilse Bergen on her first day of school holding the candy bag traditional for the occasion (Schultuete) Portraits Children

Digital Image

Portrait of unidentified girl; East Orange, New Jersey Portraits Children

Signed by photographer bottom right

Lana playing in the sand Portraits Children

Digital Image

Oppenheimer, Eugen Portraits Children

Digital Image

Oppenheimer, Eugen Portraits Children

Digital Image

Painting of Fanny Orthenberger Portraits; Children

Digital Image

Studio portrait of seven of David Gruenspecht and Rebecca Gruenspecht nee Hoffman's ten children Portraits Family

Includes Louis Gruenspecht, Max Gruenspecht, Abraham (Adolf) Gruenspecht, Babette Gruenspecht, Isaac Gruenspecht, Moses (Moritz) Gruenspecht and Michael Gruenspecht; Missing are Rosalie Gruenspecht, Sarah Gruenspecht and Hirsch Gruenspecht

The shared genetics of migraine and anxious depression

OBJECTIVES To investigate: - (1) whether shared genetic factors influence migraine and anxious depression; - (2) whether the genetic architecture of migraine depends on anxious depression; - (3) whether the association between migraine and anxious depression is causal. BACKGROUND Migraine and anxious depression frequently occur together, but little is known about the mechanisms causing this association. METHODS A twin study was conducted to model the genetic architecture of migraine and anxious depression and the covariance between them. Anxious depression was also added to the model as a moderator variable to examine whether anxious depression affects the genetic architecture of migraine. Causal models were explored with the co-twin control method. RESULTS Modest but significant phenotypic (rP=0.28), genetic (rG=0.30), and nonshared environmental (rE=0.26) correlations were found between the 2 traits. Interestingly, the heritability of migraine depended on the level of anxious depression: the higher the anxious depression score, the lower the relative contribution of genetic factors to the individual differences in migraine susceptibility. The observed risk patterns in discordant twins are most consistent with a bidirectional causal relationship. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the genetic association between migraine and anxious depression and are consistent with a syndromic association between the 2 traits. This highlights the importance of taking comorbidity into account in genetic studies of migraine, especially in the context of selection for large-scale genotyping efforts. Genetic studies may be most effective when migraine with and without comorbid anxious depression are treated as separate phenotypes.

Godshaw (Gottschalk) children Hal, Elisabeth, Kurt, Walter, Ursula, and Freddy.

Front row from left to right: Walter, Ursula, Freddy; top row from left to right: Hal, Elisabeth, Kurt

Gottschalk children at swim club forming a pyramid; Hannover, Germany.

Seated on grass Kurt Godshaw; left to right Walter, Freddy, Ursula; seated on ball Hal Godshaw

Gottschalk children at swim club forming a pyramid; Hannover, Germany.

Seated on grass Kurt Godshaw; left to right Walter, Freddy, Ursula; seated on ball Hal Godshaw

Portrait of Ellen Bernkopf nee Catzenstein as an infant. Portraits Children

Digital Image