Methodological and physiological test-retest reliability of (13) C-MRS glycogen measurements in liver and in skeletal muscle of patients with type 1 diabetes and matched healthy controls.

Glycogen is a major substrate in energy metabolism and particularly important to prevent hypoglycemia in pathologies of glucose homeostasis such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). (13) C-MRS is increasingly used to determine glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver non-invasively; however, the low signal-to-noise ratio leads to long acquisition times, particularly when glycogen levels are determined before and after interventions. In order to ease the requirements for the subjects and to avoid systematic effects of the lengthy examination, we evaluated if a standardized preparation period would allow us to shift the baseline (pre-intervention) experiments to a preceding day. Based on natural abundance (13) C-MRS on a clinical 3 T MR system the present study investigated the test-retest reliability of glycogen measurements in patients with T1DM and matched controls (n = 10 each group) in quadriceps muscle and liver. Prior to the MR examination, participants followed a standardized diet and avoided strenuous exercise for two days. The average coefficient of variation (CV) of myocellular glycogen levels was 9.7% in patients with T1DM compared with 6.6% in controls after a 2 week period, while hepatic glycogen variability was 13.3% in patients with T1DM and 14.6% in controls. For comparison, a single-session test-retest variability in four healthy volunteers resulted in 9.5% for skeletal muscle and 14.3% for liver. Glycogen levels in muscle and liver were not statistically different between test and retest, except for hepatic glycogen, which decreased in T1DM patients in the retest examination, but without an increase of the group distribution. Since the CVs of glycogen levels determined in a "single session" versus "within weeks" are comparable, we conclude that the major source of uncertainty is the methodological error and that physiological variations can be minimized by a pre-study standardization. For hepatic glycogen examinations, familiarization sessions (MR and potentially strenuous interventions) are recommended. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Productivity and Market Integration in American Communal Dairying, 1830-1875

In our late twentieth century experience, survival of an economy seems critically dependent on well established rights to private property and a return to labor that rewards greater effort. But that need not be so. History provides examples of micro-socialist economies that internally, at least, allow for little private property for participants and a constant return to labor that is independent of effort. Some such economies may even be termed 'successful,' if success is taken to mean survival over several generations. If these communities survived without conditions that are generally thought to be necessary for success, a question worth asking is how this occurred, for we can then shed some light on what really is necessary for economic survival. Addressing this issue emphasizes the critical role of time, for even if the microsocialist economies that we study here eventually became the merest shadow of their former selves, the fact that they did flourish for so long makes them a valuable counterexample, and hence, a phenomenon in need of explanation. We consider here the dairy industry of the Shakers, which was characterized by intensive efforts to increase productivity, in part through the use of market signals, but efforts that were also limited by the ideological goals of the community. The Shakers were (and are, but since it is the historical Shakers that concern this paper, the past tense will be used) a Christian communal group. Some of their distinctive beliefs included the existence of a male and female Godhead, from which followed sexual equality, and active communication between Believers (a Shaker term for members of the sect) and denizens of the spirit world. Practices of the Society (their official name is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, the second appearing being in the body of their foundress, an illiterate Englishwoman named Ann Lee) included pacifism, celibacy, confession of sins to elders, and joint or communal ownership of the Society's assets. Each Shaker received the same return for his or her labor: room, board, clothing, and the experience of divine proximity in a community of like minded Believers (Stein 1992).

[Todesanzeige für] Herrn Henrich Nicolaus Rückersfelder [verstorben ...] am 14. Octobr., a. c. [1747] im 57. Jahr seines Alters und 28. seiner öffentlichen Amts-Bedienung ...

Eingebunden in: Senckenberg, Johann Christian: Ärztliches Tagebuch: März 1743 - Februar 1744

The Jewish background of the christian liturgy

by W. O. E. Oesterley

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 15 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Hans Fried (p. I 8, 1-201)

11 Briefe zwischen Hans Fried und Max Horkheimer, 1938-1940; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an die Albert Teachers Agency New York, 21.03.1941; 2 Briefe zwischen dem American Committee for International Studies, Princeton, New York und Max Horkheimer, 11.01.1941, 16.01.1941; 1 Brief von Sullivan & Cromwell New York an Max Horkheimer, 18.03.1940; 12 Briefe zwischen der Columbia University in the City of New York und Max Horkheimer, 1938-1940; 2 Briefe von Hans Fried an die Columbia University in the City of New york, 1938-1939; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an das Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced German Scholars New York; 2 Briefe zwischen der Ittleson Foundation New York und Max Horkheimer, 19.11.1938, 28.11.1938; 1 Brief von Max Goldschmidt an Hans Fried, 21.04.1938; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Max Goldschmidt, 25.04.1938; 2 Briefe von Alice Friedlaender an Max Horkheimer, 1932, 1944; 3 Briefe zwischen Charles S. Friedman und Max Horkheimer, 21.03.1942, 1936, 1942; 4 Briefe von C. J. Friedrich an Max Horkheimer, 1941; 4 Briefe von Franz L. Neumann an C. J. Friedrich, 1941; 8 Briefe zwischen den Friends of Europe London und Max Horkheimer, 1934-1938; 3 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an John W. Fries, 1939; 2 Briefe von Gertrud Fries an Max Horkheimer, 1936; 1 Brief von Josef Fröbes an Max Horkheimer, 24.08.1937; 3 Briefe zwischen Fruin und Max Horkheimer, 1936; 14 Briefe zwischen Eduard Fuchs und Max Horkheimer, 1935-1939;

Charakterzüge aus dem akademischen Leben eines unvergeßlichen Freundes, Herrn Benedict Wilhelm Christian Müllers, Stadt-Gerichts Substituten in Nürnberg

den gebeugten Aeltern und seinen trauernden Freunden gewidmet von Conrad Ernst Drechsler

Mus Hs 911 - Für deinen Thron tret ich pp

[Schmidt]. [Schreiber: Johann Christian Görmar]

Ms. Ff. Mus. 1452 - Weichet fort aus meiner Seele : Dom. XV. post Trinitatis ; pp. C. A. T. B., 2 corni da caccia, 2 violini, 2 viole, 2 oboe, violoncello e organo

di Telemann

Avertissement: Es hat der Oberzeugmeister M.C. Pistor von Bettenhausen die ... ihme gnädigst privilegirten neuen Gewehr-Fabrique über Schmalkalden beym heiligen Grab in Stand gesetzt ... : Bettenhausen vor Cassel, den 28. Tag 1750

M.C. Pistor

F. W. J. Schelling's Denkmal der Schrift von den göttlichen Dingen &c. des Herrn Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi und der ihm in derselben gemachten Beschuldigung eines absichtlich täuschenden, Lüge redenden Atheismus

Denkmal der Schrift von den göttlichen Dingen & des Herrn Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi und der ihm in derselben gemachten Beschuldigung eines absichtlich täuschenden, Lüge redenden Atheismus

C. Cornelii Taciti opera cum varietate lectionum selecta, novisque emendationibus, accedunt notae et index historicus Studiis Societatis Bipontinae

Opera

C. Cornelii Taciti Opera

Studiis Societatis Bipontinae Accurata

Ms. Ff. Mus. 471 - Misericordias Domini : C: A: T: B:, Violino primo, Violino secondo, Viola, Oboe pmo obl., Oboe sdo obl., Violoncello et Organo ; 1772

vom Seibert

Jesus of Nazareth in the light of Jewish and Christian thought and history : a sunday lecture delivered January 10, 1926

by Samuel H. Goldenson

Orchideenblüten: Cattleya loddigesii - Catasetum fimbriatum - C. fimbr., Einzelblüte

AR